Isisekelo: Lapho Kuvela Khona Imithetho

Imithetho yakha cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla cishe isici somoya namanzi, ukuphepha kwemisebenzi, intela esiyikhokhayo, namalungelo esinawo. Kodwa, ezakhamuzini eziningi, inqubo eklanywe ngayo ukuba kube umthetho obophayo ihlala iyimfihlakalo eyimfihlo. Ukuqonda loluhambo akuyona nje indlela yomthetho osetshenziswayo; kuyisikhomba-mnyobo wesizwe esisebenzayo nethuluzi elinamandla lokugcina uhulumeni unecala. Uma wazi ukuthi lesi simiso sisebenza kanjani, ufunda indlela yokusebenza.

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa indlela yomthetho elandelana, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho ithola kuphi igunya layo. E-United States, uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso semibuso egunyazwe evunyelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uMkhandlu ungenza kuphela ezindaweni ezihlelwe ngokuqondile eSiphakameni I, isigaba 8, njengokukhokha imali, ukuqondisa ukuhwebelana kwezentengiselwano, nokumisa impi. Yonke imibuso ayihlelwanga izikhundla ezimbili ezingokomthetho: umthetho wezwe nomthetho wezwe.

Imithetho, Imithetho, Nemithetho Engekho

Elinye lamaphuzu avame kakhulu okudideka ekuhlelweni komthetho umehluko phakathi komthetho, umthetho, nomthetho. umthetho odluliselwa yindikimba yemithetho. I-Conrever elawulayo, noma isishayamthetho sezwe esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Nokho, imithetho ivame ukubhalwa kabanzi. Ukugcwalisa imininingwane, iziphakamiso eziphathisa igunya lezinhlangano zegatsha lokusungula iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ezilawulayo [[FLT:]. Isibonelo, i-Celean Act (umthetho) itshela i-Actecreact (E) i-Alegist (EPA) ukulinganisela ukungcoliswa komoya, kodwa i-EPA ibhala imithetho ethile yezobuchwepheshe. [FTBR.] Imithetho ye-FOR.[FOLD:[5]

Uhambo Olungokomthetho: Indlela Ibhilidi Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Uhambo lwemali luyindlela yamabomu, futhi ngokuvamile enzima, egatsheni lemithetho. Ezingeni likahulumeni, lenqubo iyenzeka e-United States Congress, eyakhiwe ngamagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Nakuba lenqubo ifana kakhulu ezindlu zomthetho zikahulumeni, imithetho eqondile ingahluka kakhulu. Izinyathelo ezichazwe lapha zimelela isibonelo sikahulumeni.

Ukudweba Nokuthola Isiqalo

Iphepha lingabuthelwa yinoma ubani `isakhamuzi esizimele, ithangi lokucabanga, uprofesa waseyunivesithi, noma ummeli wendlu emhlophe. Nokho, ilungu loMkhandlu kuphela elingalethula ngokusemthethweni. Endlini, iphepha lifakwa "imposiso," ibhokisi lokhuni phansi kwegumbi. noma .[FLT]S. [3] ilungu livele liyimemezele ngesimiso. Like laziswa, isamba sabelwa inani (umk. .R. [[2]] R.]R [[FLT]] noma ]][FLT]] [12]]] ) futhi libhekisela ekomitini eliphethe indaba yalo. Umbhalo wonke owesikhulu kusukela kusukela ku-1993:[9]

Ucwaningo LweKomiti: ISikhungo Somsebenzi Sezishaya - mthetho

AmaKomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amakomiti okuhlola amaKhonsasi," futhi ngesizathu esihle. Kulapho kwenzeka khona umsebenzi omkhulu womthetho. Isivumelwano esibhekiswe ekomitini sithunyelwa kuleyokomiti ukuze ihlolwe ngokukhethekile. Ikomiti engaphansi igcina [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [0] ukuzwa] , lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngomugqa womthetho, umnikelo nokuvota. Uma i-projected i-costatee i-odoctory i-e. [ikomiti engaphansi] ifaka khona i-odoculopolate embonini yezemboni ezimbonini futhi ithinta izakhamuzi. [ikomiti egcwele, i-FLT:] ithatha inqubo isimiso sokubhaka [[FLT], lapho amalungu efaka khona imvume yokubhalisa, futhi ezindaweni zokuvotela. Uma i-'ibhili i-'ekungena, ilunga se-pall.

Uma ikomiti yenqaba ukwenza, igumbi eligcwele lingasebenzisa isicelo ukuphoqa isigwebo ngaphandle kwekomiti naphansi. Nokho, lokhu kudinga ivoti eningi (218 izignesha endlu) futhi akuvamile ukuphumelela. Inqubo yekomiti iklanyelwe ukucwenga umthetho ngolwazi lokufaka nokuxoxisana. Njengoba isikhulu seSigele sichaza[, ikomiti iyisihluzo okumelwe wonke umthetho omkhulu udlule ngaso.

Isinyathelo Sobuciko: Impikiswano Nokusakaza Izincwadi

Uma isikweleti sesikhishiwe ngaphandle kwekomiti, silindele ukucatshangelwa kwendlu. Endlini, impikiswano enamandla ihlela i-Komiti yengxoxo (] isho amagama empikiswano (izisusa) futhi lapho i-senter ekwaziwa khona njengemithetho ekhethekile. Lena yaziwa njenge "imithetho ekhethekile""'Indlu yeGaze, impikiswano ingenamkhawulo, isici esivumela i-filister[, lapho isigemga sikhuluma khona amahora amaningi ukulibala noma ukuvota. Indlela kuphela yokuqeda i-palster [FOLT] [FFFFF:5], efuna ukuvota 60.

Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, amalungu angahlongoza ukulungisa. Endlini, izinguquko kumelwe zibe "i-germane" (ibuye ithathe isikweleti). ESigeqeni, izinguquko ezingezona ijikijelo, eyaziwa ngokuthi "abashayeli," ngokuvamile zifakwa ezikweletini ezithandwayo ukuze ziphoqelele ukudlula kwabo. Ngemva kwenkulumo-ndaba iphetha, amavoti agcwele egumbini. Uma iningi livota ngokuvumelana nemvume, umthetho usiya kwelinye igumbi ukuze uqale inqubo yamuva futhi.

Isigungu Sesibili Nokubuyisana

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, iNdlu neSigele kumelwe kudlule izinguqulo zombhalo. Uma igumbi lesibili lenza izinguquko cishe njalo, elibuyela egumbini lokuqala lokuvumelana. Uma amagumbi engenakuvumelana ngokungefani kwawo, ikomiti evumelanayo. Le komiti yesikhashana ikhiwa amalungu amadala kuwo womabili ahlala ehlehla. Umbiko "lomthetho" umunye, ohlangene omelwe udluliswe kuyo yonke indawo, ngaphandle kokunye, futhi kungahlanganiwa kuwo womagumbi womabili.

Isenzo sokuqondisa: Izitifiketi nezinhlangothi

Ngemva kokudlula kwawo womabili amagumbi afanayo, uthunyelwa kuMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli unezindlela ezine ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo. Bangasayina isibambiso somthetho [, eyenza umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku lwesikhathi esizayo olucacisiwe. [[FULT]] [iinani lamaSonto] [icala]] liyidlulise kumthetho [[FLT], uma i-Congressting ikhona phakathi nosuku oluyishumi, bangavumela umthetho ukuba usebenze [[FLT:] ngaphandle kophawu olumisiwe] [[FLT] [FLD]] oluqinile], uma umhlangano umhlangano ukhona. Okokugcina, uma umhlangano we-Prencelve]

Ukuhlasela I - veto

I-veto umongameli ayilona igama lokugcina. UKhongolo lunamandla okudlula i-veto ngevoti enkulu yama-3 amabili emagumbini womabili. Uma ama-3 amabili-mithathu endlu namavoti amabili eSigeqe adlula imvume futhi, kuba umthetho ongaphezu kokuphikisa kukaMongameli. Lona umnyango onzima wokuhlangana, futhi ngokwengokomlando, cishe u-4% kuphela wama-vetoes ubengawunciphi. Ukunyukela ngokujule kakhulu kulenqubo ekhethekile, [ USUSA.go unikeza isicatshuphelo esicacile, esingahambisani sesigaba sonke somphathi wezomthetho

Ngalé Kwemithetho: Amandla Egatsha Eliphethe

Nakuba izingqungquthela zenza imithetho, iSishaya - mthetho Segatsha simisa imishini.

Isiyalo Esiphethe Nombhanda

Uhlelo lokubulala luyisiqondiso esikhishwa nguMongameli olawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Lemiyalo inamandla omthetho, kodwa kumelwe ibekwe eMthethweni okhona noma elungiselelweni womthetho-sisekelo. Bavumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise indlela izinhlangano eziphethe ezichaza futhi ziphoqelele ngayo imithetho. Iziqondiso eziphethe zingashintshwa umongameli olandelayo noma zishaywe inkantolo uma zidlula imingcele yemithetho yezomthetho-mthetho.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho Oqondisayo

Kulapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho uyenzeka khona ngaphandle kweSishaya-mthetho. Ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act (APA), izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele inqubo "inkulumo nenkulumo" yokwakha inqubo ehlongozwayo. Inhlangano ikhipha umthetho ohlongozwayo [] I-Federal Register[. Umphakathi umenyelwa ukunikeza izinkulumo, izimpikiswano, nemininingwane ephathelene nomthetho ohlongozwayo. Inhlangano idingeka ngokomthetho ukuba ifunde lezi zimpendulo, iphendule empindabeni ebalulekile, futhi ichaze indlela yayo yokucabanga. Lokhu kuqondile, enamandla, futhi ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwendlela yokuthonya umthetho. Ungahlanganyela kulenqubo namuhla

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

Uma nje umthetho usukhona ezincwadini, cishe kungenakugwenywa ukuba othile awubeke inselele. Yilapho - ke kulapho isigaba segatsha lobujudisi singenakho ukwenza umthetho, kodwa ukuwuchaza nokuthola ukuthi umthetho wawo usebenza kanjani.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Isimiso sokubukeza singokomthetho samiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison [183] [183]. Lomandla avumela isimiso senkantolo ukuba simemezele umthetho, noma isenzo sesikhulu, esingathathi-mthetho. Uma inkantolo ishaya umthetho, ibuyiselwa emuva esigodlweni sokulungisa izimo noma uphele. Icala elifana no [FLT:] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [194]) ukugumbuka kwemithetho evumela ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanga, ngesikhathi [FLD:] i-FM] i-fecke. [2] [7]

Ithuluzi Lezakhamuzi: Ukwenza imithetho Esemthethweni

Inkolelo edidayo iwukuthi ukwenza umthetho kuwumsebenzi ovaliwe ogcinelwe abezombangazwe nabangenisi. Eqinisweni, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nozithembisene zinamathuluzi amaningi eziwasebenzisayo okuhlela uhlelo lwemithetho. Ukwaziswa okuphathelene nalokhu kuthinta kafushane; lapha sinweba indlela yokuzisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Amandla Omsindo

Isenzo esisodwa esinethonya kakhulu esakha izakhamuzi esingasithatha ukuvota. Izinqumo zinquma ukuthi ubani okumelelayo ehhovisi lemithetho, isikhulu, neyahlulelo. Ukuvota komshicileli [ kunamandla kakhulu, njengoba ngokuvamile lokhu kuba nethuba eliphansi kakhulu lokuvota, okusho ukuthi iqembu elincane lezakhamuzi lingaba nethonya elikhulu ngokungenakulinganiswa kulowo ovela ebhaleni lokukhetha. Ukhetho lwamabhulo, olunquma ukulawulwa kweSishaya-Ngqungquthela ngaphandle konyaka kamongameli, lunezekelele kakhulu kodwa lunemiphumela emikhulu yokwenza umthetho ezingeni likahulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuqondile Nabameleli

Amalungu e-Congress kanye nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyaqashwa ukuba zimelele izigaba zazo. Zinakekela iposi elihlangeneyo ngoba zibatshela ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezibalulekile emuva ekhaya. Lapho zithintana nommeleli wakho, ziqonde[. Zikhomba inani eliqondile lemali (umz., ].R. 123] noma ]S.[567] ), isho ukuthi indawo yakho ingakuthinta kanjani, umkhaya wakho, noma umphakathi wakho. Indaba ehloniphekayo ithonya kakhulu kunefomu noma ifomu ye-imeyili. Ukuhlangana nemihlangano ye-e-imeyile.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezikhathini Zokuphendula Emphakathini

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili, ukubuyiswa kwemithetho kudinga ukufakwa emphakathini. Ukusho umphakathi ngomthetho ohlongozwayo kuyindlela eqondile yokuthonya umthetho. Akudingeki ube ngummeli. Izinkampani zifuna impendulo engasho lutho olulula---(data, ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho, noma okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela kwezwe okungenzeka ukuthi alahlekelwa yikho. Amazwi ahloselwe kahle esazi esisodwa ngezinye izikhathi angaguqula inkambo yemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuthakathisa, Izinhlangano Ezihlanganisa Izilwane Nezakhiwo Zobumbano

Uma amazwi ehlangene, adala i-oray enamandla. Izinhlangano zeGrassroots ziye zabangela ezinye zezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingokomthetho emlandweni, kuhlanganise noMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 kanye nokwanda kwesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Ukuhlela umkhankaso wokubhala incwadi, ukuqala isicelo, ukuqaphela imithombo yezokuxhumana, noma ukwenza izinhlangano ezinezingqondo ezifana nezingavumelani zingabangela ukuba kungenele izwi elilodwa elingenakushaywa isosha. Isihluthulelo sigxile futhi siqhubeke sihambisana.

Okwenza Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi Zibe Nezindaba Ezinhle

Intando yeningi ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli. Lesi simiso siklanyelwe ukuba sibe nenkululeko yokuzinqumela futhi sibambe kancane ukuze sivumele ukufakwa komphakathi futhi sivimbele izinqumo ezithathelwanayo. Nokho, lo mklamo usebenza ngokuphumelelayo kuphela lapho umphakathi unakisisa.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Uma abantu beqonda ukuthi umthetho uqala kanjani, bangathola ukuthi ubani ovota ukuthi iziphi izikhankaso ezikhethekile ezithinta inqubo. Lolu lwazi luwuhlobo lokuqala lokuvikela inkohlakalo nesimiso. Luphoqelela abaphathi bemithetho ukuba bathethelele amavoti abo kubantu ababakhethayo.

Ukulwa Nokungavumelani Nemininingwane

Ukuqonda le nqubo kuyikhambi elinamandla lokulahla ulwazi. Uma othile ezwa ukuthi "badlulisa lolu phawu ngaphandle kokufunda," noma "lokhu kwasheshiswa," isakhamuzi esinolwazi sazi izinyathelo eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo ukuze sidlulise futhi singahlola ukufaneleka kwalokhu kugomela. Ukwazi inqubo yomthetho kusiza abantu ukuba bahlukane nomsindo futhi bagxile ekutheni uyini ngempela umthetho.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ohlanganyelwayo Wokubusa

Indlela esuka embonweni oyisibopho ukuya kumthetho inde, inciphe, futhi igcwele izithiyo. Lezi zithiyo ziyizici, eziklanyelwe ukuphoqelela ukuqapha, ukukhuthaza ukuvumelana, futhi ukwakha ukuvumelana. Ku isakhamuzi ngasinye, lenqubo ingabonakala ithatha kancane ngokukhungathekisayo noma ngokukhungathekisayo. Nokho, lejubane langamabomu liveza amaphuzu amaningi okungena lapho izakhamuzi zingangenela futhi zizwe. Amandla okuthonya umthetho awakho esenzweni esisodwa esikhulu, kodwa ekuhlanganyeleni okungaguquguquki, okuqondiswe, nokusebenza ngokunenzuzo kwababuswayo.

Ngokufunda imithetho yalomdlalo, uzihlomisela ukudlala. Ngokuvota, ngokuhlanganyela nabameleli, nangokuhlanganyela esigcawini somphakathi, ufeza imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze usekele irepublic enempilo. Ukushaya imithetho akuwona nje umsebenzi weWashington; umsebenzi ohlanganyelwayo wesakhamuzi ngasinye esikholelwa ukuthi umphakathi ozilawulayo useyisisekelo esingcono kakhulu sekusasa elinobulungisa nelichumayo.