Table of Contents

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza njengesibopho esiqondile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo, besingatha yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni kwamaphoyisa kuya ekuhleleni izinqumo. Ukuqonda lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwazi ukukwenza futhi abangenakukwenza ngomthetho kubalulekile ezakhamuzini, abanikazi bamabhizinisi, nabaholi bezwe ngokufanayo. Uhulumeni wendawo kumelwe unikezwe amandla nguhulumeni, wenze uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi olungokomthetho oluhluka kakhulu kulo lonke elase-United States.

Imibuso nokulinganiselwa kohulumeni bendawo kuthonywe izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, izincazelo zokwahlulela, kanye nokungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuzibusa kwezindawo nokulawula kukahulumeni. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola igunya elingokomthetho lohulumeni bendawo, imingcele ababhekene nayo, nendlela lemithetho ethinta ngayo imiphakathi kulo lonke elaseMelika.

Ukuqonda Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Likahulumeni Wendawo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awubakhulumi ohulumeni bendawo. Kunalokho, iSichibiyelo seshumi sigcina imibuso enikeza igunya. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zomthetho kahulumeni, bathatha wonke amandla abo emithethweni yesizwe nezimiso kunokuba bawathole ngokuqondile kuhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sithi, “Imibuso engaphathiswa iUnited States uMthetho - sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo, igcinelwe imibuso ngokulandelana kwayo, noma abantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inegunya elikhulu lokwakha, lokuguqula, noma ngisho nokuqeda ohulumeni bendawo uma bebona kufaneleka.

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa lawomandla abawanikezwa yimibuso kuphela, futhi umbuso ungase uhlaziye indima negunya likahulumeni wendawo njengoba ubheka kanjalo. Lobubuhlobo obungaphansi bakha isisekelo sokuqonda lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwenza futhi abangenakukwenza ngokomthetho.

Izakhiwo Ezihlukahlukene Zikahulumeni Wendawo

Kukhona amaqembu kahulumeni akhona angaba ngu-85 000 e-United States. Lezi zihlanganisa izibalo (ezibizwa ngokuthi amasifunda aseLouisiana nase-boroughs e-Alaska), omasipala (amadolobhana, amadolobhana, namadolobhana), amalokishi, nezifunda ezikhethekile. Uhlobo ngalunye lukahulumeni lwendawo lunemibuso nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene exhomeke emthethweni kahulumeni.

Ngokuvamile ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela amapaki nezinkonzo zokuzilibazisa, iminyango yezomlilo, izinkonzo zezindlu, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, izinkantolo zikamasipala, izinkonzo zokuhamba (kuhlanganise nezinto zokuthutha zomphakathi), nemisebenzi yomphakathi (izitimela, amapayipi, amapayipi endle, ukususwa kweqhwa, izimpawu, nokunye).

Izifunda ezikhethekile ziyizindawo ezinendawo ecacile lapho kunikezwa khona inkonzo ethile, njengetheku noma izigodi zezicisha-mlilo. Lezifunda azinawo amandla okumisa imithetho, kodwa zinamandla okufaka imithetho yokulawula evame ukuphatha amandla omthetho ezweni elilawulwa ngokuqondile yizifunda ezinjalo.

Ukubusa kuka-Dillon: Imingcele engokwesiko egunyeni lendawo

Enye yezimfundiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ezilawula lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwenza yaziwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Rule. Umthetho kaDillon usekelwe ecaleni lenkantolo yesifundazwe sase-Iowa lapho uMahluleli uJohn Dillon anquma khona ukuthi omasipala babengasebenzisa lawomandla kuphela ayenikezwe umbuso noma lawo ayengabhekwa ngokunengqondo njengebaluleke kakhulu kulezonjongo ezimenyezelwe (Clinton v. Cedar Raids neMissouri River Railroad, 24 Iowa 455, 476 [1868]).

I-Dillon’s Aremond ithatha indlela elinganiselwe egunyeni lendawo, ngokuyinhloko isho ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bamane banikwe amandla acacile ngumbuso. Lencazelo evimbelayo isho ukuthi uma kukhona ukungabaza ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo unegunya lokuthatha isinyathelo esithile, impendulo icatshangelwa ukuthi cha.

Indlela Umthetho kaDillon Osebenza Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe

Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amathathu nane zisebenzisa uBushine ukuze zichaze amandla ohulumeni bendawo. Kulezo zifundazwe ezingu-39, ezingu-31 zisebenzisa umthetho kubo bonke omasipala naku-8 (njenge California, i-Illinois, neTennessee) kubonakala sengathi zisebenzisa umthetho kumasipala abathile kuphela. Izifundazwe eziyishumi azinambiki neze i-Dillon Rule.

Ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokusabela ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni zendawo ekupheleni kwawo-1800 lalilinganiselwe kakhulu ngumthetho ka-Dillon; ayikho isenzo sendawo esingathathwa ngaphandle kwemvume yesishaya-mthetho sombuso, esihlangane nezikhawu ezimfushane, eziphindwayo. Njengalokho, u-Dillon’s Lave uthanda ukuba izikhulu zendawo zichithe isikhathi esiningi zinxusa isishaya-mthetho ukuba zivumele izikweletu ezinikeza igunya lendawo futhi zingavumelani nemithetho evimbelayo.

Ngaphansi koButho lukaDillon, ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Abakwazi ukwakha izinhlelo ezintsha noma izinkonzo ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni ubagunyaze ngokuqondile ukuba benze kanjalo. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ngemiphakathi ukusabela ngokushesha ekuvezeni izinselele noma izimo zendawo eziyingqayizivele.

Ukubusa Kwasekhaya: Ukwandisa Amandla Kahulumeni Wendawo

Ekusabeleni ekuqineni komthetho kaDillon, amazwe amaningi amukela izinhlelo zokunikeza ohulumeni bendawo amandla angcono. Ukubusa kwasekhaya kuyizithunjwa zamandla kusuka kuhulumeni kuya emaqenjini awo angaphansi (kuhlanganise amabala, omasipala, amadolobhana noma amadolobhana). Lowombuso ulinganiselwe emasimini athile, futhi ungaphansi kokuchazwa okuqhubekayo komthetho, kodwa ukubusa kwasekhaya kudala inkululeko yendawo futhi kulinganisela izinga lokungenela kwezwe ezindabeni zendawo.

Ukungalawuleki kwalesimiso kuyisizathu esenza ukuba izifundazwe eziningi ziqale ukwamukela amalungiselelo "okubusa ekhaya" ekuqaleni koma 1900 anika ohulumeni bendawo igunya elikhulu. Ukubusa kwasekhaya kumelela ukushintshwa kwefilosofi ekuqapheleni ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo kufanele babe nenkululeko yokuxazulula izinkinga zendawo ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kahulumeni njalo.

Izinhlobo Zegunya Lokubusa Kwasekhaya

Kwezinye izifundazwe, ezaziwa ngokuthi imithetho yasekhaya, umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni unikeza omasipala kanye noma izilinganiso zekhono lokudlulisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithetho ukuze bazilawule (uma nje imithetho ingangqubuzani nemithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nohulumeni).

Igunya lokubusa kwasekhaya ngokuvamile liba ngezigaba eziningana:

  • Amandla emvelo - ikhono lokukhetha uhlobo lukahulumeni nokumisa ukubukeza komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo
  • Amandla ohlanganiso - igunya lokusebenzisa uhulumeni womuntu siqu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesimiso
  • Igunya lokunquma imithombo yemali nesilinganiso sentela phakathi kwemingcele
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amandla ePersenil - igunya lokumisa imithetho yomsebenzi nezimo

Ngokuvamile, amandla amakhulu kakhulu okulawula asebenza ekwakheni uhulumeni wendawo, futhi okuncane kakhulu kunikezwa ukuxhasa ngokwezimali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nezindawo ezibusa ekhaya ngokuvamile zibhekene nokulinganiselwa okuphawulekayo okubangelwa uhulumeni egunyeni lawo lokukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali.

Iqiniso Lokubusa Kwasekhaya

I-Dillon’s Guide nezindawo zokubusa zasekhaya akuzona izici ezihlukene. Akukho mbuso ozigcinela wona wonke amandla, futhi akukho noyedwa onciphisa lonke igunya lawo endaweni. Ngisho nasezindaweni ezinamandla zokubusa kwasekhaya, ohulumeni bendawo bahlala bengaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni futhi kumelwe bavumelane nomthetho wombuso nowombuso.

I-National Association of Counties ithi kumazwe angu-14 zonke izinombolo (noma izilinganiso) ezisebenza ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Dillon, kuyilapho izifunda eziyi 13 zivumela zonke izibalo zezikhulu zasekhaya ukuba zibuse kanti amazwe angama-21 anenhlanganisela yokubusa kwasekhaya noMthetho ka-Dillon. Lokhu kudala umsebenzi ombaxa-mfashini wegunya likahulumeni wendawo kulo lonke izwe.

Amandla Ohulumeni Bendawo

Naphezu kokuhlukahluka komthetho kahulumeni, ohulumeni bendawo kulo lonke elase - United States ngokuvamile banemibuso ethile eyisisekelo ebenza bakwazi ukukhonza imiphakathi yabo ngokuphumelelayo.

Amandla Okuqondisa Newokuqondisa

Ohulumeni bendawo bakhipha imithetho ngemithetho, belandela inqubo yokuhlongoza, imihlangano yomphakathi, ukubukeza kwamakomiti, nokuvota, ngesikhathi esifanayo bevumelana nemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni. Lezi zimiso zingalawula izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yendawo, kusukela kumazinga omsindo kuya emabhizinisini.

Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya lokusebenzisa indawo nokumisa indawo, okumelela elinye lamagunya abo abalulekile. Bangasho izindawo zokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ezentengiselwano, noma ezezimboni, bamise imithetho yokwakha, futhi balawule ukuthuthuka ukuze bavikele impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha.

Ukukhokha Intela Nesizukulwane Esinenzuzo

Ohulumeni bendawo banamandla okuqoqa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zentela nentela ukuze kuxhaswe izinkonzo zomphakathi. Izintela zempahla zimelela umthombo oyinhloko wenzuzo yohulumeni bendawo abaningi. Bangaphoqa futhi izintela zokuthengisa, imali yemali yebhizinisi, intela yezezezenzuzo, kanye nezinye izikweleti, nakuba lemibuso ivame ukubekwa ngaphansi kokulinganiselwa okunikezwa uhulumeni.

Ohulumeni bendawo bakhiwa futhi bathotyelwe ohulumeni bezwe, abanakumisa imithetho ephikisana nomthetho kahulumeni, futhi ngokuyinhloko bathembele ezintelani zempahla nasezinkokhelweni zenkonzo kunokuba bafake intela ebanzi. Leligunya elilinganiselwe lemali lingacindezela ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokuxhasa izinkonzo futhi baphendule izidingo zomphakathi.

Ilungiselelo Lezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Imibuso yanikeza iziphathimandla zokuba omasipala bahlanganise futhi bamise izakhiwo zikahulumeni ukuze banakekele izidingo zabantu (hhayi nje kuphela) kuhlanganise nesimiso sokukhuculula indle, izinto ezidingekayo, izakhiwo zemvelo, ukuphepha komphakathi, kanye nesimiso semisebenzi yomphakathi neyezentengiselwano.

Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa:

  • Isivikelo samaphoyisa nesomlilo
  • Izimiso zamanzi nezokuchitha indle
  • Ukulungiswa komgwaqo nokususwa kweqhwa
  • Amapaki nezindawo zokungcebeleka
  • Izinhlelo zemitapo nezempucuko
  • Izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo
  • Ukwakha ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho
  • Izinkantolo zendawo nezinkonzo zokwahlulela

Izinkonzo ezithile ezinikezwayo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lukahulumeni wendawo, umthetho kahulumeni, nezidingo zendawo. Izindawo zivame ukwenza izinkonzo ezindaweni ezingafakwanga zincwadi, kanti omasipala banikeza izinkonzo eziningi kakhulu phakathi kwemingcele yedolobha.

Amaphoyisa

Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya lokulawula impilo, ukulondeka nenhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Amaphoyisa asiza ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathathe imithetho yokwakha, imithetho yezempilo, izindinganiso zokuvikela umlilo, kanye nezokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Nokho, lamandla kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokunengqondo futhi angeke aphule amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo noma ukungqubuzana nomthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni.

Imingcele Enkulu Egunyeni Likahulumeni Wendawo

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo benamandla amakhulu, babhekana nokulinganiselwa okukhulu okungokomthetho okuphoqelela izenzo zabo.

Ukulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bavumelane nakho kokubili uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. nomthetho - sisekelo wabo wezwe. Abakwazi ukwephula amalungelo abantu avikelwe yiBhili yamaLungelo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nenhlangano.

UMthetho - sisekelo uyakwenqabela ukuba kwenziwe izivumelwano, ukuthengwa kwentela noma ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Izwe lingase lingabeki imithetho ephikisana noMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. Lemithetho efanayo isebenza kohulumeni bendawo, abanegunya elincane ngisho nakunohulumeni.

Ohulumeni bendawo abanakho:

  • Ibhizinisi lamazwe aphakathi
  • Yenza izivumelwano namazwe angaphandle
  • Imali ekhokhwayo noma imali yokukhipha impikiswano
  • Qondisa isibopho sezivumelwano
  • Yenqabela isivikelo esilinganayo noma inqubo efanele
  • Ukumelana namalungelo ayisisekelo omthetho - sisekelo

Ukukhululwa Kwezwe

Ukuhlenga kukahulumeni kumelela esinye sesithiyo esibaluleke kakhulu egunyeni likahulumeni wendawo. Amazwe angalinganisela noma adlulise imithetho yendawo ngokuhlenga — imfundiso engokomthetho imboni kagwayi eye yayisebenzisa njengethuluzi lokuhlehlisa ukulawulwa kwezindlela zomphakathi zomphakathi.

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zingasiqeda ngezindlela eziningana isenzo sendawo:

  • I-Explorection - umthetho woMbuso wenqabela ngokuqondile umthetho wendawo endaweni ethile
  • Icushwe ihlawulo[ - Umthetho woMbuso uthatha umkhakha ngokubanzi kangangokuba akukho ndawo esele yemithetho yendawo
  • Intethelelo ye-Confuct - umthetho wendawo ungqubuzana nomthetho wezwe, okwenza umthetho wendawo ube yize

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe aye asebenzisa ukucindezela okuqhubekayo ukuze avimbele ohulumeni bendawo ekuqondiseni ezindaweni ezinjengeholo elincane, ikhefu elikhokhelwayo, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, nezimiso zedolobha elingcwele.

Imingcele Yentela Nezentengiselwano

Izwe libeka imingcele ehlukahlukene ekukhokheleni intela nemali ekhona. Izifunda eziningi zinemingcele engokomthetho noma engokomthetho emazingeni entela yempahla noma ekwandeni kwentela yempahla kwaminyaka yonke. Ezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuba abavoti bavunyelwe ukukhokha intela ekhuphukeni elingaphezu kweminye imikhawulo.

Ohulumeni bendawo abanakho ngempela:

  • Izintela ze-Impose ezidlulele ngesilinganiso esigunyaziwe ngumbuso
  • Dala izinhlobo ezintsha zentela ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni
  • Imingcele yezikweletu ekhishwa umthetho wezwe
  • Sebenzisa imali ngezinjongo ezingagunyaziwe umthetho

Lemigoqo yemali ingalinciphisa kakhulu ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokusekela izinkonzo futhi banakekele izidingo zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho isimo sezomnotho siwohloka noma izikhathi zokukhula ngokushesha.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwegunya Elilawulayo

Ohulumeni bendawo abanakuyikhipha imithetho ephikisana nomthetho kahulumeni.

Ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile abanakukwazi ukulawula ezindaweni ngokuyinhloko eziyimithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, njengalena:

  • Isimiso semfundo yomphakathi (nakuba kungenzeka baqhube izikole ezingaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni)
  • Ukulungisa imisebenzi eminingi ngochwepheshe
  • Izimiso zemigwaqo emikhulu yasesifundeni
  • Umthetho wesigebengu ongaphezu kwemithetho yendawo
  • Ukuphoqelelwa Kwabantu Abathuthwayo
  • Izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile ziqine kakhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni (kwezinye izindawo)

Izibonelo Eziqondile Zalokho Ohulumeni Bendawo Abangenakukwenza

Ukuqonda ukulinganiselwa kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni kudinga ukuba uhlole izibonelo ezithile zezenzo ezenqatshelwe.

Ngeke Aphule Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ohulumeni bendawo abanakukhipha imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ngisho noma imithetho enjalo ingase ithandwe izakhamuzi zendawo.

  • Ukukhulekela okungokwenkolo okuphambene noma ukukhetha enye inkolo ngaphezu kwenye
  • Yibeke imingcele enkulumweni yezombangazwe obala
  • Yenza ukuhlola okungenangqondo nokuquleka
  • Hlanza inqubo efanele ekuqondiseni
  • Ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, inkolo, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelekile

Izinkantolo ziyoshaya imithetho yendawo ephula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, kungakhathaliseki izinhloso zikahulumeni wendawo noma izintando zomphakathi.

Ngeke Liphunyuswe Igunya Elinikezwa Umbuso

Kumazwe okuBusa kukaDillon, ohulumeni bendawo abanakwenza izenzo ezingaphezu kwalezo ezigunyazwe ngokuqondile umthetho kahulumeni. Ngaphansi koMthetho kaDillon, uhulumeni wesifundazwe angahlanganyela emsebenzini kuphela uma uvunyelwe ngokuqondile uhulumeni wezwe.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo kulezi zifunda abanakwakha izinhlelo ezintsha, bamise imithetho emisha, noma banikeze izinkonzo ezintsha ngaphandle kokuba umbuso ubanike igunya lokwenza kanjalo.

Ngeke Ivumela Ibhizinisi Lezentengiselwano

I - Commerce Clause yoMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States inikeza uMkhandlu amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano ezisezweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile abanakukwazi:

  • Izintela zezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe
  • Cela amabhizinisi ukuba asekele abathengi bendawo
  • Yenza imingcele ekuhwebeni kwezizwe
  • Imisebenzi eyenzeka ngokuyinhloko kwezinye izindawo

Ngakhoni Ukunaka Ukukhululwa KoMbuso

Lapho umthetho kahulumeni ululaza isenzo sendawo ethile, ohulumeni bendawo abanakulawula kuleyondawo, ngisho noma bekholelwa ukuthi imithetho yendawo ingawusiza kangcono umphakathi wabo. Izibonelo zamuva zokuhlengwa kombuso zihlanganisa:

  • Imithetho ehholo elincane – Ezinye izizwe zinqabela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bamise iholo eliphansi kunelincane kakhulu kuhulumeni
  • Izimiso zezibhamu – Iziningi zikhipha imithetho yokulawula izibhamu endaweni
  • Ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki – Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zavimbela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bavimbele izikhwama zepulasitiki
  • Izimiso zedolobha ezingcwele – Ezinye izizwe zinqabela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba banciphise ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kukahulumeni
  • Izimiso zokuqasha zesikhashana – Ezinye izizwe zilinganisela igunya lendawo lokulawula iziteshi njenge-Airbb

Ohulumeni Bendawo Bayifa

Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza ukuzibusa okunenjongo okusebenzayo. Baye basinda ekulawuleni okungokomthetho futhi basebenzisa imithetho kahulumeni yokuzibusa: (1) amandla okuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, noma ikhono lokusebenza ngendlela enenjongo; (2) amandla okuvikela, noma ikhono lokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokwesaba igunya eliqondile lobuphathi obuphakeme bezitembu; (3) inkululeko ethile ekudedelwani okuphakeme; futhi (4) amakhono okuvumelana, okungukuthi, ukukwazi ukwenza ngokuvumelana nomthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ngomqondo ongekho emthethweni, ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza ukuzibusa kwabo emandleni abo okukhulumela izakhamuzi emphakathini nasemasimweni abo nokuma kwabo njengemibuso, njengoba behlanganyela ngentshiseko ezinqumweni zabanye ohulumeni ezithinta izithakazelo zabo nemisebenzi yabo.

Izindawo Zokulawula Okunamandla Kwendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bamane balawula:

  • Izwe lisetshenziswa futhi lihlanganiswe [ – Ukuhlela ukuthi ingasetshenziswa futhi yakhiwe kanjani impahla
  • isisekelo sendawo ezungezile – ukwakha nokugcina imigwaqo, amapayipi endle, nezimiso zamanzi
  • Ukwakha amakhodi [ – ukumisa izindinganiso zokwakha zokuphepha nezinga eliphezulu
  • Ukuphepha komphakathi endaweni ezungezile – ukusebenza kwamaphoyisa neminyango yomlilo
  • Iziphakamiso kanye nokuzilibazisa – Ukwakha nokuphatha izikhala zomphakathi nezinhlelo
  • Umthetho webhizinisi lendawo – Licensting futhi uqondise amabhizinisi endawo

Kulezi zindawo, ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile banokuhlakanipha okuphawulekayo kokuvumelana nezimiso zendawo nezimo nokukhetha kwazo, ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni.

Indlela Amandla Kahulumeni Wendawo Ashintshana Ngayo

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zohulumeni bendawo zinamandla ahlukahlukene futhi zibhekene nokulinganiselwa okuhlukile.

Ohulumeni Besifunda

Izindawo ekuqaleni zakhiwa njengezikhali zokuqondisa zikahulumeni kahulumeni ukuze kunikezwe ukuqondisa okukhulu nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni kanye nemithetho.

Izwe linegunya eliphakeme futhi ligunyaza ukuba lihlangane namazinga aphansi enkonzo kahulumeni nokuhambisa izinkonzo zikahulumeni nezinhlelo ezisebusweni balo. Izwe futhi linegunya lokusho ukuthi izibalo zingazinika kanjani intela izakhamuzi zalo futhi zibalule izibalo zemibuso ezinayo.

Izindawo ngokuvamile zisebenza njengohulumeni oyinhloko emaphandleni, zinikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokugcinwa komthetho, ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo nezinkonzo zezenhlalo.

Ohulumeni Bakahulumeni

Ohulumeni bakaMasipala bagunyazwe ngohulumeni bendawo ngemithetho nemithetho, bamiswe ukuba banikeze uhulumeni ovamile indawo ethile, ngokuvamile ehambisana nesikhungo sabantu kunokuba kube nesikhungo sezindawo lapho isifunda sihlukana khona.

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zivame ukuvumelana nezindlela zazo zokuhlela nokusebenza, ikakhulukazi uma zisebenza ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wasekhaya. Zinikeza izinkonzo eziningi kakhulu kunalezo ezibalwayo futhi zinegunya elikhulu ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kanye nemithetho yezebhizinisi yendawo.

Izifunda ezikhethekile

Izifunda ezikhethekile zihlanganisa ohulumeni abazimele abanezinjongo ezilinganiselwe ngokuvamile bagxila enkonzweni ethile ekhethekile enjengamanzi nenhlanzeko. Labahulumeni abanezinjongo ezizodwa banegunya endaweni yabo emisiwe.

Izifunda ezikhethekile zinganikeza izinkonzo ezinjenge:

  • Isimiso sokuchitha amanzi nendle
  • Isivikelo somlilo
  • Izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi
  • Amapaki nokuzijabulisa
  • Imitapo
  • Izinkonzo zasesibhedlela

Nakuba izifunda ezikhethekile ziye zagcizelela igunya, zibhekene nokulinganiselwa okufanayo komthetho - sisekelo nombuso njengoba kwenza abanye ohulumeni bendawo.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekutholeni Amandla Kahulumeni Wendawo

Lapho kuphakama izimpikiswano ngokuthi uhulumeni wendawo unamandla yini okuthatha isinyathelo esithile, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ngokusekelwe emalungiselelweni omthetho - sisekelo, ezimisweni zikahulumeni, nasezicabeni ezingokomthetho.

Umthetho kaCooley walandelwa isikhashana izinkantolo e-Indiana, e-Iowa, eKentucky naseTexas kwaze kwaba yilapho iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. isekela uMthetho ka-Dillon ngo-19907 (Hunter no-Pittsburgh) futhi ngo-1923. Le mvume yokwahlulela yoMthetho ka-Dillon ilolonge umthetho wendawo isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu.

Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izimiso eziningana lapho zihlaziya iziphathimandla zikahulumeni wendawo:

  • Izimiso zendawo zibhekwa njengezisebenzayo ngaphandle kokuba kucace ukuthi ziphambene nomthetho
  • Amaqhawe anikezwa amandla axazululwa ngokumelene nohulumeni wendawo ezifundazweni zokuBusa zikaDillon
  • Amalungiselelo okubusa ekhaya ahunyushelwa ukunikeza inkululeko enenjongo yendawo
  • Ukuhlengwa kwamazwe kumelwe kucace ukuze kususwe igunya lendawo
  • Ohulumeni bendawo abakwazi ukudlula amandla abo okulawula indawo

Ubuhlobo Bezishaya - mthetho Nokubambisana

Ohulumeni bendawo abasebenzi bebodwa. Bavame ukusebenzelana nohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, kanye nabanye ohulumeni bendawo, badala ubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kohulumeni.

Ubuhlobo Basendaweni YoMbuso

Kukhona ukuhluka okukhulu ebuhlotsheni bezwe nendawo ezungezile phakathi, kanye nangaphakathi, izifundazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhuluma ngohulumeni wendawo e-United States kukhuluma ngezimo zomthetho nezingombango ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu.

Izwe lisekela izimali kohulumeni bendawo ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganyela izimali, intela, nokuhlanganyela.

Ukubambisana Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ohulumeni bendawo bangabambisana ukuze banikeze izinkonzo ngokuphumelelayo noma babhekane nezinselele zendawo. Izifunda eziningi zigunyaza izivumelwano ezihlanganisa indawo ezivumela ohulumeni ukuba bahlanganyele imithombo yemali, bavumelane ngezimiso, noma bavumelane.

Izibonelo zokubambisana kwendawo ezungezile zihlanganisa:

  • Izinhlangano zohlelo lwezifunda
  • Izinkonzo eziphuthumayo
  • Izivumelwano zokuthenga ezihlangene
  • Iziphathimandla ze - Metropolitan tram
  • Izimiso zamanzi ezisesifundeni nezokukhucululwa kwendle

Imikhuba Yamuva Egunyeni Likahulumeni Wendawo

Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwavela izici eziningana ezithinta lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwenza nalokho abangenakukwenza.

Uvivinyo Olukhulayo Lwezwe

Amaqembu afuna isithakazelo ahlukene ayaqhubeka efuna izindlela zokulinganisela igunya lendawo ngokusekela imithetho ekhucululayo nencazelo yokwahlulela evimbelayo yegunya lasekhaya. Ukwanda kwamuva kwezimiso ezicijile nencazelo ekhudlwana yokwahlulela evimbelayo yemibuso yasekhaya i-vis-à-vis ukuhlenga kuye kwabangela izinhlangano nezazi ezihlukahlukene ukuba ziphinde zihlole imfundiso yokubusa yasekhaya futhi zithuthukise izimiso ezilinganisela ngokufanele phakathi kwezindawo nohulumeni bazo bendawo.

Lokhu kuye kwabangela impikiswano yokuthi ingabe ukulingeka kukahulumeni kululaza yini ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwendawo futhi kuvimbela imiphakathi ukuba ibhekane ngokuphumelelayo nezinkinga zendawo.

Ukuvuselela Nokuhlola Kwasendaweni

Naphezu kokuhlenga-hlengwa okwandayo, ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bayaqhubeka besungula futhi bezama izindlela ezintsha zokubusa nokuhambisa inkonzo. Amadolobha kanye nama-areatrip asebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," izinqubo zokuhlola ezingase zithandwe kamuva ezweni noma ezweni.

Izindawo zokusungula indawo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuzivumelanisa nezimo
  • Amasu ezindlu abiza imali eningi
  • Izinyathelo zokuthuthuka kwezomnotho
  • Ubuchwepheshe basemadolobheni obuhlakaniphile
  • Izinguquko zamaphoyisa omphakathi
  • Ukungenela kwezempilo yomphakathi

Izinselele Zezentengiselwano

Imingcele yentela yempahla, imingcele kahulumeni ongahlosiwe, nokushintsha kwezomnotho kungavimbela imisebenzi kahulumeni wendawo nokuthunyelwa kwenkonzo.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zezakhamuzi Nezamabhizinisi

Ukuqonda lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwenza nabangenakukwenza kuthinta izakhamuzi namabhizinisi asebenza ngaphansi kwegunya labo.

Izakhamuzi

Izakhamuzi kufanele zikuqonde lokho:

  • Ohulumeni bendawo banegunya ezindabeni eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile
  • Ezinye izinkinga zidinga isinyathelo sikahulumeni noma sikahulumeni futhi ngeke zixazululwe endaweni yakini
  • Ukuhlanganyela kuhulumeni wendawo kungathonya izinqumo ekwakheni izindawo, ezinkonzo nasezimisweni
  • Imithetho yendawo kumelwe ivumelane nomthetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni
  • Izakhamuzi zingabekela izenzo zendawo inselele ngaphezu kwegunya elingokomthetho

Ezebhizinisi

Amabhizinisi asebenza ngezindawo eziningi kumelwe asebenzise imithetho yendawo ehlukahlukene. Ukuqonda iziphathimandla zikahulumeni wendawo kuyawasiza amabhizinisi:

  • Zivumelane nezimiso zendawo ezisebenzayo
  • Zilindele izinguquko ezingase zivele
  • Thola amathuba okuthonya isimiso sendawo
  • Qonda uma umthetho wesifundazwe wephula umthetho wendawo
  • Hlela ukuhluka ngezimfuneko ezikweminye imikhakha

Imithombo Yokuqonda Amandla Kahulumeni Wendawo

Izinhlangano nengcebo eziningana zingasiza izakhamuzi, izikhulu, nabacwaningi ukuba baqonde igunya likahulumeni wendawo:

  • INhlangano yesizwe yamadolobha – Inikeza ukwaziswa kanye nokuphatha kohulumeni bakamasipala ( http:///wwwwww.lc.org[])
  • i-National Association of Counties - imeleli yohulumeni besifunda sesifunda futhi inikeza imithombo yegunya lesifunda
  • International City/Livery Management Association - Inikeza ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe nokucwaninga ngabaphathi bakahulumeni bendawo ( http:///cma.org)
  • iqoqo likamasipala wesifundazwe - Isifunda ngasinye sinezinhlangano ezinikeza ukwaziswa ngomthetho kahulumeni wendawo kulesosifundazwe
  • Ummeli wezwe wemibono ebanzi – izifundazwe eziningi zisakaza imibono engokomthetho echaza igunya likahulumeni wendawo

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukulawula Kwendawo NoMbuso

Umbuzo walokho ohulumeni bendawo abangakwenza futhi abangenakukwenza ngomthetho ubonisa ukungezwani okuyisisekelo kwesimiso sohulumeni baseMelika. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balinganisele indima yabo njengezinhlangano ezisabelayo, zentando yeningi eziseduze nabantu nesikhundla sabo esingokomthetho njengamaqembu angaphansi kahulumeni wombuso.

Igunya lohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni likhona kwezinye izindawo; ngokwesibonelo, ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bobabili banamandla okukhokha intela, ukumisa izinkantolo, nokwenza futhi basebenzise imithetho.

Isimiso somthetho esibusa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni wendawo sihluka kakhulu ezizweni zonke, ezinye zinikeza amandla abanzi okubusa kwasekhaya futhi ezinye zigcina imingcele eqinile yomthetho we-Dillon. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya isimiso sendawo noma ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wendawo asebenza ngayo.

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha − kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekushintsheni kwenani labantu − impikiswano ngegunya likahulumeni wendawo izoqhubeka. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okuqondile phakathi kokuzibusa kwezindawo nokwengamele uhulumeni kuseyinselele eqhubekayo embusweni waseMelika.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo banawo yini amandla anele okusingatha izinselele zamanje, noma ukuthi badinga inkululeko eyengeziwe ekulawuleni kukahulumeni, kuxhomeke embonweni womuntu ngendima efanele kahulumeni wendawo esimisweni sethu sombuso. Okusalokhu kusobala ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo, naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwabo, banendima ebalulekile eMelika yentando yeningi, benikeza izinkonzo ezidingekile futhi besebenza njengobudlelwane obuqondile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni bazo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni nendawo kanye nemibuso, vakashela .gov State nekhasi lohulumeni wendawo noma hlola iqoqo likamasipala kazwelonke noma inhlangano yemiba.