Ukuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo Yomphakathi: Ukudlulisa Nokudlulisa Amacala

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni eUnited States sisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma izingxabano phakathi kwezwe. Izakhamuzi ezizithola zihileleke endabeni yomthetho kahulumeni, ukwazi imithetho engaphandle nokudlulisa izikhalo zingasho umehluko phakathi komphumela omuhle nethuba eliphuthiwe. Izinkantolo zesifunda zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukile ezihlukene nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi okuhlukile kwemithetho ehleliwe kungaguqula indlela icala eliqhubeka ngayo. Ngokufanayo, inqubo yokunxusa iyinqubo enzima yokubekela ijajikisha ijaji i-’ izinqumo, kodwa ilawulwa ngemithetho eqinile nezindinganiso eziphakeme. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezinkantolo ezihlukene zenkantolo, futhi sisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo angokomthetho nokukhetha lapho zibhekene icala noma ukumangalelwa kwecala.

Iziphazamiso Zenkantolo Yesifunda: Lapho Imithetho Evamile Ingasebenzi

Izinqamu ezisezinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizimo ezithile lapho kubekwa khona izinqubo ezivamile ezingokomthetho noma imithetho esemthethweni. Lokhu kungathinta ukuthi icala lingalethwa kanjani, ukuthi lisingathwa kanjani, noma yiziphi izikhuselo ezikhona. Eziningi zibekwa ngokwemithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yenkantolo, noma izenzakalo ezimisiwe. Ukuqaphela lezizimo ezihlukile kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohambisa ijaji likahulumeni.

I - Nkosi EnguMbusi: Uhulumeni ’ Isivikelo

Enye yezindlela ezivelele kakhulu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuvikela izikhali ezizimele. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, uhulumeni wase-United States namanxusa akhe ngeke bamangalelwe ngaphandle kokuba bavume ngokuphandle ukuqulwa. Lesi simiso sivela emthetho ovamile waseNgilandi futhi sisekelwe emqondweni wokuthi umbusi (uhulumeni) akavikelekile emacaleni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isakhamuzi silinyazwe ukunganaki kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni, ngeke azenze angene ngokuzenzekelayo kuhulumeni. Kunalokho, kumelwe abonise ukuthi ulwelo lukahulumeni oluwelwelwe ngemithetho enjenge-Federa Tort Acts Act (FCA). I-FTCA ivumela ukuba imali ethile ilimaza iUnited States ngenxa yezenzo zokunganaki kwezisebenzi ezingohulumeni, kodwa ihlanganisa eziningi, njengoba zithanda ukulwa, imisebenzi ethile ewumbuso, noma imisebenzi ethile ewumthetho womthetho omkhulu we-Preciogg. Kumelwe ukuba iqonde ngokuphelele inkantolo enecala eliphakeme kodwa ilalele icala elinguhulumeni.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokwaziswa Okuyizinhlobo

Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziqaphela futhi ukuthi amacala ahlukene lapho kunezici zokuphepha kwesizwe zikhona. Ezimweni ezihilela ukwaziswa okungacatshangelwe, uhulumeni angafaka izimfihlo zelungelo likahulumeni, elivumela ukuvimbela ukuvezwa kobufakazi obungalimaza ukulondeka kwesizwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekuxoshweni kwecala uma ummangali we-Pretiticture Act engakwazi ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokwaziswa okuvikelwe. Isibonelo, emacaleni abhekene izinhlelo zokuhlola noma izenzo zobugqizi, uhulumeni angafaka izimfihlo eziyimfihlo zezindaba zobuhlahlolo-mfa, futhi inkantolo ingakhipha lonke icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Slassificiation Information Procedures Act (CPA) imisa izinqubo ezikhethekile zokusingatha ubufakazi obungadingiwe ezinkantolo, kuhlanganise nezimendezi zezezinto ezithintekayo. Izakhamuzi ezihilelekile ezimweni ezinjalo zingaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi lezi zingenza ikhono labo abangekho ngisho nobufakazi obukhona.

UHabeas Corpus Ohlukile No - Claus Oyinqaba

I-habeas corpus ingumthetho oyisisekelo ovumela isiboshwa ukuba sibeke inselele ukuvalelwa kwaso ngokomthetho. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaqaphela ukungavumelani okuthile. UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela ukunqanyulwa kwe-habeas corpus ezicabeni zokuvukela noma ukuhlasela lapho kufunwa ukuphepha komphakathi. Nakuba kungavamile, iSivumelwano siye sayekelela i-writ, njengaphakathi kweMpi yomphakathi. Kulokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukubhekana nanoma yisiphi isikhulu sesizwe esibhekene nemvume yokuboshwa noma ukufuna usizo kuhulumeni.

Ukukhishwa Kwezigigaba Ezihlukahlukene

Izinkantolo ze-Foderal zinegunya emacaleni ezakhamuzi zasezindaweni ezihlukene uma isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka-R25 000. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, ubudlelwane obuhlukile [[FLT:] buvimbela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ekuphatheni imibandela ehilela isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, noma ukugcinwa kwenani labantwana, ngisho noma ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqembu, ngisho noma iziphilela, ngisho noma amaqembu ehlukene. Ngokufanayo, ivimbela ukukhishwa kwezinkantolo ezingosikhongosi ezingosi ezingosi zezwe ukuba zingaphathi ifa noma ukumiswa kwelungelo lentando. Lokhu kusiza ukuba indima engokwesiko yezinkantolo zombuso zezwe nasezindaweni zomkhaya. Izakhamuzini kanye nabameli babo kuqiniseke ukuthi icala leze liwelenekwehlulwe phakathi kwalezi zinkantolo ezingokomthetho.

Ukukhishwa Kwemithi Nezikhungo Ezingavunyelwe

Ngokuvamile, umthetho kahulumeni ufuna ukuba iqembu likhiphe amakhambi okulawula ngaphambi kokuba lifune usizo enkantolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma inhlangano inenqubo yokubukeza, isakhamuzi kumelwe siqale siqede leyo nqubo ngaphambi kokufaka icala. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kweShod Litigation Reform Act, iziboshwa kumelwe zikhiphe wonke amakhambi akhona okulawula ngaphambi kokuletha isudi kahulumeni ngokuphathelene nezimo zasejele. Kwezinye izimo, izinkantolo ziqaphela ukuthi ukukhathala uma kungeke kuphumelele, njengalapho inkampani inqumele kusengaphambili umphumela noma lapho ikhambi lingenamali. Nokho, lokhu kusetshenziswa kancane kancane. Ukuqonda uma ukukhathala kudingekile kudingekile kungasindisa izakhamuzi ukuba zikhululwe icala lazo kungasheshe liphele.

Inqubo Yokukhanga Yama - Federal: Ilungelo Lakho Lokubuka Izikhathi Ezizayo

Uma iqembu lilahlekelwa enkantolo engokomthetho kahulumeni, isinyathelo esilandelayo ngokuvamile siyisikhalo enkantolo ephakeme. Inqubo yesicelo kahulumeni inikeza indlela yokuhlola izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala i-̱ izinqumo zamaphutha angokomthetho. Ayilona ikhambi elisha; kunalokho, ukubukeza ukulandisa okuvela enkantolo engezansi. Inkantolo yezezikhalo zase-United States (izinkantolo ze-corcit) isingatha izikhalo eziningi ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda, futhi iNkanto ePhakathi Inkantolo ingabukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganiselwe.

Ongakhanga Nalokho Okungaheha

Ngokuvamile, noma yimuphi umncintiswano odluliswa isahlulelo sokugcina senkantolo yesifunda ungenza isicelo. Isahlulelo sokugcina yileso esiqeda ukulahlwa kwesahlulelo sokugcina futhi singashiyeli lutho enkantolo ukuba yenze isahlulelo kodwa ikhiphe isahlulelo. Ezinye izinqumo, nokho, azizona iziyalezo zokugcina futhi azinakudluliswa ngokushesha. Isibonelo, ukunquma ngenkambo yokukhipha noma ukudlulisa isahlulelo sesikhashana kungadluliswa kuphela ngemva kokuba isahlulelo sokugcina singenile, ngaphandle kokuba ziwele ezindinganisweni zecala ezilinganiselwe eziyalweni zokuyala imfundiso [. Lemfundiso ayivumela ukudluliswa kwesinqumo esiqinisekile impikiswano ebalulekile ehlukaniswe ekufaneleyo futhi ehlulelweni esiphelele. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziphawule ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingenisweni ezilinganiselwe; isigwebo secala asinakudluliswa.

Isikhathi Sokukhanga

Izinsuku ezimisiweyo eziqinile zilawula inqubo yokudluliswa kwezicelo zikahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Rule of Appellate Procedire 4(a), kumele kufakwe isaziso sokudluliswa kwesicelo kunomabhala wenkantolo yesifunda phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 ngemva kokwahlulelwa noma ukudluliswa kwemvume. Ezindabeni zomphakathi lapho i-United States iyiqembu, umkhawulo uthatha izinsuku ezingu-60. Ukungawutholi lo msebenzi ngokuvamile uphumela ekususweni kwalesi sikhalo, nakuba kunesilinganiso esilinganiselwe kakhulu sokunganaki noma izimo ezingavamile. Ukweneze kuqaliswe izakhamuzi, ngakho kumelwe zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha. Usuku lokungena luwusuku lokungena kwesahlulelo esingene enkantolo yesigodi i-̱ ihvelo, hhayi usuku lomahluleli olumemezela isinqumo ngomlomo.

Ukudlulisa Isikhalo Kuyafingqa Futhi Kunempikiswano Edluliselwa Ngomlomo

Uma isikhalo sesibekwe esikhungweni, umkhangisi (umkhandlu okhangayo) kumelwe abhale kafushane ukuthi kungani inkantolo ephansi yenza iphutha. I-apelle ifaka imfishane yokusabela. Inqubo yokudlulisa inqubo yemithetho esemthethweni, enemingcele eqinile yephepha, izimfuneko zokuhlela, nemithetho yokukhomba umbhalo. Ngemva kokufingqa, inkantolo ingahlela impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, nakuba kungezona zonke izimpikiswano ezishiwo ngomlomo. Iqembu labahluleli (ngokuvamile abathathu) lilalela abameli, libuze imibuzo, bese linquma icala. Impikiswano yomlomo ayiyona impikiswano yokuhlola; iyingxoxo ebhekiswe ezindabeni ezingokomthetho.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza: Indlela Inkantolo Ehlolwayo Ewaqeda Ngayo Amaphutha

Umphumela wesikhalo ngokuvamile uxhomeke [ ohambelanayo ekubukezeni . Imibuzo yomthetho, inkantolo ethatha imvume ihlola inkantolo ephansi i-R isinqumo [ u-awu no no no no , isho ukuthi ayinikezi thuba kumahluleli owephutha futhi inqume kabusha. Isinqumo esiyiqiniso, indinganiso esisemqophelweni esingu-[[FLT:], lapho inkantolo iyogumbuqela khona inkantolo uma ishiywe ngephutha eliqinisekile nesiqinisekiso esiyenziwa. Isinqumo esinjalo, njengobufakazi obuyindingaqondile, noma isilinganiso sokulawula, [FLT:][FLT: 5,2] lapho inkantolo ekhohlisiwe kakhulu, noma ingenakugwenywa kahle, uma ingekho enkantolo engekho ngokomthetho engekho ngokomthetho, ngokuvamile, noma ingunyunyuke kakhulu.

Abahlukile Ekusheshiseni: Lapho Ungenakudlulisa

Akuzona zonke izinqumo enkantolo kahulumeni ezingadluliswa. Izikhombo nezinkantolo ziye zaveza ukuphambuka nokulinganiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa onxusa icala ngokuvamile uvala ilungelo lokudlulisa izimpikiswano eziningi, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezithile ezigunyaza ukubusa noma umthetho-sisekelo. Ngokufanayo, iziqondiso zokuhlanganisa (izinqumo ezingezona eziphambili) ngokuvamile azidluli. Nokho, kunemiyalo ehlukile: ukukhipha iziyalezo ezinikeza noma ukuphika imiyalo, ukumisa abamukeli, noma ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo athile e-asemthethweni kungadluliswa ngaphansi kwe-U. C.[10] Imvume engokomthetho ingaba yi-Prograinea. Futhi, i-Focel Revidual Revinces of Povilective Procture Revicectivergial uma ikhona imvume yokudlulisa indaba ye-mthetho enikeza ukudluliswa kwesizathu esiqinile somehluko futhi ikhona ngokwezinto. [5]

Izikhalo Zokumangalelwa Kwe - Certiorari ENkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

Isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokudlulisa icala yi-United States Supreme Court ’. Nokho, inqumbi ePhakeme ihlaziya inkantolo ephethe. Iqembu elifuna iNkantolo Ephakeme lihlola amafaceli esicelo se-certiorari. Inkantolo inikeza i-certioriri emacala acishe abe ngamaphesenti angu-140 kuphela, alezo ezihilela imibuzo ebalulekile kahulumeni, izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda, noma izindaba ezingokomthetho-mthetho. Asikho isinqumo esingokomthetho esifanele ukudluliswa kumacala aseNkantolweni Ephakeme. Isicelo kumelwe sigcinwe ezinsukwini ezingu-90 ngemva kokungena kwesahlulelo enkantolo yezikhalo. Izakhamuzi kufanele zazi ukuthi iNkathi Ephakeme ayiyona inkantolo yecala eliyiphutha ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yiqembu ngalinye; ikhetha izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu kwesizwe.

Ukukhathalela Okuwusizo Ngezakhamuzi

Izindleko Nezintibane Eziyi - athori

Imali yokudlulisa izikhalo ingabiza kakhulu. Imali yokufaka intela, ukunyathelisa, nenkokhelo yomthetho inganezela ngokushesha. Nokho, izigebengu ezikhokhiwe zingakwazi ukukhokha i-foma pauperes, zikhokhele izindleko ezithile. Ezimweni zobugebengu, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze iseluleko esithatha izicelo kubamangalelwa abafuna ukudlulisa isikhalo. Ama-gavil feligig, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile kumelwe akhokhe abameli babo ngaphandle kokuba kunikezwe umthetho wokushintsha. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifake isici esikhona ngesikhathi: ukudlulisa isikhalazo esithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha ngonyaka noma ngaphezulu.

Ukukhanga Ngokuphoqelelwa

Ukudlulisa isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo akuwenzi ngokuzenzekelayo ukugcinwa kwesinqumo senkantolo esiphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, isahlulelo semali singaqoqwa ngaphandle kokuba i-panellant ifaka isibopho. Ngokufanayo, isigwebo sobugebengu siqala ngisho noma isikhalo sisasele, ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa unikezwe ibheyili elindele isikhalo, okudinga ukubonisa ukuthi lesi sikhalo siphakamisa umbuzo omkhulu ongase ubangele ukubuyiselwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala elisha. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune iseluleko sokuthola ukubulala noma isikhalo esisele.

Enye Impikiswano Yokuxazulula Nokuxazulula

Izikhalo eziningi zixazululwa ngokuxazululwa kwesinqumo esivela enkantolo. Amacala angase ahlanganyele ekumangalweni okunikezwa yinkantolo yezikhalo. Ukulungisa isikhalo kungalondoloza isikhathi nemali futhi kunike amaqembu amandla okulawula umphumela. Izakhamuzi kufanele zivuleleke ekuhloleni izimvume zokukhokha, ngisho nangemva kokuba sekufakwe isikhalo.

Isiphetho: Ukuphambana Nenkantolo Yomphakathi Nokudlulisa Amacala

Iziphakamiso zenkantolo ezizimele nezidluliselwe yizici eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ezibalulekile zesimiso somthetho wase-U.S. Ezihlukaniswe njengendawo yokuzimela, izimfihlo zikahulumeni, kanye ne-habeas corpus zingavala ukulinganiselwa noma zivimbele ukumangalelwa, kuyilapho inqubo yokunxusa inikeza indlela yokulungisa amaphutha angokomthetho. Ukuqonda imingcele eqinile, izindinganiso zesikhathi, nokulinganiselwa kokudluliswa kwesicelo kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esibhekene nendaba kazwelonke. Nakuba lesi sihloko sinikeza umfutho olubanzi, asithathi thatheli icebo lomthetho ongokomthetho. Noma ubani ohilelekile enkantolo kufanele athintane nommeli onolwazi ongabheka lemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi futhi asekele inzuzo engcono kakhulu. [FFFF], futhi inikeza iziqondiso zezimiso ezingcono.[Foctivesmes]