Indlela Ukungqubuzana Kohulumeni Okuwuthinta Ngayo Uhulumeni WaseMelika

I-United States yakhiwe esimisweni semibuso ehlukene, kodwa imigqa phakathi kwegunya lendawo, isifundazwe, nohulumeni ayicaci. Uma la mazinga kahulumeni engavumelani, umphumela kungaba izimpi ezingokomthetho, inqubo, noma ngisho ukushintsha kwezenhlalo okuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungqubuzana kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela isimiso somphakathi esisebenza ngayo ngempela, futhi kungani ezinye izimpikiswano zingaxazululwanga amashumi eminyaka.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni lapho uhulumeni wezwe uphethe khona imibuso ebalayo, kuyilapho amazwe ephethe igunya elikhulu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Ohulumeni bendawo, abasungulwe yimibuso, banezela olunye ungwengwengwezi lobunkimbinkimbi. Lesi sakhiwo sakha ukuhlangana nokushukuma komzimba, kodwa lapho izingxabano zikhula, imiphumela isuka emahholoni edolobha iye eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Izimbangela Zomthetho - sisekelo Zempi Ehlangene Nohulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo awukho ukubusa okucocekile e-United States. Umbuso unika uhulumeni wezwe amandla athile njengokuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, ukukhokha imali, nokuphatha izindaba zakwamanye amazwe (ngenkathi kugcinela wonke amanye amazwe amazwe ezwe. Kodwa izimpikiswano eziningi zanamuhla, kusukela kumthetho wendawo ezungezile kuya empilweni yomphakathi, zithinta kokubili igunya lezwe nezwe.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi Nokukhululwa

ISiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo simisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni wezwe, osho imithetho kahulumeni ephikisana nezimiso zikahulumeni noma noMthetho-sisekelo ayisebenzi. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula imfundiso ehlukile yentengo. Ukucindezelwa [] ukukhululwa kwenzeka lapho uKhomishane unquma ngokuqondile inhloso yayo yokususa umthetho kahulumeni. iveza ukuhlengwa [[ kuvela lapho umthetho we-athonsitiwe kangangokuba awushiyikho indawo yomthetho yemithetho, noma uma umthetho uphikisana ngokuqondile nezimfuneko zombuso.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Constitution Annoted ichaza ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni wokufuduka uvame ukubhuntshisa imizamo kahulumeni yokubeka izijeziso ezengeziwe kubafuduki abangabhaliwe. Kodwa izizwe ziyaqhubeka zidlulisa imithetho kulenkundla, iholele ekuphinyisweni ngokuphindaphindiwe.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Namaphoyisa Ombuso

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe esiya ezifundazweni wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla amakhulu amaphoyisa, − igunya lokuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Izifundazwe zisebenzisa lamandla ukulawula yonke into kusukela ekwakheni imithetho yokwakha kuya ekuhlonzeni amabhizinisi. Uma izinhlangano zikahulumeni zizama ukumisa igunya kulezi zindawo ezingokwesiko, izimpi zivame ukulandela.

Imithombo Evamile Ye - Intergovernment Friction

Nakuba izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zinikeza isisekelo, izimpikiswano eziwusizo zivela emithonjeni eminingana ephindaphindwayo.

Igunya Elingokomthetho Necala

Ukungavumelani ngokuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinelungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo kulendaba enikeziwe kungumthombo oqondile wengxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iminyango eminingi yezempilo yendawo yakhipha iziphakamiso zokufihla noma iziyalezo zokuvala ibhizinisi. Abanye ohulumeni bombuso bazama ukuvala lezi zenzo zendawo, bephikisa ngokuthi igunya lempilo lomphakathi lihlala ngokwezinga likahulumeni. Kwezinye izimo, baveza imingcele engqubuzana nesiqondiso sikahulumeni se-CORCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.

Isimiso Sokwenza Inqubo Nokuzama

Amazwe nezindawo ngokuvamile kusebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga ngezimiso, ukuhlola izindlela ezihluke kakhulu kumthetho kahulumeni. Uma lokhu kuhlola kungqubuzana nomthetho kahulumeni, ukucindezeleka akunakugwenywa. Isibonelo esivamile ukugunyaza insangu ewumbuso, ephikisana ngokuqondile ne-Provised Substances Act kahulumeni. Naphezu kwalempi engokomthetho, uhulumeni wenqaba kakhulu ukuphoqelela umthetho kahulumeni ngokwezimo eziye zasemthethweni, usungula isiqinisekiso esiqinile.

Ukusekela Izimiso Zokuxhumana Nezimo

Izimali ze-Federal zivame ukuvela nezimo eziphumelela kakhulu emazweni anamandla nasezindaweni ezivumelana nesimiso sikahulumeni. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani lapho ohulumeni bendawo bekholelwa ukuthi izimo ziwumthwalo kakhulu noma ziphazamisa ukuzibusa kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wezwe uye wasebenzisa izimali ezinkulu ukuze acindezele amazwe ukuba acindezele inkathi elinganiselwe yokuphuza ibe ngu-21 muva nje, izingxabano ezikhona ngemithetho engagunyaziwe, okumelwe zikhokhwe ngenxa ye-$(*) nohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuhlukana Kwezombangazwe Nempucuko

Izimpi eziningi eziphakathi kwemibuso zibangelwa ukuhluka okukhulu kwezombangazwe namasiko. Izikhungo zasedolobheni zivame ukuba nezimiso ezikhululekile kakhulu ezindabeni ezinjengomthetho wokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo nezimiso zendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho izindawo zasemaphandleni nezishayamthetho zikahulumeni zingaba nemibono eqinile. Uma ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni belawulwa yizigaba ezihlukahlukene, izingxabano zokuqothulwa kwemithetho yendawo zivame kakhulu. Amazwe aye asebenzisa kakhulu imithetho yokusula imithetho evimbela ukwanda kweholo lendawo, ukukhokhwa kwemali engekho ngokomthetho, kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa nomthetho wokwehlukana kwezindawo.

Ukuhlola Icala Elingokomlando Ngempi Kahulumeni

Umlando kahulumeni wase - United States ungokomlando wengxabano.

Ukukhishwa Kwesikole Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamandla

Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo , izifunda zesikole eziningi eNingizimu zenqaba ukuhlangana. Ohulumeni ba Leta bashaya imithetho yokumelana neziyalezo zenkantolo kahulumeni, futhi izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu aphethe uhulumeni, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nababhikishi bendawo zaba yinto evamile. Isinqumo sikaMongameli Dwight Eisenhower sokuthumela amabutho eLittle Rock, Arkansas, ngo-195737 ukuze baphoqe ukuphoqelela ukuthatha i-densi eCentral High Schoolssss kusale esinye sezibonelo eziphawulekayo zokungenela ukulwa kwezwelomo-mbuso. Impi yaphinde yaqinisekisa ukuphakama komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezwe nezimiso zendawo.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Nomthetho Wesizwe

Kusukela ngo-1996, inani elandayo lezifundazwe liye lagunyaza umthetho wenkasa yezokwelapha noma yokuzijabulisa, naphezu kokukhethwa kwalo njengelungu elilawulayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Impi iye yalawulwa ngeziqondiso zegatsha elikhulu, njenge Cole Memorie ngaphansi komphathi we-Oma, eyayala abashushisi bahulumeni ukuba baqede ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezomthetho ezizweni nezimiso zokuzilawula. Nokho, ukuphikisana okungokomthetho kuyaphikelela. Amabhizinisi ezifundazweni ezingokomthetho angabhekana nokumangalelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, futhi amabhange ayanqikanqika ukuba abasebenzele ngenxa yemali engokomthetho ye-Obama. Lokhu kungathi ukuxabana kwemithetho ehlangene kungabangela kanjani ukungaqiniseki kwezakhamuzi nezimboni.

Amadolobha Ahlanzekile Nokufuduka

Abanye ohulumeni bendawo baye bamukela izimiso ezibalinganiselayo ukubambisana neziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezilawula ukufuduka. Lezindawo ezibizwa ngokuthi ingcwele ziphikisa ngokuthi amaphoyisa endawo akufanele atholwe ekunyanzelweni kokuthunyelwa kwabantu abafudukayo kuhulumeni, njengoba kungalulaza ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wasabela ngokusongela ukugodla ukunikeza imali nangokukhipha izimali ngokufaka inselele kulezimiso zendawo. Lendaba iye yafinyelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ezinkantolo, kanye namacala anjenge City of Chicago v. Barr[FLT] [FLT] ekhuluma ngemithetho esemthethweni yemithetho yezezimali.

Ukuqondiswa Kwendawo Ezungezile Negunya Lombuso

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uyindawo evundile yokulwa phakathi kwe-Province. I-Ceather Air Act ne-Cecter Water Act imisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni kodwa ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise izinhlelo zawo. Uma imibuso efana neCalifornia imisa izindinganiso zokukhipha intuthu eziqinile kune-hulumeni, ikwenze lokho ngaphansi kwe-Evironmental Protection Agency. Nokho, i-Trump yazama ukuxosha i-stave’s California's spaiver's spair ukubeka imithetho yayo yokukhipha umsila, eholela empini engokomthetho. Inkantolo ephakeme ibuye ibeke ngaphansi kwesilinganiso samandla kahulumeni angaphakathi ngaphansi kwe-Plate Water Act enjengezenmental Act [FLD:0].[FLD] I-pact v [FLD1:23].[F1] [2001] [2001] [ip:23], eyanciphisa incazelo ye-programmentalmageal profiletting]

Izinhlangano Zempilo Yomphakathi Ne - COVID - 19 Pandemic

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sadala ukungezwani okungakaze kube khona phakathi kwemithetho. Isiqondiso se-Federal esiphathelene nezifihla - buso, ukugoma kwakuvame ukuphikisana noma ukushintsha ngokushesha. Ohulumeni boMbuso bakhipha iziyalezo zabo siqu eziphuthumayo, ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisana nezinyathelo zendawo. Ezizweni eziningi, ababusi bazama ukuqeda iminyango yempilo yendawo yegunya labo noma ukuvimbela iziphakamiso ezikoleni. Imithetho ivimbela ukuvalwa kwamandla ebukhosini, ukukhulula kwenkolo, negunya lezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukugunyazalela izisebenzi nabahambi ukuba bangene ezinkantolo.

Indima Yegatsha Lokwahlulela Ekuxazululeni Izingxabano

Izinkantolo zibangela izingxabano eziyinhloko phakathi kohulumeni.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengesinqumo Esingqubuzanayo Sokusebenzisa Imishini

Amandla okuhlola ukwahlulela avumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba ziqede umbuso nemithetho yendawo ephikisana nomthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni. Arizona v. United States (20202), iNkantolo Ephakeme yawaphula amalungiselelo amaningana omthetho wokugcinwa kwezokufuduka ka-Arizona, S.B. 1070, ngoba yakhululwa ngumthetho kahulumeni. Isinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwezokufuduka ngokuyinhloko kuwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, kodwa yashiya ithuba lokubambisana nombuso ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe.

Inkinombho lokumisa isiqalo-sokuqalela

Amacala amaningana avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme aye achaza imingcele yegunya likahulumeni:

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (119) wasungula ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme kakhulu futhi ukuthi amazwe awakwazi ukukhokha intela izikhali zikahulumeni.
  • [FLT] New York v. United States (1992] yasekela ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni azinakuyala ukuba kubekwe noma kuphoqelelwe izinhlelo zokubuyisela ezisemthethweni.
  • Printz v. United States (1997) nikeza izikhulu eziphethe isimiso sokulawula, ukugadla umthetho kahulumeni ofuna ukuba amajaji aqondise isizinda.
  • Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202] wasekela uMthetho wokunakekela ongenakuthengwa njengomthetho wentela kodwa olinganiselwe weSishaya-Medicaid wezimali ezizweni ezinqaba ukwandisa uhlelo.

Imingcele Yesinqumo Sokwahlulela

Izinkantolo azinakuxazulula zonke izingxabano zohulumeni. Ezinye izingxabano zezombangazwe kunokuba zibe ngokomthetho, futhi izigebengu ngokuvamile zilalela amagatsha ezombangazwe ngemibuzo ye-constitum. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthatha ijubane eliphansi lokuphikisa kusho ukuthi izingxabano zingaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kwesinqumo sokugcina. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ohulumeni bangasebenza esimweni sokungaqiniseki okungokomthetho, futhi izakhamuzi zithwale izindleko.

Izingcindezi Zokubusa Nomthetho Womphakathi

Lapho ohulumeni bendawo, bombuso nohulumeni bengqubuzana, imiphumela ithinta indlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezibhekana ngayo nohulumeni.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemithetho Nokungaguquguquki

Impi kahulumeni ngokuvamile iholela ekuhlelweni kwemithetho ehlukene ezweni lonke. Ibhizinisi elisebenza ezifundazweni eziningi lingase libhekane nezimfuneko ezihlukene ngokuphelele zemvume yendawo ezungezile, imithetho yemisebenzi, noma indawo yokwaziswa.

Izindleko Zokukhishwa Kwemisebe Nokuphihlizwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izimpi ezingokomthetho zithatha imali yabakhokhi bentela nemithombo kahulumeni. Abameli abaphethe uhulumeni bavame ukumangalela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bendawo bachitha izigidi zezigidi bevikela imithetho yabo. Lezi ngcebo zingaqondiswa emfundweni, ezisekelweni zezakhiwo, noma empini yomphakathi. Izindleko zezingxabano zingaba umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu kohulumeni abancane bendawo abanokwehlawulwa okulinganiselwe kwemali.

Ukuncipha Kokwethenjwa Umphakathi

Impi engapheli phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni ingaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi kuyo yonke isimiso. Uma izakhamuzi zibona idolobha lazo limelana nombuso, noma uhulumeni ulwa nohulumeni, zingaphetha ngokuthi uhulumeni awusebenzi kahle. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma izingxabano zigcwele futhi zisakazwa ngokusakaza imithombo yezindaba. Ukuthembana kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni kuye kwehla emashumini eminyaka amuva, futhi ukungqubuzana kwemithetho kungabangela lowo mkhuba.

Ukuvuselela Nokuzama

Ngapha kwendlela elungile, ukuphikisana kungaqhubekisela phambili inqubo entsha. Umbuso nohulumeni bendawo abasunduza imingcele ngokuvamile basungula izindlela ezintsha ezithonya kamuva isimiso sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kwesilinganiso sombuso ngokushintshana kwemishwane yempilo nokwanda kweMedicaid kwazi uklamo lwe-Affordible Care Act. Ukushukuma phakathi kokuhlanganisana kwe-athonity nokuhlolwa kwendawo kuyisici esiyisici esizenzakalelayo sobuzwelonke, kanye nokulwa kuyingxenye engokwemvelo yalokho okunamandla.

Ukushintsha Kwezombangazwe NobuProfethi

Kulenkathi yokuhlaziywa okukhulu kwezombangazwe, izingxabano zezombusazwe ziye zaba yithuluzi lempi ehlukanisayo. Izwe elilawulwa yiqembu elilodwa lingamelana ngokunamandla nezimiso zokuphatha kweqembu eliphikisanayo. Lokhu kungadala umjikelezo wokulawula: uhulumeni wezwe usebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa imali negunya lokulawula ukuphoqelela ukuvuma, kuyilapho amazwe esabela ngokungemthetho nangokumelana nomthetho. Umphumela uyisimiso sokubusa esiya sikhula kunokuba sihambisane.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlasela KweFederalism

Ukuphikisana phakathi kohulumeni bendawo, uhulumeni, nohulumeni akuzona izimpawu zesimiso esiphukile; zizalwa ngefa kuhulumeni waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo udala ngamabomu imibuso ehlukene futhi uhlola amandla. Uma kuphakama ukungaboni ngaso linye, uvivinya imingcele yegunya futhi uphoqelele wonke amazinga kahulumeni ukuba avikele izikhundla zawo. Izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nabaqondisi bazo zonke izinto zidlala indima ekuxazululeni lezingxabano, kodwa akukho nqubo eyodwa engaqeda ukuxabana.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukutadisha lezimpi kunikeza ifasitela elibonisa indlela amandla asebenza ngayo embusweni wentando yeningi oyinkimbinkimbi. Ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko yendawo kanye nobunye besizwe, phakathi kokuhlolwa kwezwe nezindinganiso zikahulumeni, akuyona into okumelwe ixazululwe kanye nakancane. Le nqubo iqhubekeka phambili yengxoxo, i-ligita, nokuzivumelanisa. Njengoba izimpikiswano ezintsha zivela − ekushintsheni kwezimiso zobuhlakani zezwe nokushintsha isimo sezulu. / lemibuzo efanayo izovela: Ubani onqumayo? Futhi yini eyenzekayo uma zingavumelani? Izimpendulo ziyoqhubeka zibumba ukubusa kwezizukulwane ezizayo.

ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- Inkonzo yokucwaninga yomthetho ngentengo kahulumeni , bese uhlola [ i-Oyez ka-Arizona v. United States.