Table of Contents

Izinkantolo zase-U.S. zakhiwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo ukuze zisebenzise ubulungisa ngokungakhethi, phakathi kwegunya elimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo noMkhandlu. Lezinkantolo zakha umsuka wesimiso sokwahlulela sikahulumeni, ukusingatha amacala athinta izigidi zamaMelika nsuku zonke. Ukusuka ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza njengabavikeli ababalulekile bobulungisa nomthetho eUnited States.

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, ukuthi ziziphi izinkantolo ezisingathayo, nokuthi kungani izinqumo zazo zingakusiza ukuba uyiqonde kangcono indima yejaji embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhilelekile endabeni engokomthetho, unesithakazelo ezindabeni zomphakathi, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda indlela ubulungisa obusebenza ngayo ngokwesizwe, ukufunda ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwelinye lamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni.

INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Yezinkantolo Zesizwe

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. simisa igatsha lokwahlulela njengelinye lamagatsha amathathu ahlukene nahlukene kahulumeni. Lomthetho ngokomthetho zenza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba liqoqe amandla amaningi kakhulu.

Lamagatsha amathathu — angokomthetho, aphethe, nahluleli — asebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo se "amasheke nezilinganiso"" Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba igatsha ngalinye lihlukene ngokomthetho namanye amabili, uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile udinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba uMkhandlu unikeza imithetho futhi uMongameli eyiphawula, igatsha lokwahlulela linegunya lokunquma umthetho kahulumeni nokuxazulula ezinye izimpikiswano ezihilela imithetho kahulumeni.

Igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni liye lachazwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho ye-conomitional, nezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinawo amandla angenamkhawulo okuzwa noma iliphi icala, jqhl igunya lazo libekwa ngokucophelela ngezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nangemithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu.

Isihloko III Isinqumo

ISiphakamiso III sinikeza ukuthi amandla okwahlulela "ayakunwebela" ezinhlotsheni ezingu-9 "izicathulo" ne "izivumelwano": zonke izimpikiswano zomthetho kanye nokungaguquguquki okuvela ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho, imithetho, nezivumelwano ze-United States; zonke izenzakalo ezithinta amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi kanye nezikhothamo; zonke izimo zombuso ezithiwayo kanye nezindawo zasolwandle; izimpikiswano phakathi kwe-United States iyinhlangano; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zombuso othile; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifundazwe ezihlukene; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezwe elifanayo ezithiya amazwe ahlukene; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zikahulumeni azimele ngaphansi kwemibuso ehlukene; nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezwe ezihlukene; nezwe elikhona eliphethe izakhamuzi nezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe, noma izakhamuzi, noma izikhonzi.

Lomthetho - sisekelo umisa imingcele izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezingasebenza kuyo. Izinkantolo zeFederal zinezinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe lokulalela amacala awela kuzo zombili izimo ezichazwe eSigabeni III seMithetho yeSigaba 2 yeMithetho yaseU.S. nemithetho yeSishayamthetho, eziwahlukanisa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezinegunya elibanzi.

Izakhiwo Ezintathu Eziyinhloko Zezinkantolo Zesizwe

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinga eliyinhloko: izinkantolo zesifunda (inkantolo yamacala), izinkantolo zesifunda eziyizinga lokuqala lokudlulisa amacala, neNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States, izinga lokugcina lokudlulisa amacala esimisweni sikahulumeni. Izinga ngalinye lifeza injongo ehlukile ekuqondiseni ukwahlulela kukahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseU.S.: Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zesifunda noma zamacala ezingu-94 zesizwe zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda sase-U.S. lezinkantolo zisebenza njengendawo yokungena emacaleni kahulumeni amaningi, zisebenza njengezinkantolo eziqulwayo lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ofakazi, nezinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo.

Izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Lo msebenzi othola iqiniso ubalulekile ngoba izinkantolo zesifunda zivame ukuthobela isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda salokho okwenzekayo ngempela ecaleni, kunalokho zigxile ekutheni umthetho usetshenziswa kahle yini.

Phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe yiSishaya-mthetho noMthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zesifunda zinegunya lokuzwa cishe zonke izigaba zamacala kahulumeni, kuhlanganise kokubili izindaba zomphakathi nezezigebengu. Lokhu kulawula okubanzi kusho izinkantolo zesifunda zisingatha yonke into kusukela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu obungokomthetho kumacala ohulumeni ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zemibuso ehlukene.

Inkantolo ngayinye yesigodi inejaji elilodwa lesifunda lase-United States, elimiswe uMongameli futhi eliqinisekiswa iSigele ukuze liphile. Lokhu kumiswa, okungaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle, kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngokuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Izinkantolo zesigodi zisebenzisa amajaji asiza amajaji esigodi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Okunye okungakholeki kukho konke ukuphila kungamajaji, akhethwa abahluleli besifunda futhi asebenzise igama elicacile. Abahluleli abaqaphile bangasingatha izindaba zokwandulela, baphathe izindaba, futhi ngisho nokwengamela izinhlobo ezithile zokulingwa ngemvume yamaqembu.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala ZaseU.S.: Izinkantolo Zezobufakazi Eziphakathi Ne - Intermediate

Kunezinkantolo zezahlulelo ezingu - 13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo zaseU.S. lezinkantolo ezithatha isinyathelo esiphakathi zinendima ebalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela sikahulumeni, zibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda nasezinhlanganweni zezombuso.

Izigodi zokwahlulela zase-U.S. zihlelwe zaba izifunda eziyi-12, ngasinye sinezinkantolo zezikhalo zase-United States. Isifunda ngasinye sihlanganisa izifunda eziningi, kudala igebe lezwe eliphethe i-apellate. Ngokwesibonelo, isifunda sesihlanu sihlanganisa izifundazwe zaseTexas, eLouisiana, naseMississippi.

Inkantolo yezikhalo izwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezingaphakathi, kanye nezikhalo ezivela ezinqumweni zezinhlangano eziphethe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Yezikhalo yeFederal Friver iphethe izwe lonke ukuzwa izikhalo ezingokomthetho, njengalezo ezihilela imithetho esemthethweni kanye namacala anqunywe yiNkantolo ye - International Trade neNkantolo ye-Federal Anties. Lesi sifunda seshumi elinesithathu sihlukile ezifundeni zesifunda ngokugxila endabeni yendaba kunokugxila ekuzihleleni kwezwe.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezisebenza Ngayo

Ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo ezikhipha amacala aziwaphikisi amacala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha; azibuzwi ubufakazi; futhi akukho - jaji. Kunalokho, izinkantolo zihlola umbhalo olotshiwe ovela enkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala, kuhlanganise namaphepha agunyaziwe obufakazi, imiboniso, nemininingwane engokomthetho enikezwa amaqembu.

Umsebenzi wenkantolo ethatha isigwebo uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo equlweni noma engosini yezomthetho. Lokhu kugxila emibuzweni engokomthetho kunokuba kugxile ezimpikiswaneni eziyiqiniso kuhlukanisa ukubukezwa kwecala ngokuqulwa kwecala.

Izikhalo eziya ezinkantolo zesifunda zithathwa kuqala yiqembu, elinamajaji amathathu enkantolo yesifunda. Leli qembu lamajaji amathathu libukeza izimpikiswano ezimfushane, lizwa izimpikiswano zomlomo ezivela kubameli, futhi likhiphe umbono obhaliwe ochaza isinqumo salo. Isinqumo seqembu siba yisibonelo esibophayo sezinkantolo zesifunda kulelosifunda.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, inkantolo yesifunda ingacabangela izikhalo ezithile enqubeni ebizwa ngokuthi "icala elinomthetho onqabile" i-En bac ivame ukuthwala isisindo esiphezulu futhi ivame ukunqunywa ngemva kokuba i-comment iqala ukuzwa icala. I-Banc ihlola uma icala lihilela umbuzo obalulekile ngokukhethekile ongokomthetho noma lapho kunesidingo sokulungisa izinqumo zezindawo eziphikisanayo phakathi kwesifunda.

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States ineJaji Eliyinhloko laseUnited States namajaji ayisishiyagalombili akanye nayo. Njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsekeli wokugcina womthetho kahulumeni nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokunquma kwayo, futhi phakathi kweziqondiso ezithile ezasungulwa yiSishaya - mthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme izwa amacala amaningana acelwa ukuba anqume. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zezikhalo, okumelwe zilalele zonke izikhalo ezigcinwa kahle, iNkantolo Ephakeme ilawula idokotela layo ngenqubo ye - certiorari.

Imicimbi ingafaka "icala le-certiorari" enkantolo, icela ukulizwa icala. Uma i-writ inikezwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme izothatha iziphakamiso futhi iqhube impikiswano yomlomo. Nokho, iCertiorari ayivamile ukuvunywa; ingaphansi kwe-1% yezicelo zenkantolo ephakeme izwakala ngempela. Lokhu kukhetha kuvumela iNkantolo ukuba igxile emacaleni abalulekile ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo noma izingxabano phakathi kwezifunda ezihlukahlukene.

Lawomacala angaqala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni, futhi ngokuvamile ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile ngoMthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kahulumeni. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zimisa isibonelo esisisekelweyo kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso kulo lonke izwe, zenza izinqumo zalo zibe nethonya elikhulu.

Ukumangalelwa Kwasekuqaleni KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Nakuba abantu abaningi becabanga ngokuyinhloko ngeNkantolo Ephakeme njengenkantolo ekhipha isigwebo, futhi inegunya lokuqala ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamacala. Uma iNkantolo isebenza njengenkantolo yamacala kuthiwa inegunya lokuqala, futhi yenza kanjalo ezimweni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, njengalapho umbuso othile umangalela omunye umbuso.

Nokho, amacala okulawula aqala awavamile futhi ngoba, ngaphandle kwesuthi noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili, iNkantolo iye yazivumela kakhulu izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ukuba zihlanganyele ithonya lazo lokuqala.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngalé kwesakhiwo esineziqu ezintathu eziqinile zezinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zezikhalo, neNkantolo Ephakeme, isimiso sokwahlulela sikahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziningana ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala.

Izinkantolo Ezingalawuleki

Isifunda ngasinye kwezingu - 94 zomthetho sisingatha izindaba zokuwa kwamacala emali, futhi cishe kuzo zonke izifunda, amacala okuwa kwamacala emali afakwa enkantolo ewile.

Icala lezezimali alikho enkantolo yombuso. Le mithetho ekhethekile kahulumeni ibonisa imvume engokomthetho yokunikeza iziKhomishane amandla okumisa "iMithetho yeNkantolo yeSizwe eMthethweni weSizwe saseBankruptic eUnited States yonke."

Imithetho yokukhokha izimali isiza abantu abangasakwazi ukukhokha abakweletwayo ukuba bathole isiqalo esisha ngokuchitha impahla yabo ukuze bakhokhe izikweletu zabo, noma ngokwenza icebo lokukhokha.

Isihloko I Izinkantolo

ISiphakamiso Sase - United States Sakha Isihloko Esingesisodwa Egatsheni Lesithathu Legatsha I iziNkantolo I zihlanganisa: Izikhankaso Zezikhalo Zase - United States Zezinkantolo Ze - Veterans, Inkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Empi Yase - United States, ENkantolo Yentela Yase - United States nezinye eziningana.

Lezinkantolo zihlukile ezinkantolo III ngezindlela ezibalulekile. Abahluleli ezinkantolo zeSiphakamiso I ngokuvamile abanaso isikhathi sokuphila futhi bangase babe nemingcele elinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkantolo zinegunya ezweni lonke lezindaba ezinjengentela (iNkantolo Yentela yaseUnited States), ziphikisa uhulumeni (iNkantolo yeSiphakamiso Sezwe Lonke), kanye nezohwebo lwezizwe zonke (United States Court of International Trade).

Icala Lenkantolo Kahulumeni: Yimaphi Amacala Amankantolo AngokoFederal Angawezwa?

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinemingcele elinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi zingalalela amacala ahilela imithetho ethile kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kulinganisela kuhlukanisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezinegunya elivamile ezindabeni eziningi ezingokomthetho.

Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal

Izengameli zemibuzo zivumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zilalele amacala aqubuka ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amacala ahlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni yobugebengu, imithetho yamalungelo abantu kahulumeni, izinhlelo zokuqondisa uhulumeni, nezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo zokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni.

Lezi zinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahilela amacala kahulumeni, ukuwa kwamalungelo ohulumeni, ukugunyazwa kwemvume, ukufuduka nezindaba ezihilela uhulumeni wase - United States.

Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene

Amacala asekelwe ngokuphelele emthethweni kahulumeni angangeniswa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwesigaba senkantolo "sobuzwe becala." i-vertimements ivumela ummangalelwa wezwe elithile ukuba afake icala enkantolo kahulumeni uma ummangalelwa esendaweni ehlukile.

Ukuze kulethe isikhala somthetho kahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke amaphethiloli kumelwe abekwe ezifundeni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi "ekuphikisaneni" kumelwe kube ngaphezu kuka $75 000. Lemfuneko yokulawula iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizwa izimpikiswano ezinkulu kuphela phakathi kwamaqembu amaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Isizathu sokulawula izinhlobonhlobo ukunikeza indawo yokungathathi hlangothi lapho amaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukene engabhekana nobandlululo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Nokho, amacala obugebengu angase angabuswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Concirect Juriction

Ezinye izinhlobo zamacala zingazwakala kuphela enkantolo kahulumeni (ehlanganisa ukubusa), kuyilapho ezinye zingazwakala enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni (igunya elikhona). Ngokwesibonelo, amacala okuwinwa kwamalungelo emali, amacala agunyaziwe, namacala ahilela amacala kahulumeni kumelwe alethwe enkantolo kahulumeni.

Ngokuphambene, amacala amaningi ahilela imithetho kahulumeni angangeniswa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Uma kukhona ukubusa okuhlangene, abakhohlisi bangakhetha ukuthi yisiphi isimiso senkantolo okumelwe sisetshenziswe, futhi abamangalelwa ngezinye izikhathi bangase bakwazi ukukhipha amacala enkantolo yombuso baye enkantolo kahulumeni.

Inqubo Yokumisa Ukwahlulela Kwama - Federal

Amajaji aphethe (neNkantolo Ephakeme") akhethwa uMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe "ngeseluleko nemvume" yeSigele futhi "azothatha amahhovisi abo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle" abahluleli bangathatha isikhundla sabo kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, kodwa abaningi bayeka noma bathathe umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Le nqubo yokumisa ukuphila konke, eyamiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo, ifeza izinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile. Ivikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, iwavumela ukuba enze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunombono othandwayo noma ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe.

Kuwo wonke umlando, abahluleli bamazwe ayishumi nanhlanu baye balahlwa ngenxa yokona okuthiwa kwenzekile. Lenqubo yokujezisa inikeza isheke emandleni okwahlulela kuyilapho ilondoloza inkululeko yokwahlulela kubahluleli abafeza imisebenzi yabo ngokwethembeka.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezizimele Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zithonya ukuphila kwaseMelika ngezindlela eziningi, ngokuvamile ezindaweni abantu abangaziqapheli ngokushesha.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza njengezindawo eziyinhloko ezivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Uma uhulumeni ethatha isinyathelo, uhulumeni, noma indawo (ukuthi uphula uMthetho-sisekelo), izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinikeza i-almen ngenxa yenselele yaleso senzo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amacala ahilela:

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nemithombo yezindaba ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala
  • Isivikelo ekuphenyeni ngokungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesine
  • Inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu Neseshumi Nane
  • Amalungelo Abamangalelwa Ngezigebengu Ngaphansi KweziNkambiso Zesihlanu, Zesithupha Nezesishiyagalombili
  • Ukupha abanye amalungelo nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe
  • Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, umsuka wesizwe, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici ezivikelwe

Lezi sivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo zithinta wonke umuntu, kusukela kubafundi abasebenzisa amalungelo okukhuluma esikoleni kuya kubantu ababhekene namacala obugebengu abaphathwe ngobugebengu ababhekene nokucwaswa emsebenzini.

Ukuqondiswa Kwezentengiselwano Nebhizinisi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza futhi zisebenzise imithetho kahulumeni elawula ibhizinisi nezentengiselwano, ethinta yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni abathengi kuya ekuvimbeleni ukungaqiniseki kuya ekuvimbeleni ukungaqiniseki. Izigwebo ezihilela izinhlangano eziqondisayo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile ziphelela enkantolo kahulumeni, lapho abahluleli behlola khona izinqumo zezinhlangano futhi baqiniseke ukuthi bavumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho nemingcele yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilalela amacala ahilela lokhu:

  • Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zithinta izinga lomoya, izinga lamanzi, nezilwane ezisengozini
  • Imithetho yezisebenzi elawula imiholo, izimo zokusebenza, nokuhlelwa kwemishado
  • Imithetho yokuvikela enikezwa abathengi ngokukhwabanisa, imikhuba ekhohlisayo, kanye nokuphepha komkhiqizo
  • Ukubeka imithetho evimbela ukuncintisana nokuncintisana
  • Imithetho yezindawo elawula izimakethe zamasheya nokuvikela abatshali bezimali
  • Imithetho yezakhiwo ewubuchwepheshe evikela imvume, amaphepha asemthethweni nezimpawu

Lezi zinqumo zithinta amabhizinisi amakhulu namancane, kanye nabathengi abazuza ezimakethe zokuncintisana nasemithethweni yokuvikela.

Ukuthuthela Ezweni Nezakhamuzi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhethekile ezindabeni zokufuduka nokufuduka. Zihlola izinqumo zamajaji abafuduki nezikhangiso zeBhodi Lokuthutha, zizwa izinselele ezinqubweni zokuthutha nokuphoqelelwa kwezindawo, kanye neziqubulo zezakhamuzi ezizimele.

Lamacala athinta ngokuqondile izigidi zabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nemikhaya yabo, anqume ukuthi obani abangangena e - United States, abayosala, futhi obani abangaba izakhamuzi.

Ukushushiswa Kwezigebengu Ezizimele

Izwe lingase lilethe ukuquliswa kwezigebengu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungaletha ukuquliswa kwecala enkantolo kahulumeni.

  • Ukushushumbisa nokusakaza izidakamizwa
  • Ubugebengu obumhlophe obufana nokukhwabanisa, ukuphanga imali, nokuphangwa
  • Ubugebengu obuhleliwe nokuphambana ngempoqo
  • Ubuphekula nobugebengu bokulondeka kwesizwe
  • Ubugebengu obuye balethwa ezindaweni zikahulumeni noma obuhilela izikhulu zikahulumeni
  • Ubugebengu bamazwe ahlukene njengokuthumba nokuthutha izinto ezebiwe
  • Ubugebengu nokukhwabanisa ngama - computer

Ngokuvamile ukuquliswa kwamacala obugebengu kuhilela amacala amakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kuphumela ezigwebweni ezinde kunezokuqulwa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezilinganayo.

Izinzuzo Zokulondeka Komphakathi Nohulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlola izinqumo ze - Social Security Administration ngokuphathelene nezinzuzo zokukhubazeka, izinzuzo zomhlalaphansi nezinye izinhlelo zomshuwalense.

Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilalela amacala ahilela izinzuzo zomuntu osemnkantshwéni, iMedicare noMedicaid, izinhlelo zosizo lokudla, nezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezizuzisayo. Lezi zinqumo zinquma ukuthi abantu ngabanye bazithola yini izinzuzo abanelungelo lokuzithola ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Ukukhululeka Kwemali Nezikweletu

Izinkantolo ezilwela ukuwa kwamali zinikeza abantu namabhizinisi indlela engokomthetho yokusingatha izikweletu ezinkulu.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuchitha izikweletu noma ngokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu, ukuwa kwamacala emali kunikeza isiqalo esisha kulabo abangenakukwazi ukukhokha ababolekwe yizo.

Izinqumo zokungathathi hlangothi azithinteli nje kuphela abantu abanamacala okufuna ukukhululeka kodwa futhi abakweletayo abafuna ukukhokhwa, izisebenzi ezimisebenzi yazo ingase incike ekuhlelweni kabusha kwebhizinisi, nemiphakathi ethinteka ngokuvalwa kwebhizinisi noma ukuhlelwa kabusha.

Ukubaluleka Kwezigaba Eziphambili Ezinkantolo Zomphakathi

Izinkantolo eziphethe ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokubuka, okusho ukuthi “ukuma ngesinqumo sezinto." lesi simiso sidinga ukuba izinkantolo zilandele izenzakalo ezamiswa izinkantolo eziphakeme ngombuso ofanayo.

Ezinkantolo zesigodi, lokhu kusho ukulandela izenzakalo ezamiswa inkantolo yezikhalo zesifunda sazo nezeNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zamacala, lokhu kusho ukulandela izenzakalo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezinqumo zazo siqu ezingaphambili. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile ilandela ezayo kodwa inamandla okuzilawula uma kudingekile.

Lesi simiso sasendulo sinikeza izinzuzo eziningana:

  • Icala:[ AbaLawuli namaqembu bangabikezela ukuthi izinkantolo zingabusa kanjani ngokwezinqumo ezizandulelayo, zibavumele ukuba bahlele ukuziphatha kwabo futhi bahlole amandla okufuna izinto ezingokomthetho.
  • Aziguquguquki:[ Amacala afanayo anqunywa ngendlela efanayo, akhuthaza ukulunga nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.
  • ufezi:[ izinkantolo akudingeki ziphinde zihlole imibuzo yomthetho exazululiwe kuzo zonke izindaba, zivumele ukuba zigxile ezindabeni ezintsha nezimpikiswano eziyiqiniso.
  • Icala: Ukunamathela esakhelweni kubonisa ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela zisekelwe emthethweni kunokuba zisekelwe ekukhetheni komuntu siqu amajaji ngamanye.

Ukuhlukana Kwezifunda Nokubukezwa Kwenkantolo Ephakeme

Nakuba icala elilodwa lingaqulwa inkantolo yesifunda eyodwa kuphela, isimiso esiyinhloko singaqulwa emacaleni amaningi ezinkantolo zesifunda ezihlukene, kudala ukungavumelani phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ze-United States. Lokhu kudala isinqumo esihlukene phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda. Ngokuvamile, uma kunesinqumo esihlukene phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, futhi icala elihlobene nalesi liyoqulwa eNkantolo Ephakeme, iNkantolo Ephakeme izothatha lelocala ukuze ixazulule ukuhlukana.

Ukuhlukanisa izigodi kudala izimo lapho umthetho ofanayo kahulumeni uchazwa ngokwehlukile ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekungabini nabulungisa nasekungaqinisekini. Indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme ekuxazululeni ukuhlukanisa izifunda isiza ukuba kugcinwe iyunithi yomthetho kahulumeni kuso sonke isizwe.

Izinkantolo Zombuso Ziphikisana: Ukuqonda Isimiso Sokwenza Imali

I - US iphethe isimiso sezinkantolo ezimbili, izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihambisana, ngasinye sinemingcele emisiwe. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili kuyasiza ekukhanyeni lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya nalapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifanelekile.

Ukungafani Kwemibono Ephambene

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilinganiselwe, zingalalela amacala agunyazwe ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni. Zisingatha amacala kahulumeni, imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, namacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni.

Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zoMbuso zinegunya elivamile, zizwa izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho e-US. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumangalelwa kobugebengu, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, amacala okuzilimaza, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano nezinye izindaba ezivamile ezingokomthetho.

Umehluko Okhona

Izinqubo zenkantolo kahulumeni ngokuvamile zihleliwe futhi zihlelekile, futhi zigcizelela imithetho yobufakazi ngokuzimisela. Izinqubo zenkantolo yoMbuso zingase zihlukahluke ngokuphawulekayo ngokwemithetho yombuso ngamunye, zizenze zivumelane ngokwengeziwe nezidingo zendawo.

Izinkantolo zeFederal Imithetho ye-Civil Procediture, i-Federal Rules of Criminal Procedecture, neMiyalo ye-Federal yobufakazi. Lemithetho efanayo iyasebenza kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni kulo lonke izwe, ithuthukisa ukungaguquguquki kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuphambene, zilandela imithetho yazo siqu elawulayo, engahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe ngalinye. Lokhu kuhluka kubonisa ukukhetha okuhlukile kwezimiso namasiko endawo.

Izinhlelo Zokufuna Ukulala

Le macala angase avele phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States, inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ezweni.

Ezimisweni zenkantolo yombuso, izikhalo ziya ezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi zingase zingaqhubeki zidlulele enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni, ehluka ngokwezwe ngalinye. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni (noma ezilingana nazo) ngokuvamile zingabameli bokugcina bomthetho kazwelonke, nakuba imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho kazwelonke ingadluliswa eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S.

Indlela Yokuthola Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Ukuqonda indlela yokungena ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongase adinge ukumangalela icala, ukuvikela icala noma ukuhlanganyela enkantolo kahulumeni.

Ukumangalela Enkantolo Ezimele

Ukuphonsa icala enkantolo kahulumeni, kumelwe kuqala unqume ukuthi i-consivement ikhona yini. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlukanisa umbuzo kahulumeni (icala elivela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo) noma ukubusa kokwehlukahlukana (icala phakathi kwezakhamuzi zasemazweni ahlukene ahilela ama-R35 000).

Amacala afakwa enkantolo yeSigodi efanelekile yase-U.S., eyindawo ehlala ummangalelwa noma lapho izenzakalo eziveza icala zenzeka khona. Inkantolo ngayinye yesifunda inehhovisi lonobhala elamukela amashekethisi futhi linikeza ukwaziswa ngezinqubo zenkantolo.

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni manje zisebenzisa izikhombi zemishini, zivumele abameli namaqembu ukuba bafake izincwadi kuyi-intanethi. Isimiso sika-Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) sinikeza i-web sisebenzisana ne-network ekhompyutheni.

Ukuzimelela Ngemibhoshongo.

Nakuba abantu benelungelo lokuzimelela enkantolo kahulumeni (iproceding "se"), ukuqamba ucingo kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Izinqubo ezingokomthetho, imithetho eqinile yobufakazi, nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezingaphansi kwenza kube nzima ngabangewona umthetho ukuba bahambe ngempumelelo enkantolo kahulumeni.

Kumacala amaningi kahulumeni, ukuqasha ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho kuyatuseka. Abenzi benkantolo yase-Federal kumelwe bavunywe ukuba basebenze esifundeni esithile lapho bevela khona, futhi bavame ukuba nolwazi olukhethekile lwenqubo kahulumeni nomthetho kahulumeni ongaphansi.

Kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, kungase kutholakale izindlela eziningana:

  • Iseluleko esimisiwe senkantolo emacaleni obugebengu kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa abanecala
  • Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho ezinikeza izinkonzo ezingokomthetho mahhala kubantu abahlawulwa abaphansi
  • Izinhlelo zeprobono lapho abameli benikela khona ngezinkonzo zabo
  • Imitholampilo yezomthetho yesikole enikeza usizo olungokomthetho ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezisebenzi

Ukutholakala Komphakathi Ezinkantolo Zomphakathi

Ngokuvamile amacala asenkantolo avulekele umphakathi, abonisa isimiso sokuthi ubulungisa kufanele bubonakale futhi bunecala. Noma ubani angaya enkantolo enkulu nasemacaleni kahulumeni, ngaphansi kwegunya lenkantolo nezimfuneko zokulondeka.

Amabhukwana asenkantolo atholakala futhi ngokuvamile emphakathini ngesimiso se-PACR, nakuba kunenkokhelo encane yokuthola izincwadi. Amanye amabhukwana angavalwa noma afakwe kabusha ukuze avikele imfihlo, izimfihlo zezohwebo, noma ukwaziswa kokulondoloza izwe.

Inkantolo yase-U.S. e-website www.ustourts.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithombo yemfundo, izindawo zenkantolo, amafomu, neziqondiso ze-proced.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni siyaqhubeka siguquka ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinqubo zomthetho, zezenhlalo nezezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuquleka Kwezinkinga Nezinselele Zemithombo Yezinto

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezihlobene nokuphatha imithwalo yecala nemingcele yezimpahla. Nakuba inani lamajaji kahulumeni liye landa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, alizange lihambisane nokwanda kwenani labantu nokwanda komthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kungaholela ekubambezeleni isinqumo noma nini futhi kubangele ukucindezela okwengeziwe kubahluleli nasezisebenzini zasenkantolo.

Ngezikhathi ezithile izingqungquthela zikha izinhlelo ezintsha zokusingatha lezi zinselele, kodwa inqubo yokumisa ingase ithathe isikhathi eside, futhi imishini ingase ihlale ingagcwaliswa isikhathi eside. Abaphathi becala, ezinye izinqumo, kanye nezici ezihlukile ezingokwesayensi zisiza izinkantolo ekusingatheni amacala azo naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwemithombo yemali.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokundiza Ngemishini

Izinkantolo zezobuchwepheshe ziye zamukela ubuchwepheshe ukuze zithuthukise indlela yokuthola ubulungisa nokusebenza kahle.Izimiso zemishini, izinhlelo ze - video ezigunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala, nokutholakala kwemibhalo yenkantolo kuyi - Internet kuye kwashintsha indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo.

Isifo se-COVOID-19d sasheshisa ukwamukelwa kwecala elikude, izinkantolo eziningi ezisingatha amacala ngisho nokuqulwa kwecala ngengqungquthela yamavidiyo. Nakuba ama-properson seyaqalwa kakhulu, izinkantolo eziningi ziyaqhubeka zinikeza izindlela ezikude zokukhetha izinhlobo ezithile zecala, zithuthukisa ukungena kwamaqembu nakubameli abangase babhekane nemithwalo yezokuhamba.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Kukhona ukunaka okuqhubekayo kokuhlukahluka kwezindawo zokwahlulela zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuhlukahluka okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, isizinda sobuchwepheshe, nemvelaphi yendawo. Ijaji elihlukene lingaletha imibono ehlukene nokuhlangenwe nakho ekufezeni izahlulelo nasekuthuthukiseni ukwethemba umphakathi ezinkantolo.

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokuhlukahluka okukhulu ekumisweni kokwahlulela kukahulumeni, nakuba amajaji engakakubonisi ngokugcwele ukutholakala kwenani labantu baseMelika.

Indima Yezinkantolo Zomphakathi Ekuvikeleni Intando Yeningi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izinhlangano zentando yeningi nezinqubo. Zisebenza njengesehlo emandleni aphethe nezomthetho, ziqinisekisa ukuthi lesosenzo sikahulumeni sihambisana nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Zivikela amalungelo amancane kumacala acushiwe. Futhi zinikeza imvume yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho hhayi ngenkani noma ngegunya lezombangazwe.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, [1] igunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ezingavumelani nemithetho, qha omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Nakuba kungashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni, lombuso wamiswa ekuqaleni komlando waseMelika futhi uye waba itshe eliyinhloko lentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ngokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha ezombangazwe asebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukulondoloza ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nokulondoloza uhulumeni ngokuchaza izindima zohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni.

Umthetho Wokukhetha Nokunikeza Amalungelo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile emthethweni wokhetho namalungelo okuvota. Zizwa izinselele ezithiyeni zokuvota, amaqhinga, imithetho yezezimali, nezinqubo zokukhetha. Lamacala ayithinta ngokuqondile inqubo yentando yeningi futhi anqume ukuthi ubani ongenza ukhetho, ukuthi amavoti abhalelwa kanjani, nokuthi izifunda ezikhethwe kanjani.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zasiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota, ikakhulukazi amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu ahlukene ngokomlando. ziyaqhubeka zixoxa ngezimpikiswano eziphakamayo ezinjengezimfuneko zomvoti, ukutholakala kokhetho kwasekuqaleni, nokuvikelwa kokhetho.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kuphikisana

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, zinqume izinga legunya eliphethe, imingcele yamandla omthetho, nemingcele yokwahlulela.

Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa amacala ahilela ilungelo lokuphatha, ukuphatha kweqembu, amandla omongameli okukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, nezikhundla zezinhlangano zokuqondisa.

Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zenkantolo Yasebuthweni

Izinqumo zenkantolo kahulumeni zikhishwa ezintathelini ezihlukahlukene nasezintweni ezithola ukwaziswa, okwenza ukuba abameli, izazi, nomphakathi bafinyeleleke.Ukuqonda indlela yokufunda nokuchaza lezi zinqumo kungakusiza ukuba uqonde indlela umthetho kahulumeni okhula ngayo nendlela izinkantolo ezibonisa ngayo izindaba ezingokomthetho.

Izingxenye Zombono WeNkantolo Yase - Federal

Umbono ovamile wenkantolo kahulumeni uhlanganisa izingxenye eziningana:

  • [[IQULT:0] Ukukhomba: Kuchaza amaqembu, inkantolo, kanye nenombolo yecala
  • Amafakthe:[ chaza ukuthi kwenzekani ukubangela ukuphikisana okungokomthetho
  • Umlando ongokwencazelo: ichaza ukuthi icala lafika kanjani enkantolo yamanje
  • Imiboniso:[ ichaza imibuzo engokomthetho inkantolo okumelwe inqume
  • Analysis:[ ichaza indlela inkantolo ecabanga ngayo, kuhlanganise nezimiso ezihlobene, izibonelo, nezimiso zomthetho
  • Ukuma: umisa isinqumo senkantolo kumagazini ngamunye
  • Ukubekwa: ichaza ukuthi kwenzekani ngokulandelayo (isib., iqinisekisiwe, iguqulwe futhi)

Imibono ingahlanganisa futhi nokuphikisana (ukuvumelana nomphumela kodwa ngezizathu ezihlukene) kanye nemibono ephikisanayo (ukungavumelani nesinqumo seningi).

Izinqumo Ezinganyatheliswanga

Izinqumo ezikhishwayo zimisa isiqalo futhi zingacashunwa emacaleni esikhathi esizayo, kanti izinqumo ezinganyatheliswanga ngeke zibhalwe njengesibonelo (imithetho yamazwe iyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda).

Isinqumo sokunyathelisa sixhomeke ekutheni icala lihilela indaba ewuphawu lomthetho, lixazulule ingxabano engokomthetho, noma libaluleke kakhulu kunabantu abakhona. Izicelo ezivamile zomthetho omisiwe ngokuvamile azinyatheliswa.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezihlangene Ezingenela Ngayo Nezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kusiza ekucaciseni ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni nezindima zezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni.

Imibuzo Ewumphakathi Enkantolo KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingawalalela amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, futhi ngokuvamile ziyawasebenzisa. izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zingaphoqelelwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni.

Uma isinqumo senkantolo kahulumeni sihilela umbuzo kahulumeni, singase sidluliselwe eNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S.

Ukususwa Emkhandlwini Kuya ENkantolo KaFederal

Lapho icala libekwa enkantolo yombuso kodwa ngabe labekwa enkantolo kahulumeni (ngenxa yokuthi igunya likahulumeni likhona), ummangalelwa angase akwazi ukususa icala enkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvumela abamangalelwa ukuba bakhethe inkantolo kahulumeni ngisho nalapho abamangalelwa bekhetha inkantolo kahulumeni ekuqaleni.

Ukususwa kumelwe kwenzeke phakathi nesikhathi esithile esinqunyiwe futhi kudinga ukuqoqa isaziso sokususwa kwakho kokubili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni. Inkantolo yenkantolo iyanqamuka, futhi icala liqhubekeka enkantolo kahulumeni.

Izimfundiso Ezisekelwe Engqondweni

Kwezinye izimo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyoyeka ukusebenzisa igunya ngisho nalapho zinamandla okuzwa icala. izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene ezibolile zidinga noma zivumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zilalele ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni lapho kuqhubeka izindaba zomthetho kahulumeni, lapho kuqhubeka kuqulwa uhulumeni, noma lapho ukungenela kwenkantolo kahulumeni kungaphazamisa izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile.

Lezi zimfundiso zibonisa izimiso zombuso nokuvumelana kwazo, ziqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinezimo ezingcono zokuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngezinkantolo Zesizwe

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kunemithombo eminingi etholakalayo:

  • U.S. Courts Website: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ku www.ustourts.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesimiso senkantolo sezwe, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zemfundo, izindawo zenkantolo, kanye neziqondisi ze-procedtural.
  • [ I-Federal Judication Center:[ Inhlangano yokucwaninga nezokufundisa yenkantolo zikahulumeni inikeza izincwadi, izinhlelo zemfundo, nemithombo engokomlando mayelana nejaji likahulumeni.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Iwebhusayithi ye-Cult:[ Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngamunye zigcina amawebhusayithi anemithetho yendawo, amafomu, ulwazi, nokwaziswa okuqondene namacala.
  • I-Ligal Servicess: Izisekelo ezifana ne-Weslaw, LexisNexis, ne-errects ekhululekile njenge-Google Study inikeza ukufinyelela kwemibono yenkantolo ehlangene nokuhlaziywa komthetho.
  • Imitapo yezincwadi engokomthetho: Izikole eziningi zomthetho nezindlu zenkantolo zinemitapo yomthetho evulekile emphakathini, kanye nabaqondisi bezincwadi abangasiza ekutholeni imithombo engokomthetho.
  • Izinhlelo zokufundisa: Izinkantolo zivame ukunikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa, uhambo, nemisebenzi yokuthola ukuze kusizwe umphakathi uqonde isimiso sokwahlulela.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Izinkantolo Zezesifunda Zibaluleke Kuwe

Izinkantolo ezizimele zingaphezu kakhulu kwezinhlangano ezingaqondakali − zihlanganyela ngentshiseko ekulolongeni isimiso somthetho esibusa ukuphila kwaseMelika. Ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kuya ekuchazeni imithetho kahulumeni ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu avela emazweni ahlukene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zithinta cishe zonke izici zomphakathi wanamuhla.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnini-bhizinisi olandela imithetho kahulumeni, umuntu oqinisekisa amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo, umfuduki ofuna isikhundla esingokomthetho, noma nje isakhamuzi esinesithakazelo endleleni ephathwa ngayo ubulungisa, inkantolo zikahulumeni ibalulekile kuwe. Zinikeza i-produm yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula, zivikela amalungelo amancane kunoma ubani onqobile, ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, futhi ziveza umthetho kahulumeni osebenza kuso sonke isizwe.

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo (-----atmosfera, i-gassion, izinqubo, nendima eMelika yentando yeningi) kukunikeza amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo esimisweni somthetho nokwazisa indima ebalulekile efezwa izinkantolo ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho. Ijaji likahulumeni, kanye nokuzimisela kwalo ekwahluleleni okungakhethi nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, kuseyikho okuyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ngokufunda ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni, uthola ukuqonda ngendlela izingxabano ezingokomthetho ezixazululwa ngayo, indlela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo avikelwa ngayo, nendlela igatsha lokwahlulela elisebenza ngayo njengendlela yokuhlola amandla okulawula nokulawula. Lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuba usebenzise isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo, uqonde intuthuko engokomthetho ethinta ukuphila kwakho, futhi uqaphele ukubaluleka komthetho ozimele emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, vakashela i-website esemthethweni yase-U.S. noma imithombo yezobuchwepheshe evela Faceral Judicial Center[. Le mithombo enegunya inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana nesimo senkantolo, izinqubo, kanye nomsebenzi obalulekile wezinkantolo zenza nsuku zonke ukuphatha ngokulunga nokungakhethi.