Isingeniso: Umsebenzi Wecala Lomphakathi

Icala lomphakathi lisebenza njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abazimele − abahlangene, amabhizinisi, noma amanxusa kahulumeni − uma izivumelwano zingafezeki. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwezingxoxo zobugebengu, okugxile ekujeziseni ukujeziswa komthetho womphakathi, ikheli lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi lifuna imbuyiselo, ukwenza okuthile, noma imiyalelo. Lenqubo ilandela ukulandela ukulandelana okuhlelwe kahle okuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukuba sobala, nokunamathela ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho. Kunoma ubani ohilelekile noma ocabangela ukuthethwa, uqonda izigaba eziyinhloko zokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ezinikeza ukucaca kokulindele nokulungiselela.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kwangaphakathi kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi igalelo likhulu, ukuyinkimbinkimbi, nokuthi ijaji liyahileleka yini. Nokho, izigaba eziyisisekelo zihlala zivumelana phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zinqamula isigaba ngasinye, kusukela ekulungiselelweni kwangaphambi kwezokuhlolwa ngesinqumo sokugcina kanye nokunxusa okungase kwenzeke.

Izindlela zangaphambi: Ukubeka Isisekelo

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale noma yibuphi ubufakazi enkantolo, umsebenzi omkhulu uyenzeka ngasese. Izinqubo zangaphambi kwenkantolo zimisa uhlelo olungokomthetho noluyiqiniso oluzoqondisa icala ngokwalo. Lezi zinyathelo ziyagxeka ngoba zihlela ubufakazi, izimpikiswano, namasu kuyovela uhlangothi ngalunye.

Ukudambisa Ukukhononda Nempendulo

Icala liqala lapho i-paltiff ifaka i- isho i-compnt nenkantolo, ibhukwana elingokomthetho elichaza izikhangiso ezingokomthetho, amaqiniso azisekelayo, nosizo olufunwayo. Ukukhononda kumelwe kuchaze isisekelo segunya lenkantolo futhi kunqume imbangela eqashelwe ngokomthetho yesenzo [1] njengokuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki, noma ukuhlanjalazwa.

Ngemva kwenkonzo yenqubo, ummangalelwa ufaka amafayela impendulo , ephendula impikiswano ngayinye. Impendulo ingavuma noma iphike lokho okushiwoyo, yenze ivume isivikelo (umz., umthetho wemingcele, ukunganaki okunikiwe), futhi ingahlanganisa nokuphikisa i-paltaims ngokumelene ne-pasttiff. Kwezinye izimo, ummangalelwa angafaka ukunyakaza ukuze axoshe, ephikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma konke ukumangalelwa kuyiqiniso, ummangalelwa uhlulekile ukusho ukuthi iphuzu elingokomthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho egunyaziwe.

Ukutholakala: Ukwaziswa Okukhishwayo

Ukuthola ngokuvamile kuyisimo esithatha isikhathi esiningi nesokuthola izinto ze-odoli. Kuvumela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba zithole ubufakazi komunye nomunye nakumacala amathathu ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Amathuluzi ayinhloko okuthola izinto ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [ Izimo:[ Ubufakazi obubodwa obunganikezwa isifungo, obubhalwe yintatheli yasenkantolo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zemibhalo, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, noma obunye ubufakazi obungokoqobo.
  • Izicelo zokugunyaza: izimemezelo ezithi umphikisi kumelwe avume noma aphike, anciphise izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso.

Ukuthola kusiza ekuvimbeleni izimangaliso ezisekuqulweni, kuvulwe iqiniso, futhi ngokuvamile kukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa lapho amandla nobuthakathaka bohlangothi ngalunye bubonakala. Izinkantolo zigcizelela ngokuqinile imithetho yokuthola, futhi ukuhluleka ukuvumelana nakho kungaphumela ekuvumeni noma ezinqubeni ezisobala. Ukucaciswa okuningiliziwe kwemikhuba yokuthola, iMelika Bar Association inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi.

Izingxoxo Nemihlangano Yangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bangathatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ukuze baxazulule izindaba zomthetho ngaphandle kokudinga isinqumo sokwahlulela. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • [[INTLOBO] I-Motion yeSinqumo esifushanisiwe:[ Ama-Ague ukuthi akukho qiniso eliphathekayo eliphikisanayo, ngakho umahluleli kufanele abuse ekwamuseni kweqembu elithuthayo njengendaba yomthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Motion in Limine: ifuna ukuvala noma ukuvuma ubufakazi obuqondile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqanjwa: kucela inkantolo ukuba icele umphikisi ukuba avumelane nezicelo zokuthola.

Imihlangano yangaphambi kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile eqondiswa umahluleli noma imantshi, isiza ekukhipheni icala. Inkantolo ingamisa izikhathi ezimisiwe, ixoxe ngethuba lokuyalelwa, futhi ixazulule izimpikiswano zangaphambili. Ezindabeni eziningi, ingqungquthela yokugcina yangaphambi komthetho iphumela oyalezweni lwezomthetho [[[FLT:] olulawula izinga lokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukukhetha I - “cory ”: Ukuqhuma Kwemisebe Eyingozi

Uma icala lizoqulwa phambi kwabahluleli, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukukhetha abantu abazonquma amaqiniso. Inqubo yaziwa ngokuthi 'ir (isithombe se-“kukhuluma iqiniso”). Phakathi ne-voir, abameli namajaji babuza iqoqo labazokhetha ukukhetha kwabo, izimfuneko, nekhono lokungakhethi.

Ukungabaza Abangase Bayihluleke

Ama - attorney avame ukubuza imibuzo ngesizinda somphathi wejaji, umsebenzi, ulwazi lwangaphambili olungokomthetho, nanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana nabantu abahilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu esengozini, uma emangalelwe ngaphambili, kungenzeka ukuthi umangalelwa othile ngemibono enamandla engathinta ukungalungi. Umgomo uwukuthola noma imuphi umsizi ongakhethi bakhe obungase bungahlehliwe.

Izinselele Kwabavutheli

Ohlangothini ngalunye lungase lusebenzise izinhlobo ezimbili zezinselele:

  • Icala lesizathu:[ Iphuzu lokuthi ijaji elithile alinakuba elingakhethi, elisekelwe ekucwaseni okucacile noma kwezinye izici ezingakufanelekeli (umz., ukuba isihlobo seqembu). Alikho isilinganiso senani lalezi zinselele.
  • Inselele: Isicelo sokuxosha ijaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Nokho, izinselele zesihlengo zingase zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ngokusekelwe ohlangeni noma ebulilini, njengoba kwasungulwa [ Batson v. Kentucky[ nemithetho elandelayo.

Abaqondisi bemithetho basebenzisa izinselele ezilula ukuze basuse abahluleli ababheka njengabangemuhle, besebenzisa imizwelo engokwemvelo ephathelene nesimo sengqondo noma izimpendulo phakathi nenkathi eyingozi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Lapho abahluleli sebefungile futhi behlezi phansi, icala liqala ngezinkulumo zokuqala: Lezi akuzona izimpikiswano; kunalokho, ziwukubonakaliswa kohlangothi ngalunye kobufakazi abalindele ukubunikeza.

Phakathi nezinkulumo zokuvula, iseluleko sidweba amaqiniso abahlose ukuwafakazela, ofakazi abayinhloko abazowabiza, nemibono engokomthetho esekela icala labo. Amazwi anamandla avula indikimba yokulandisa kulo lonke icala. Ngokwesibonelo, ephule icala, ummangalelwa angase agxile esithembisweni esiphukile sommangalelwa kanye nezingozi eziwumphumela, kuyilapho ukuzivikela kungaqokomisa ukuhluleka kwesivumelwano noma amaphutha omphathi.

Ijaji liyalwa ukuthi lokho abameli abakushoyo akuwona ubufakazi, kodwa ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda obubonisa ukuthi lokhu kushiwo yilabo abameli akuwona nje ubufakazi (h_____kuphela kobufakazi nemifanekiso evezwayo kamuva okunobufakazi obusobala.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ingxenye yanoma iliphi icala lomphakathi ukunikeza ubufakazi. Lengxenye ivumela izingxenye zombili ukuba zifakazele ukuphikisana kwazo okuyiqiniso ngofakazi, imibhalo, nezinto ezingokoqobo. Umkhapheli uhamba kuqala, anikeze icala lakhe ngenhloko, ngemva kwalokho ukuzivikela kunganikeza ubufakazi bakho siqu futhi kubize ofakazi.

Ukuhlola Okuqondile

Phakathi nokuhlola okuqondile, ummeli ubuza ofakazi babo siqu ukuze athole ubufakazi obuyiqiniso. Imibuzo eholayo (labo abasikisela impendulo, ngokwesibonelo, “Ubone ummangalelwa esebenzisa ukukhanya okubomvu, awuzange?”) ngokuvamile inqatshelwe ngokuqondile. Kunalokho, ummeli ubuza imibuzo ephenduliweyo (umz., “Uboneni lapho usondela emphambanweni?” ukuze uvumele ufakazi axoxe indaba.

Ukuwonakaliswa Kwesiphambano

Ngokuqondile, ummeli ophikisayo unethuba lokudlula kufakazi. Ukuhlola isiphambano kuvumela iseluleko ukuba sihlasele ukwethenjelwa kofakazi, sidalule ukungavumelani, noma amaqiniso atholekayo. Imibuzo ephambili iyavunyelwa, inike umhloli amandla awengeziwe. Ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kungenza icala lomphikisi libe buthaka kakhulu.

Imifanekiso Nobufakazi Obubonisayo

Amabhukwana, izithombe, amavidiyo, izivumelwano, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, nezinto ezingokoqobo kuqalwa njengemibukiso. Umboniso ngamunye kumelwe uqinisekiswe − kusho ukuthi umnikelo kumelwe uwubonise lokho okubizwa ukuthi yikho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-imeyili ingaqiniswa ufakazi oyithumelayo noma ayithole, noma ngobufakazi obuphathekayo bemethamitha yayo.

Abahluleli banquma ukuthi ubufakazi bungamukeleka yini ngaphansi kwe imithetho yobufakazi , ehluka ngokwemithetho. Ukuphikisa okuvamile kuhlanganisa amahemuhemu, ukusebenza, nokungabi nasisekelo. Isinqumo somahluleli ezindabeni ezisobala singawuhlela kakhulu umphumela wecala.

OFakazi Abayizazi

Ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi, ofakazi abangochwepheshe banikeza ulwazi olukhethekile ukuze basize abahluleli baqonde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokungathi izindinganiso zezokwelapha ezingasebenzi kahle, ukwehluleka kobunjiniyela, noma ukulimala ngokwezimali. Ochwepheshe kumelwe bafanelekele futhi ubufakazi babo kumelwe buhlangabeze i- Daubert[ indinganiso (izinkantolo zikahulumeni) noma ukuhlola okufanayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokubaluleka.

Iziqondiso Zokuqhubeka

Ukulandelana okuvamile kobufakazi kuwukuthi:

  1. Indaba kaPlaintiff (eqondisiwe neyayiphambano yofakazi be - pasttiff).
  2. Icala lokuzivikela eliyinhloko (eliqondile neliyisiphambano sofakazi abavikelayo).
  3. Ukuphikisa kukaPlantiff (okulinganiselwe ezindabeni ezintsha eziphakanyiswe ukuzivikela).
  4. Ukuvikela Kwendlela Evikelayo (uma kuvunyelwa).

Uma isikhulu secala se-paltiff siqeda, isivikelo singathatha isinqumo esiqondiswe [ (manje ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi ] ukugweba njengendaba yomthetho [[), siphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi bommangaleli abunele ukusekela isinqumo somusa. Uma livunyelwe, icala liphela ngokushesha ngesahlulelo sesivikelo.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngokungafani nezinkulumo zokuqala, izinkulumo zokuphetha ziwukuthonya okucacile. Ama - Attorney abufingqa ngokucacile ubufakazi, aqokomisa ubuthakathaka ecaleni elimelene nalo, futhi anxuse abasizi ukuba balawule besekelana.

I-paltiff ikhuluma kuqala futhi ingaba nempikiswano yokugcina ngemva kokuphendula kwesivikelo. Lesakhiwo sinikeza umlahli ithuba lokuba negama lokuqala nelokugcina, elingaba inzuzo ephambili. Izinkulumo zokuphetha eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa ubufakazi neziyalezo zabasizi bejaji.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuvala icala, ijaji lifunda ukuthi yiziphi iziyalezo (ngokuvamile ezibizwa izicelo [). Lezi ziyalezo zichaza umthetho osebenzayo: okumelwe i-pasttiff ibonise, ukuthi iziphi izisekelo ezikhona, ukuthi ungabuhlola kanjani ubufakazi, nomthwalo wobufakazi (ngokuvamile] obungakhomba kakhulu). Zombili izinhlangothi ziveza iziyalezo, futhi ijaji linquma ukuthi ziyini ukunikeza.

Uma iziyalezo ziwuchaza ngokungeyikho umthetho noma zidida, kamuva isinqumo singaphendulwa lapho kudluliswa isikhalo. Abaqondisi kumelwe balandele umthetho njengoba unikezwa, ngisho noma bengavumelana nawo.

Ukuzimela

Ngemva kokwamukela iziyalezo, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlala-phantsi wegumbi eliyimfihlo ngamabomu; akukho muntu wangaphandle (kuhlanganise namajaji noma abameli) okhona. Abaqondisi baxoxa ngobufakazi, baphinde bahlole izibonakaliso, futhi bazame ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo − ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avume isinqumo esingaphelele, esingavamile.

Umphathi, okhethwe yijaji, uhlanganisa ingxoxo. Izigwebo zingathatha imizuzu, amahora, noma izinsuku kuye ngokuthi lelicala liyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani futhi liphikisana ngezinga elingakanani. Uma abahluleli befa ngokungenathemba (“abahluleli”), ijaji lingase lisho icala elingafanele, futhi icala lingaphinde liqulwe.

Lapho kuxoxwa, abahluleli bangase bathumele imibuzo ebhaliwe kumahluleli — mhlawumbe ukuze kufundwe ubufakazi noma ukuze kucaciswe iziyalezo ezingokomthetho. Umahluleli ngokuvamile uyabonana neseluleko ngaphambi kokuphendula.

Isinqumo Nezinyathelo Zangemva Kwempi

Uma ijaji selifikile esinqumweni, lazisa inkantolo futhi lahlangana enkantolo. Isinqumo siyafundwa ngokuzwakalayo. Endabeni yomphakathi, isinqumo sivame ukusho ukuthi iliphi iqembu elikhona, futhi uma umkhohlisi ekhona, isibalo semali edilivwe. Isinqumo singase futhi siphendule imibuzo ekhethekile ebuzwa yijaji.

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekile lingafaka iminyanti ye-stry [. Okuvame kakhulu yile:

  • Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo njengendaba yoMthetho (Ivusiwe):[ Ixazulula lesisinqumo asisekelwe ngokobufakazi obungokomthetho obanele.
  • [[NT.:0] Ukuthatha isigwebo esisha: usho amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umz., ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, ukuziphatha okubi kwejarre) okwavimbela umphumela olungile.
  • Ukuncitshiswa kweRemittitur noma i-additur: kufuna ukunciphisa noma ukukhuphula umonakalo, ngoba uweqile noma awunele.

Uma ingavumi, umahluleli angase ayivumele le mithetho, ayivumi, noma ayivumelani nale nqubo.

Ukukhanga

Ukudlulisa isikhalo akulona ikhambi elisha kodwa ukubukeza irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala lomthetho. U-apellant (umkhandlu okhangayo) kumelwe abonise ukuthi iphutha elikhulu lenzekile cishe njengemiyalo enganembile yamajaji, ukulahla ubufakazi, noma ukuziphatha okubi ngeseluleko, okungase kuthinte umphumela. Inkantolo ifunda kafushane, izwa impikiswano eshiwo ngomlomo, futhi ingaqinisekisa, ukuhlehlisa icala. Ukudlulisa kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka futhi kuhileleke ukuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze kuhlolwe inqubo ye-applellate, hlola imithombo ejulile, funa iziqondiso ezivela ku-[[[FL:] u-Fildaw' iziqondiso ze-icepy''.

Isiphetho: Indima Yokuqulwa Kwecala Lasembusweni Wesibhamu Ekuxazululeni Isinqumo

Icala lomphakathi liyinqubo enzima eklanyelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano ngomphakathi, ngokuqhubekela phambili kobufakazi. Kusukela ekuqaleni ekususweni kwecala ngokuthola, ukukhethwa kwejaji, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nesinqumo sokugcina, isigaba ngasinye siqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zinethuba elifanele lokuveza icala lazo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kuqinisa ukubaluleka kokulungiselela ngokucophelela nokuqamba amaqhinga.

Nakuba amacala amaningi angaphakathi ehlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, lawo aqhubeka equliswa icala amelela umzamo ongcono kakhulu wesimiso somthetho wokuphikisana namaqiniso futhi asebenzise umthetho ngokungaguquguquki. Kunoma ubani ohilelekile empikiswaneni yomphakathi (noma ungumuntu oyisimanga, ummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma umehluleli) ukwazi ukuthi kwenzekani phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kunikeza isisekelo sokuhlanganyela okunenjongo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, imithombo enegunya ihlanganisa U.S. izinkantolo ezisemthethweni eziqondisa amacala omphakathi [ kanye ne-American Bar Association ukucubungula kwecala lamajaji [.