INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo YeNkantolo Yesizwe Icala

Imithetho yenkantolo ye-Federal ayiyona imvume. Isekelwe ngokuqondile eSiphakamisweni III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. esamisa i-jaji likahulumeni futhi sachaza ukufinyelela kwalo. I-Agament III, Ingxenye 2 ihlanganisa wonke amacala aphakamayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano. Ihlanganisa futhi amacala ahilela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yamanzi, izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene.

Loluhlelo lomthetho - sisekelo lufeza injongo ewusizo: luqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba zokubaluleka kwesizwe zifingqwe esimisweni esifanayo kunokuba zithonywe izincazelo zenkantolo ehlukene engu - 50 zikahulumeni. Uma icala lithinta umthetho kahulumeni, uhulumeni, noma amaqembu avela ezifundazweni eziningi, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinikeza isikhungo esivumelanayo nabahluleli abakhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke futhi abavikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda lesi sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi igunya likahulumeni alikona ukuthatha inkantolo "engcono" kodwa ukuyisa amacala esimisweni sokwahlulela esifanele esisekelwe esimweni salempikiswano.

Izinhlobo Zecala LeNkantolo YamaFederal

Indaba Emangalelwayo

Indaba ukubusa kwecala igunya lenkantolo kahulumeni lokuzwa uhlobo oluthile lwecala. Ngaphandle kwalo, inkantolo ayinakunikeza isahlulelo esisemthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaqiniso agunyaziwe kangakanani. Loluhlobo lwesimiso lungena ezigabani ezimbili ezinkulu: umbuso wombuzo [ kanye ne[FLT] ububanzi be-cureversity[.]

i-cureedal quality yemibuzo ivela lapho ukuzisholo kombhishobhi kusekelwe kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., umthetho kahulumeni, noma isivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, icala eligunyaza ukuthi umthetho kazwelo uphula iSichibiyelo sokuqala singaba yi-gungu likahulumeni ngoba isaziso sixhomeke ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo.

I-diversity quality ikhona lapho amaqembu eyizakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene nesilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka $75 000 (R37 000). Injongo iwukuvimbela ubandlululo lwenkantolo kumaqembu ahlukene. Isakhamuzi saseTexas simangalela inhlangano yaseCalifornia ngenani elingu-R150 000 (R1 000 000) ngokwesibonelo, ungangena ngehele enkantolo yombuso ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene.

Isinqumo Sakho Siqu

Ukubusa komuntu siqu kubhekisela emandleni enkantolo phezu kwamaqembu ngokwawo, ikakhulukazi ummangalelwa. Inkantolo kahulumeni kumelwe ibe negunya lomuntu siqu kummangalelwa, ngokuvamile elixhomeke ekuxhumeneni kommangalelwa esizweni lapho inkantolo ihlala khona. Lemfuneko isekelwe eMthethweni ka-Claus weSiphendulo sesihlanu ne-14.

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ithole ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe abe "nokuxhumana okuphansi" ne-forum kangangokuba icala aliyona ingxabano emibonweni engokwesiko yokudlala okulungile nobulungisa obuqinile. Uma ummangalelwa ehlala e-Oregon futhi engakaze enze ibhizinisi eFlorida, cishe inkantolo kahulumeni waseFlorida ayinakho ukubusa ngokwakhe kulowo mmangalelwa, ngisho noma icala lihilela umbuzo kahulumeni.

Ukulahlwa Kwendaba Ngokujula

Federal Question Jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. נ 1331)

Isinqumo esiyinhloko esilawula ukulawulwa kwemibuzo kahulumeni ngu 28 C.C. chita 1331, esithi: "Izinkantolo zesifunda ziyakuba nazo zonke izenzo zomphakathi eziqalayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, noma izivumelwano ze-United States" Lolu ulimi olubanzi, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zasungula uvivinyo lokunquma ukuthi icala linini ngempela "livele ngaphansi" komthetho kahulumeni.

Umthetho ovamile uwukuthi umbuzo kahulumeni kumelwe uvele ebusweni besikhalo esihoxisiwe kakhulu sommangalelwa. Akwanele ukuba ummangalelwa aphakamise ulwelo lukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa emangalela ukuphula isivumelwano ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, futhi ummangalelwa uphikisa isivumelwano asisebenzi ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ongakhi imingcele kahulumeni. Izwi lomthetho lika-Plantiff kumelwe lithembele kumthetho kahulumeni.

Izibonelo ezivamile zamacala kahulumeni okubuza zihlanganisa:

  • Izinkulumo ezingaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni elwela amalungelo abantu (isib., 42 U.S.C. . . 1983)
  • Izindaba ezihilela imithetho kahulumeni yokuvinjelwa
  • Izenzo eziphambanisayo nezisemthethweni zomgunyathi
  • Izenzakalo Zokungatholi Imali
  • Amacala Angaphansi Komthetho We - Federal Tort

Ukuhlukahluka kwezincwadi (28 U.S.C. נ 1332)

Imibuso ehlukahlukene ngaphansi kuka - 28 U.S.C. נ 1332 idinga izici ezimbili: ukuhlukahluka ngokuphelele kwezakhamuzi nesilinganiso sempikiswano esingaphezu kuka - R250 000.

umehluko ophelele usho ukuthi akukho papaxff ongaba isakhamuzi sombuso ofanayo nanoma imuphi ummangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa waseNew York esheshisa ummangalelwa nommangalelwa waseNew York, ukuhlukahlukahlukana kuyabhujiswa ngoba ummangalelwa nommangalelwa oyedwa unesabelo sesizwe saseNew York. Amaqembu awakwazi ukuguqula izinhlobonhlobo ngokuhlangana noma ukuxosha amaqembu ukuze asungule noma abhubhise imingcele.

ihlangene empikiswaneni[ inzuzo yentengo ephakanyiswayo. Ihlanganisa ukulimala, ukudaleka, nezinye izinhlobo zokuvuselelwa. Ukumangalela okuhle kokholo lwe-paltiff ngokuvamile kuyamukeleka ngaphandle kokuba kuqinisekiswe ngokomthetho ukuthi iphuzu lingaphansi kuka $75,000 [R1 000]. Ezimweni ezifuna ukukhulula okusemqoka, izinkantolo zilinganisa inani eliphikisanayo ngenani lento ekhankani.

Ukulahlwa Okunezelwe

Ukulawula okunezelwe, okugunyazwe ku-28 U.S.C. 31: 1367, kuvumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zizwe izisholo ezithi ziyingxenye yecala elifanayo noma impikiswano njengempikiswano kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvimbela ukubekwa kwama-ccultmealig. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummeli owenqabile egwetshwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni wokucwaswa kwemisebenzi futhi futhi eletha icala lomthetho kahulumeni lokubulala okungalungile okusekelwe emaqini afanayo, inkantolo yezwe ingasebenzisa igunya lokuhlanganisa isifundazwe.

Nokho, inkantolo ingase ilahle igunya lokulawula ukunezela uma:

  • Inkulumo yomthetho kahulumeni iphakamisa indaba enombono noma eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho kahulumeni
  • Umthetho kahulumeni uthi unamandla kakhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni
  • Inkantolo yesigodi iye yawalahla wonke amacala kahulumeni

Ukulawula okuthé xaxa kuyi - alphabet, hhayi okuzenzakalelayo.

Concirect Juriction

Isinqumo Esiphelele

Amanye amacala angazwakala enkantolo kahulumeni kuphela. Lokhu ukubusa okuhlanganisayo. UKhongolo-mthetho lukhethe izindawo ezithile zezihloko njengombuso kuphela ngenxa yesidingo sokufana, ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, noma isithakazelo sobuzwe.

Izindawo ezilawula uhulumeni kuphela zihlanganisa:

  • Amacala kaPaten nowabamkeli
  • Izenzakalo Zokungatholi Imali
  • Izimali zomphathi nezokuhweba ngasolwandle
  • Amacala amelene nohulumeni wase - United States
  • Ukusho okumelene nokuthembana okungokwesigaba
  • Ukuquliswa kwecala okuningi kukahulumeni

Uma isakhamuzi sikhipha icala elikhethekile enkantolo yombuso, inkantolo yombuso kumelwe ililahle ngenxa yokungabi nagunya lendaba, ngisho noma sekuyiminyaka eminingi lelicala lilindele ukuqulwa.

Ukulahlwa Kwamanje

Amacala amaningi awela phakathi ukubusa okungaguquguquki, okusho ukuthi kokubili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zinegunya lokuwazwa. Umkhandi angakhetha i-fonsom. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngecala lokulawula izifundazwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinye izindaba zemibuzo zikahulumeni lapho uKhongolo-mthetho ungazange ulawule khona kuphela.

Ngokwesibonelo, icala ngaphansi komthetho we-Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) lingafakwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Ukukhethwa kwe-forum kungawuthinta kakhulu umphumela. Abahluleli bamaFederal bayi-Agar III abakhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, kuyilapho abahluleli bezwe bengase bakhethwe noma basebenze ngokwemibandela emisiwe. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinemithetho ehlukene ye-procedmental, imingcele yokuthola izinto, nezenzo zokuphatha icala.

Uma ikhona i-paltiff elawula ukubusa kwamanje, ngokuvamile ilawula ukukhetha kwe-foum ngokufaka kuqala. Nokho, ummangalelwa angaba nelungelo lokususa icala lakhe enkantolo kahulumeni, okuxoxwa ngayo ngezansi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwesikhathi Esidlule

Ukususwa kwesimiso kuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba adlulisele icala elibekwe enkantolo kahulumeni, uma inkantolo kahulumeni ibiyoba negunya lokuqala. Lenqubo ilawulwa ngu 28 U.S.C. .

Imithetho eyisihluthulelo yokususa ihlanganisa:

  • Abamangalelwa kuphela abangasusa; abamangalelwa abakwazi ukususa icala abakhetha ukulifaka enkantolo yombuso
  • Ukususwa kumelwe kwenzeke ezinsukwini ezingu - 30 lapho ummangalelwa ethola ukuncenga kokuqala
  • Bonke abamangalelwa kumelwe bavume ukususwa ("igunya lobunkungu")
  • Amacala asuswa ezisekelweni ezihlukahlukene ngeke asuswe uma noma isiphi ummangalelwa eyisakhamuzi sikahulumeni we-forum ("umthetho omangalelwe weforum")
  • Icala alinakususwa ngemva konyaka libekwe uma ukususwa kwalo kusekelwe kuphela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene

Ukususwa kuyithuluzi eliwusizo elivumela abamangalelwa ukuba bagweme izimo zenkantolo kahulumeni ezingathandeki, basebenzise imithetho kahulumeni engokwesiko, noma balenze lizwakale phambi kwejaji likahulumeni.

Indlela Ukusola Okungokwenani Okuthinta Ngayo Izakhamuzi

Lapho Ungafaka Khona Icala Lakho

Umbuzo wokuqala owusizo kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esinempikiswano engokomthetho yilena: Iyiphi inkantolo enegunya? Ukugada enkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni, ekuchitheni isikhathi, futhi kulahlekelwe izindleko zomthetho. Kwezinye izimo, umthetho wokulinganiselwa ungaphela ngaphambi kokuba icala liphinde liphele enkantolo elungile.

Izakhamuzi kufanele zicabangele lokhu okulandelayo lapho zinquma ukuthi zingabhala kuphi amafayela:

  • inkantolo yeze-FULT: Inikeza imithetho efanayo, abahluleli abanolwazi, futhi ngokuvamile inqumbululo esheshayo. Imithetho yokuthola ihlelwe kahle, futhi ukwahlulela ngokufingqa kuvame kakhulu.
  • inkantolo yezwe [: Kungenzeka ukuthi ijwayelene kakhulu nomthetho wendawo, futhi indlu yenkantolo ivame ukusondelana. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zivame ukuphatha umthetho womkhaya, iprobate, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nokuvumelana ngaphandle kokuba i-athonsi yemibuzo ehlukene noma ehlangeneyo ikhona.

Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi icala lakho lisenkantolo kahulumeni, thinta iNkantolo engokomthetho yase-U.S. umqondisi wombuso wezwe wezwe [[FLT: 1] ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okunegunya.

Ithonya Endleleni Engokomthetho

Icebo lomthetho lihlela inqubo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuqulwa kwecala. Enkantolo kahulumeni, abameli kumelwe bavumelane nemithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procediture, ehlukile emithethweni yombuso efana nokuncenga, imingcele yokuthola izinto ezizohamba.

Izinkantolo zeFederal zisebenzisa futhi i-Ilie Doctrine , edinga izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze zisebenzise umthetho wezwe kodwa umthetho wesizwe. Lokhu kusho inkantolo kahulumeni eCalifornia elalela icala lesivumelwano eCalifornia kumelwe lisebenzise umthetho wesivumelwano kodwa lilandele iFederal Pages of Civil Procedure. Imfundiso ye-Erie iqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela wecala lezinhlobonhlobo awuhlukani ngoba nje lisenkantolo yesizwe kunokuba ihlelwe inkantolo kahulumeni.

Kubantu abahlala khona, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhetha inkantolo kahulumeni yecala elihlukahlukene akuwushintshi umthetho osebenzayo, kodwa kuyayishintsha imithetho yemvelo nomahluleli.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Amacala aqulwa enkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni adluliswa enkantolo yesifunda, ehlukaniswa yaba izifunda eziyi-13. Izikhalo zizwakala ngamajaji amathathu, futhi ezicabeni ezingavamile, isifunda esigcwele singalithatha lelicala ngokuvimbela. INkantolo Ephakeme ihlola izinqumo ezithathwe ezinkantolo zokudlulisa isikhala nge-cretiorari, okuyisinqumo esingokomthetho.

Amacala enkantolo kahulumeni ahilela imibuzo kahulumeni angafinyelela futhi eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngemva kwemithetho ephakeme kakhulu yenkantolo kahulumeni, iqembu lingase licele iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ikhiphe imvume ye-certiorari uma icala lihilela umbuzo oqinile kahulumeni.

Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi izinqumo zenkantolo yenkantolo yezindaba zikahulumeni ziwukugcina ezicini zikahulumeni kuphela futhi azinakudluliswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngisho noma amaqembu ehlukene.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile NgeNkantolo Yesizwe Icala

Izakhamuzi ngisho nabameli abathile zisalokhu zingaqondi kahle.

I-Miscception 1: Izinkantolo zeFederal zihlale zinegunya emacaleni kahulumeni. Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha ukumangalelwa komthetho kahulumeni, amanye amacala kahulumeni angaqulwa futhi enkantolo uma ukuziphatha futhi kwephula umthetho. Imfundiso ehlangene ivumela kokubili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni ukuba zimangalele ukuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zohlobo lwe-Misctic 2: Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kusho noma yikuphi ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zezifunda ezihlukene. Imali ephikisanayo kumelwe idlule u-R35 000 futhi ihlukahlukane ngokuphelele kuyadingeka. Icala phakathi kommangalelwa we-Folitika ne-California ummangalelwa we-$50 000 ayifaneleki.

I-Misckette 3: Izinkantolo zeFederal zingcono njalo. Izinkantolo zeFederal zinemingcele elinganiselwe futhi azikwazi ukuzwa izindaba eziwela kuphela emagunyeni enkantolo, njengesahlukaniso, ilungelo lokugcina abantwana, nezindaba eziningi ezihambisana nezindaba. Kulezozimo, inkantolo yesifunda iwukuphela kwendlela yokukhetha.

I-Miscception 4: Ummangalelwa angasusa icala ngaso sonke isikhathi enkantolo kahulumeni. Ukuthatha i-palve kudinga isisekelo esizimele sokulawula uhulumeni. Uma isikhalo se-pactiff singaphakamisi umbuzo kahulumeni futhi izinhlobonhlobo zintulekile, ukususwa akukho.

Ukuphulwa kwemithetho ngokubanzi, kubhekisa ku- Cornell Legal Information Institute ye-curection, echaza izindinganiso zomthetho ngolimi olulula.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi indaba yakho ihilela ukubusa kwenkantolo, thatha izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  1. uchaza isisekelo sokusho kwakho[. Zibuze: Ingabe icala lami lihilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma imithetho kahulumeni? Ingabe amaqembu avela ezifundazweni ezihlukene? Uma impendulo inguyebo kunoma yisiphi, umbuso ungakhona.
  2. phawula inani lempikiswano. Ukulawula izinhlobonhlobo, qinisekisa ukuthi ukuzisho kwakho kudlula ama-$75 000 kuphela enzalo nezindleko. Uma umonakalo wakho ungaphansi kwesiqalo noma ngokunokwenzeka, ukuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo akufumaneki.
  3. Dermine ukuthi i-gassion ikhethekile noma ikhona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Cwaninga ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhethekile yini ohlotsheni lwecala lakho. Amacala angemthetho namathuba okulahlekelwa kufanele agcinwe enkantolo kahulumeni. Ezinye iziphakamiso zikahulumeni zingagcinwa kunoma yisiphi isimiso.
  4. Cabangela incazelo engokomthetho . Cabangela inzuzo neziphakamiso zenkantolo kahulumeni emelene no-Hulumeni. Cabangela i-parme, imithetho ehleliwe, impucuko yasenkantolo yendawo, kanye nethuba lokususwa ummangalelwa.
  5. Ikhonsathi yommeli. Imibuzo yecala ingaba yinkimbinkimbi. Imiphumela yokufaka enkantolo engalungile ingaba mikhulu. I-ligigator kahulumeni onolwazi ingahlola ukuthi icala lakho lisenkantolo kahulumeni yini futhi ilule icebo elingcono.

Izakhamuzi ezizicabangela ukuzibonakalisa zizimele enkantolo kahulumeni kufanele zicophelela kakhulu. Izinkantolo zeFederal zinezimfuneko eziqinile eziqondene nemithetho, futhi umthetho olawula icala usebenza kakhulu. Iwebhusayithi ye- U.S. inikeza isiqondiso kuma-ligist , kodwa ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kutuswa kakhulu nganoma yiliphi icala elihilela ukulawulwa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukulahlwa Enkathini Yezibalo

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye baphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokulawula kwenkantolo kahulumeni. Uma kuphakama izimpikiswano ngenxa yentengiselwano ye-inthanethi, ukudilika kokwaziswa, noma imisebenzi yezebhizinisi elisekelwe kuyi-inthanethi, ukunquma ukuthi icala lingabekwa kuphi akuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula ukuhlaziywa okuthi "abangathintwa abaphansi" ngokukhethekile ngenxa yomongo we-Internet. Amawebhusayithi okuthumela ukwaziswa ngokuvamile awamisi ukubusa komuntu siqu, kanti amawebhusayithi asebenzisanayo aqhuba ibhizinisi nezakhamuzi ze-foum angawathola. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ayikayixazululi ngokugcwele yonke imibuzo ephathelene ne-internet, ngakho izinkantolo eziphansi ziyaqhubeka zithuthukisa umthetho ngesisekelo secala.

Izakhamuzi ezihileleke ezimpikiswaneni ze - Internet kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqhubeka ziqulwa ngecala elihilela lokhu:

  • Ukungalondeki nokuzifunela imininingwane
  • Umkhakha wendabuko wezimpikiswano
  • Ilungelo lombhali nezimpawu zento kuphazanyiswa kuyi - Internet
  • Ukugcinwa Kwesivumelwano Se - electronic
  • Ukukhwabanisa okunganqamuki kuyi - Internet

UKhomishane uye wamisa nemithetho ethile kahulumeni ebangela ukubusa kukahulumeni kwezinye izinkulumo ezihlobene ne - Internet, njenge - Computer Prigning and Abuse Act ne - Anti - Cybersquating Consumer Protection Act.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yenkantolo ye-Federal ingumqondo oyisisekelo esimisweni somthetho wase-U.S. Inquma ukuthi yiyiphi inkantolo engalalela icala, iyiphi umthetho osebenzayo, futhi yimiphi imithetho engokwesiko ebusa i-ligile. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda izisekelo zokubusa kukahulumeni akuyona nje imfundo. Ithinta izinqumo zansuku zonke zomthetho, kusukela ekumangaleleni icala kuya ekuphenduleni.

Isihluthulelo sezakhamuzi yilezi: izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizwa amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene lapho kuhileleke khona ama - dollar angaphezu kuka-55 000 (R1,50 000). Amanye amacala, njengezindaba ezigunyaziwe neziwile, kumelwe aye enkantolo kahulumeni. Ezinye zingase zihlolwe nganoma yisiphi isimiso, futhi ngokuvamile umbhishobhi uthola isinqumo kuqala.

Uma ungabaza, hlola imithombo ethembekile. Umbhalo ogcwele wemithetho elawulayo kahulumeni ukhona ngeKhodi lase-U.S., futhi iwebhusayithi yenkantolo inikeza iziqondisi ezicacile zolimi ekwakhekeni nasebusweni. Iseluleko somthetho kummeli ofanelekayo siyindlela ephephile ngaso sonke isikhathi uma amalungelo akho nezikweleti zisengozini zisengozini.

Ngokuqonda igunya lenkantolo kahulumeni, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo, zenze ukukhetha kolwazi mayelana nokuthi kuphi okumelwe kuthathwe ikhaligate, futhi zigweme iphutha elibizayo lokungena enkantolo engalungile.