Ukuqonda Amacala Ezakhamuzi: Isiqondiso Esingenangqondo

Amacala angaphakathi awumgogodla wesinqumo sempikiswano yangasese esimisweni somthetho. Bahlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuphukeni kwesivumelwano kanye nezingxabano zempahla kuya ezindabeni zokulimala komuntu siqu kanye nasezindabeni zomthetho womkhaya. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, ahilela uhulumeni ukuqunga umuntu ngecala elithile, amacala ombango yizingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano lapho iqembu elilodwa (ummeli) lifuna imbuyiselo, ukwenza okuthile, noma uhlelo lwenkantolo komunye (ummangalelwa). Ukuqonda inqubo yecala elithatha i-6byn - table traption isssssssss aycectivessssssss arightriot, intelliary, intestriction neagery nes nervotion abameli babo.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okubanzi kwalokho okwenzeka ecaleni lomphakathi, kusukela ekuqedweni kokuqala konke ngokugcinwa kwesahlulelo.

Izikhumbuzo: Ngaphambi Kokugcina Umthetho Usumisiwe

Ngaphambi kokufaka icala, ummangalelwa ongase athathe icala ngokuvamile uhlanganyela emisebenzini yangaphambi kwe-621suit. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuthumela incwadi efunwayo, ukuzama ukuxoxa ngokukhokha ibhungane, noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lempikiswano ayinakuxazululwa ngelinye icebo lempikiswano (ADR) njengemvume noma ukudlulisa. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame ukuqulisa i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba avumele ukumangalelwa. Ukuqonda isigaba se-prebsousit kungasindisa isikhathi, imali, namandla angokomzwelo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukunquma ukuthi umthetho wokulinganiselwa usuphelile. Wonke amazwe amisa isikhathi sokufaka imvume yomphakathi ("kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka eyodwa noma eyisithupha, kuye ngokuthi ingeyohlobo luni lwecala.) Ukungaqiniseki ngalesi sikhathi esimisiwe kugcina isikhathi.

Ukuze uthole ukucaciswa okuphelele kokungaka-kabili, bheka Cornell Law School’s Legal Information (LII) eqondisa inqubo yomphakathi.

Isinyathelo 1: Ukuqeda Ukukhononda

Icala elingokomthetho liqala lapho ummangaleli efaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kuyincwadi eyisisekelo eveza izikhalo zomphathi wecala, ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho, nosizo olufunwayo. Kumelwe kubuthwe ngokucophelela ngoba ichaza ubukhulu balo lonke icala.

Izingxenye Zesikhalo

Ukukhononda okuhlelwe kahle kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukukhomba: kuchaza inkantolo, inombolo yecala (uma yabelwe), kanye namaqembu (amaphepha-ndaba v. mmangalelwa).
  • Juridiction and Venue: Amazwe agunyaza inkantolo ukuzwa icala (umz., izinhlobonhlobo zesizwe, umbuzo kahulumeni, noma isilinganiso sempikiswano) nokuthi kungani icala ligcinwa kuleyondawo ethile.
  • Imibono engokoqobo: Ukulandisa okucacile, okulandelana kwezenzakalo ezaholela empikiswaneni. Lamacala kumelwe aqonde ngokwanele ukunikeza ummangalelwa isaziso.
  • Izinketho ze-Legal (amanani): Imbangela ngayinye yesenzo (umz., ukunganaki, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukuhlanjalazwa) zihlelwa ngokwehluka, ngokuncengwa kwemiyalo.
  • [ Umthandazo wosizo: Uchaza lokho i-pasttiff ekufunayo(-monetary) ukulimala, ukudazuluka, ukwahlulela kokukhipha isikhala, noma umsebenzi othile.

Abanye abakhokhi futhi bafaka amafaktha amaface noma amafaktha. Lesi sikhalo kumelwe sibekwe kumphathi wenkantolo kanye nemali ekhokhelwayo. Enkantolo kahulumeni, izicelo zikhishwa ngokuvumelanayo.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ngemva kokufaka i-paltiff, kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi ummangalelwa waziswe ngokomthetho ngokumangalelwa. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-header yenqubo [. Inkonzo kumelwe yenziwe ngokwemithetho eqinile: ngokuvamile ngokuhambisa ikhophi yezimemo nokukhononda kumuntu omangalelwe, noma ngeposi egunyaziwe (lapho kuvunyelwe). Inkonzo efanele ibalulekile ukuze inkantolo ithole igunya lomuntu siqu phezu kommangalelwa. Uma inkonzo inephutha, ummangalelwa angathumela inkonzo ye-shesh.

I-website ye- yase-U.S. [ inikeza incazelo eningiliziwe yezimfuneko zenkonzo emacaleni kahulumeni.

Isinyathelo 2: Ukusabela Komlweli

Uma eseqediwe, ummangalelwa uba nefasitela elilinganiselwe cishe izinsuku ezingu - 21 kuya kwezingu - 30 enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi izikhathi ezifanayo enkantolo yombuso---(ukuphendula. Ummangalelwa angakhetha phakathi kwezinketho eziningana.

Izinhlobo Zokusabela

  • Impendulo: [ Ummangalelwa uyavuma noma aphike impikiswano ngayinye ekukhanseleni. Uma ephiwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele ukuthi lowo mmangalelo usemacaleni. Impendulo ingaphakamisa futhi i-ethobose (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki okunikelayo).
  • Ukulahla: Kubekela inselele ukugculisa okungokomthetho kwesikhalo. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kwe-propatitut à translate field, ukwehluleka ukusho okuzisholo, noma indawo engafanele. Uma ikhona, icala lingase likhishwe noma lingacwaswa (u-i.e, ngelungelo noma ngaphandle kwelungelo lokubuyisela i-software).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibalaustlaim: Ummangalelwa ugomela ukuzisholo kwabo ngokumelene nomphathi ovela ekuthengiselweni noma esenzeka esifanayo. Ama-mandatary aphikisanayo (lawo asuka eqeleni elifanayo lamaqiniso) kumelwe aphakanyiswe noma asuswe.
  • Crossclaim: Uma kukhona abamangalelwa abaningi, omunye ummangalelwa angamangalela omunye ngomnikelo noma ukungezwani.
  • Thurd-Party Curleamer (Ingingitha): Ummangalelwa uletha ingxenye yesithathu engase ifaneleke kuwo wonke noma ingxenye yephuzu lomphathi.

Isigaba sokusabela singase sihlanganise nezenzo zokubhucunga, njengokuthatha isinyathelo sokusho amazwi acacile noma ukushaya izinto ezingabalulekile noma ezihlazisayo.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukwehluleka Kokutholakala

Ukuthola isikhathi kuvame ukuba ingxenye enkulu yecala lomphakathi. Kuyindlela bobabili abaxoxa ngayo ngokwaziswa nobufakazi ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Umgomo uwukuqeda izinto ezimangazayo, unciphise izimpikiswano, futhi uvumele uhlangothi ngalunye luhlole amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yabo.

Amathuluzi Okuthola

Imithetho Yomthetho Kahulumeni Nemithetho eminingi kahulumeni igunyaza amathuluzi amaningi okuthola:

  • Ukubekwa:, ubufakazi bofakazi noma iqembu, obuthathwa ngokuhlola umlomo. Ama-deposition abhalwa ngomlomo futhi angasetshenziswa ekwahluleleni ukugunyaza noma njengobufakazi uma ufakazi engekho.
  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Imingcele engokoqobo ivumela u-25 aphendulo ngeqembu ngalinye (kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingaphansi). Izimpendulo zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ofakazi noma amabhukwana.
  • Izicelo zempumelelo: Izicelo zezincwadi, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), noma izinto ezibonakalayo. Lena indlela eyinhloko yokuthola izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, kanye nobunye ubufakazi.
  • Izicelo ze-Adjust: izisho omunye acela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike. Izindaba ezivunywe zithathwa njengezimiselwe ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugcina isikhathi nezindleko.
  • [[I] Izibalo ezicubungulayo noma ezithinta ingqondo: ihlelwe inkantolo ngesizathu esihle uma isimo somzimba noma sengqondo yomunye siphikisana (umz., ezimweni ezilimazayo zomuntu).

Izibalo zithola imithetho eqinile ehlelekile yokulinganisa nokulingana. Izinkantolo zivame ukulinganisela ukutholwa kokwaziswa okuvumelana nesidingo noma isivikelo futhi kuvumelane nezidingo zecala. Izimpikiswano zokuthola imibiko zixazululwa umahluleli, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuziqhuba ngendlela engokomthetho ukuze aphoqelele noma ahlele ukuvikela.

Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okunegunya, bheka [[FLT: 0] iFederal Judicial Center iziqondiso zokuthola .

I - Ekóshiscoy

I-ligiga yanamuhla ivame ukuhlanganisa imiqulu emikhulu yokwaziswa okugcinwe ngemishini (ESI), njenge-imeyili, imiyalezo yokuthumelelana imiyalezo, i-memone, nezindawo ze-media ye-social. I-paries kumele ilondoloze i-ESI kusukela kumzuzu olindelwe ngokunengqondo. Ukwehluleka ukulondoloza i-ESI kungaphumela ezivumelwaneni ezinzima. I-Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Kakhulu Umthetho 26 (f) idinga ukuhlangana kwasekuqaleni kwe-ESI kanye nezimiso zokukhiqiza.

5. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuqala Nokwahlulela Okuyindida

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, izimpi zivame ukuthatha ama-hide ukuze zixazulule izindaba zomthetho noma zilahle lonke icala. Ezimbili zezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zangaphambi kwe-catestry ukunyakazisa ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kanye nokuhamba kwe-limine.

Ukuhamba Kwesinqumo Esifingqiwe

Iqembu lingase lithathe isinqumo esifingqiwe noma ingxenye yalokhu kugomela. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso eliphathekayo nokuthi lowo othuthayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Inkantolo ihlola ubufakazi ngokukhanya obuvumelana kakhulu neqembu elingahambi [1] Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi akukho bahluleli abanengqondo abanganquma ukuvuna iqembu elingahambi ngo-66, isahlulelo esifushanisiwe sinikezwa futhi icala liyagwenywa kuleyondaba. Isahlulelo esifingqi sisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwahluleleni nasezabeni zemisebenzi.

Ukuhamba ELimine

I - limine ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile obunganikezwa enkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye angase acele inkantolo ukuba ingabe isafaka izithombe ezicatshangelweyo, izinkulumo zenzwabethi, noma ubufakazi bezenzo ezimbi zangaphambi kokuba icala liqale.

Ezinye Izinyathelo Zangaphambi Kokuba Ufe

  • Ukuya Ebugqilini: Izicelo zihlukanisa ukuqulwa kwezinkinga ezihlukene (isib., isikweletu nezingozi).
  • Impindelo Yokuhlanzwa: Ifuna izijeziso zokusetshenziswa kabi kokutholwa noma okunye ukuziphatha okubi.
  • Ukuya Ekhampanini: Icela inkantolo ukuba icele umkhandlu ukuba ukhiphe izimpendulo zokuthola okuthile.

6. Ukuzinzisa Nempi Ehlukile Yesinqumo (ADR)

Icala lomphakathi eliningi alilokothi liqulwe, kunalokho, lixazululwa ngokuhlaliswa noma nge-ADR. Isigaba sokuthola ngokuvamile sinikeza ukwaziswa okudingekayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ukuze zihlole ukuma kwazo. Ukuhlala kahle kungavela noma nini, ngisho nalapho ijaji likhohlakele.

Isiphazamiso

Ukulungisa kuyinqubo engahlanganisanga lapho umuntu wesithathu (umlamuleli) esiza abahilelekile ukuba baxoxe ngesinqumo. Umlamuleli akanqumi lelicala kodwa wenza kube lula ukuxhumana futhi asikisela imiphumela engase ibe khona. Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Ukuhlanganisa kungaba yisibopho noma ukungabophi. Ekubopheleleni ukuhlanganisa, isinqumo somphathi sisokugcina futhi sidlulise (ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe kakhulu). Izivumelwano eziningi zidinga ukufakwa njengendlela ekhethekile yokunquma ukuphikisana.

Uma kufinyelelwa indawo yokuhlala, amaqembu asayina isivumelwano sokukhokha isigwebo, futhi ummangalelwa ngokuvamile uyavuma ukuxosha icala. inkantolo ingase igcine igunya lokuphoqelela ukusingatha leli sivumelwano.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukulingwa

Uma icala lingaxazululeki futhi lisinde ekuqulweni kwecala kwangaphambi kwe-66, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala emabhentshini (ngaphambi kokuba ijaji kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala lokwahlulela. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji emacaleni omphakathi liqinisekiswa yiSichibiyelo seSebesikhombisa soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. secala likahulumeni elihilela ama-R20, kodwa imithetho-mthetho eminingi yezwe inikeza amalungelo afanayo ezimpikisini eziningi zomphakathi.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Icala liqala ngokukhethwa kwabasizi bejaji. Abahluleli nabameli baphenywa amajaji ukuze bavulule ubandlululo noma ukungabe nabulungisa. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungasebenzisa izinselele ezilula (ukukhipha ijaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu) nezinselele zokubangela (ngesizathu sobandlululo oluqondile).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Iqembu ngalinye linikeza inkulumo yokuqala echaza ukuthi ubufakazi buzobonisani. Izinkulumo zokuvula azibona ubufakazi, kodwa ziwubufakazi.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa ngokuqondile ummangalelwa, unqamule u-‘eyedwa' ummangalelwa, futhi aphinde abuye abuye abuye. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esekhona, ummangalelwa angase athathe isinqumo esiqondisiwe (isinqumo njengendaba yomthetho) uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukufakazela icala le-prima facie.

Uma ukunyakaza kwempi kuphikiswa, ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi babo.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lwenza impikiswano yokuphetha efingqa ubufakazi futhi ephikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bavume ukuthi bayamukeleka.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Umahluleli ufunda iziyalezo zamajaji − umthetho okumelwe usetshenziswe emaqinisweni. Iziyalezo zichaza izici zokusho nokuvikela ngakunye, umthwalo wobufakazi (ngokuvamile “ubufakazi”), nendlela yokuhlola ukuthembeka.

Ukulahla Nokukhipha Isinqumo

Abahluleli bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu ngasese. Kumelwe bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo ekuqulweni kwecala likahulumeni (ngaphandle kokuba abameleli bavumelane). Imithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka; eminye ivumela izinqumo eziningi. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvuma, icala liyakhishwa, futhi icala lingase liphendulwe. Uma nje kufinyelelwe isinqumo, siyafundwa enkantolo esobala.

8. Isinyathelo 5: Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwehora

Ngemva kwesinqumo, lowo olahlekelwayo unefasitela elifushane lokubekela umphumela inselele ngaphambi kokuba isahlulelo sigcine.

Ukuhamba Okuvamile Ngemva Kokuqala

  • [ Ukuvuselelwa kokuYahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho (JMOL):[[[FL:1] icela inkantolo ukuba igumbuqele isinqumo samajaji ngoba abukho ubufakazi obungokomthetho obusekelayo.
  • [[NT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: Kucela ukuqulwa kwecala elisha elisekelwe emaphutheni, ekuziphatheni okubi, ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa, noma ukulimala okukhulu/ukungalinganisi.
  • [[I-FLT:0] I-Motion ku-Alter noma ukwahlulela okunganqamukiyo: ifuna ukulungisa iphutha elisobala lomthetho noma iqiniso.

Uma lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo kwenqatshelwa noma uma abakhetha abalahlekelwayo bengase baphunyuke, leliqembu lingafaka isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme (umzk., inkantolo yesifunda yezicelo zecala likahulumeni). Izikhalo azinawo amaza; inkantolo ihlola umlando wokuqulwa kwamaphutha angokomthetho. Iqembu kumelwe libonise ukuthi leliphutha laliyingozi (akunangozi) futhi lingathinta umphumela. Izikhalo zingathatha izinyanga eziningi futhi ziphumele embonweni oqinisekisayo, ukuhlehla, noma ukuphindela icala elisha.

9. Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Uma ummangalelwa engakhokheli ngokuzithandela, ummangalelwa kumelwe athathe izinyathelo zokuphoqelela isahlulelo.

  • [[Umthetho:0] I-'U'ukwahlulela': Iqondisa i-heaff ukuba ibambe futhi ithengise impahla yommangalelwa engagodli.
  • I-akhawunti ye-Levy: Ikhulula i-akhawunti yebhange lommangalelwa ukuze yanelise ukwahlulela.
  • Isambatho se-garnishi: ifuna umqashi wommangalelwa ukuba agodle ingxenye yeholo futhi akhokhe ummangalelwa.
  • LIEN on promont:[ Umlando wokwahlulela isakhiwo noma indawo ummangalelwa amele akhokhelwe uma indawo ithengiswa.
  • [ Ukungagxegiswa kwesikweleti sokwahlulela: Icala lapho ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule khona imibuzo ngempahla nangemali yakhe.

Ukuphoqelelwa kungaba nzima, ikakhulukazi uma ummangalelwa engenazo izinto eziningi noma ememezela ukuthi uphundlekile.

isiphetho.

Icala lomphakathi liyinqubo ehlelwe kahle engokomthetho ehamba ngezigaba ezicacisiwe: ukuphenya kwangaphambi kwekhulu lokuqala, ukuvala isikhalo, ukuvuma, ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukudluliswa kwecala, ukudluliswa kwecala, ukudluliswa kwecala, ukudluliswa kwecala, nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Isiteji ngalinye linemithetho yalo siqu, imibandela emisiwe, namathuba ahleliwe. Nakuba inqubo ingaba mide futhi ibiza imali eshibhidileyo, ukuqonda i-a ngalinye lisiza amaqembu ukuba enze izinqumo ezinolwazi, afeze izimo ezilindelekile, futhi afinyelele isinqumo esilungile. Uma icala liphela, isahlulelo, noma ukuphumelela, umgomo oyinhloko uwukuxazulula ukuxabana okulungile nokuphumelelayo.

Ngemicebo eyengeziwe enqubweni yomphakathi, vakashela iFederal Mission of Civil Procediture (Cornell LII) noma uhlole [ iSiqondiso se-American Bar Association sendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo[.