Table of Contents

Isimiso sombuso siyisikhathi esimisiwe lapho abameleli abakhethiwe behlangana khona ukuba baxoxe, baxoxe, baphikisene, futhi bamise imithetho ebusa umbuso wabo. Le mihlangano imelela isisekelo sentando yeningi yesilinganiso sikahulumeni, inikeza uhlelo lapho amazwi ezakhamuzi ehunyushelwa khona enkambisweni yomphakathi. Ukuqonda okwenzeka phakathi nesimiso somthetho kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zinolwazi ngenqubo yomthetho, zihileleke ngokuphumelelayo ngokwengeziwe nabameleli bazo, futhi ziqonde kangcono indlela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke nemiphakathi.

Iyini Isimiso Somthetho KaHulumeni?

Ohulumeni basebenzisa igunya elinikezwa yiSichibiyelo seSiphendulo soMthetho-sisekelo se-E. ukuze bagcine izikhawu zemithetho lapho abameleli abakhethiwe behlangana khona isikhathi esithile ukuze bakhiphe futhi bavote umthetho futhi bamise izimiso zikahulumeni ezindabeni ezinjengentela, imfundo, nemali kahulumeni. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko lapho kusungulwa khona imithetho kahulumeni, ishintshwa, noma ihlelwe kabusha, okwenza ukuba babaluleke ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni.

Umbuso ngamunye usebenza isishaya-mthetho sawo siqu ngemithetho, izinqubo, namasiko ahlukile. Nakuba zonke izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihlanganyela imisebenzi nezindlela ezifanayo, imininingwane ecacile yendlela izimiso eziqhutshwa ngayo ingahluka kakhulu kusuka esifundeni ngasinye kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kuveza isimiso somthetho sisekelo sombuso ngamunye, isiko lezombangazwe, kanye nentuthuko yomlando.

Izinhlobo zemithetho ehlukene ekhishwa isishaya-mthetho singahlanganisa izinqumo, ukulungisa umthetho okubhekiswe ngokwemithetho, nezikweletu eziba umthetho. Ngalé kokwenza umthetho, izinqumo zomthetho zinikeza amathuba okwengamela izinhlangano eziphethe amagatsha, ukugunyaza kwezimiso, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nokuthembisa umphakathi ezindabeni ezibalulekile.

Izinhlobo Zezinqumo Zomthetho

Iziqephu zasikhathi sonke

Izikhathi zemihlangano ezihleliwe, imihlangano yezimiso ezivamile zezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni eyenzeka ngokwekhalendana enqunyiwe. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu ziqhuba iziqephu njalo ngonyaka, kuyilapho ezinye izifundazwe ezine `Montana, Nevada, ne Texas, ngeminyaka eyinqaba. Lokhu kusondela kwamanani ahlukene kulezifunda ezine kusho ukuthi baqala ukwenza izinhlelo ezivamile njalo njalo njalo njalo njalo eminyakeni emibili, ngokuvamile ngeminyaka engavamile.

Ubude besimiso bungamiswa ngumthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, umthetho, noma umthetho wesishaya-mthetho futhi uhlukahluka phakathi kwezwe. Ezinye izizwe zinezikhawu ezilinganiselwe ngokwemithetho-mthetho ezithatha amasonto ambalwa noma izinyanga, kuyilapho ezinye zinezikhawu ezinde ezinganwetshwa phakathi nesikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda zisebenza ngezishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esisodwa ezihlangana izinsuku ezingu-60 kuya kwezingu-90, kuyilapho izishaya-mthetho zombuso eziyisishiyagalolunye zinezishayamthetho eziphelele, okusho ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sihlangana phakathi nonyaka, kuyilapho zonke ezinye izishayamthetho zithathwa njengengxenye yengxenye ngoba zihlangana kuphela ngengxenye yonyaka.

Izifunda eziningi zihlangana phakathi kuka-January 5 no-20, lapho iningi liqala umsebenzi walo ekuqaleni kuya maphakathi noJanuary. Lesi sikhathi sivumela abashaya imithetho ukuba baxazulule izindaba zohlelo, izinto eziza kuqala zesimiso, kanye nezinto ezikhathazayo ekuqaleni konyaka ngamunye wekhalenda. Ubude besikhathi salezi zikhathi sixhomeke emithethweni eqondile kahulumeni nasemdlalweni webhizinisi lezemithetho ozoqhutshwa.

Izikhathi Ezikhethekile Noma Ezimangalisayo

Izinsuku ezikhethekile noma ezingavamile zingabizwa umbusi noma isishaya-mthetho sombuso ngendaba ethile phakathi noma ngemva kwesimiso esivamile. Lezi zikhathi zivame ukuhlelwa ukuba zixazulule izindaba eziphuthumayo ezingenakulinda kuze kube isiqephu esilandelayo esivamile noma ukusingatha izindaba ezithile ezidinga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo kwemithetho.

Isimiso esikhethekile siyisimiso esingadluli izinsuku ezingu-30, esibuthelwe nguMbusi noma i-Legislature, elandela ukumiswa kwesimiso sasikhathi sonke. Indlu yomthetho, ngamavoti amabili-ntathu awo wonke amalungu, ingazibiza esiqephini esikhethekile. Umthetho-sisekelo uvumela isilinganiso esingenamkhawulo sezinhlelo ezikhethekile kunoma yimuphi unyaka onikeziwe. Ibhizinisi elingaqhutshwa phakathi nezinhlelo ezikhethekile lingase lilinganiselwe ezihlokweni ezithizekelwe ngokucela isimiso, kuye ngokwezimiso zikahulumeni.

Izikhathi ezikhethekile zivame ukugxila ezindabeni ezibucayi njengokungahleleki kwemali, ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo, noma ukusabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo noma ezinkingeni zempilo yomphakathi. Nakuba zingajwayelekile kunezikhathi ezivamile, izikhathi ezikhethekile zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvumeleni ohulumeni bombuso ukuba baphendule ngokungalindelekile ezimweni eziphuthumayo nasezimweni ezidinga ukuphuthuma.

Iziqephu zokuhlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ngoku v. Iziqephu eziziphethe

Abanye basho ezinye izinhlobo zeziqephu ezihlukene eminyakeni eyinqaba noma ngisho. Ngokwesibonelo, iWyoming Legislature iqala i "Isiqephu se-Bridget" eminyakeni elinganiselwa ngisho naphakathi, isimiso esithatha izinsuku ezingu-20 zomthetho futhi ngokuyinhloko sinikezelwe ezindabeni zomthetho wemithetho. Phakathi neziqephu zezimiso zokuhlela, ukugxila komphathi-mthetho kulinganiselwe ezindabeni zezimali kanye nezimiso zemali, ngokucabangela imithetho esemthethweni.

Ngokuphambene, izikhawu ezivamile zivumela ukucatshangelwa ngokubanzi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zomthetho, kuhlanganise nezikweleti zezimiso, izindaba zokuhlelwa kwemali, nokulungiswa komthetho-mthetho. Lesi sakhiwo esishintshanayo sisiza izizwe ukuba zilawule umsebenzi wazo womthetho ngesikhathi esifanayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yemali ebucayi ithola ukunakekela okukhethekile esimisweni sasikhathi sonke.

I - Timession Active Timeline Nesakhiwo Esingokomthetho

Imisebenzi yangaphambi kwenhlanganiso

Ngaphambi kokuba isimiso somthetho siqale ngokomthetho, umsebenzi obalulekile wokulungisa uyenzeka. Amabhukwana angahlelwa ngaphambi kwezinhlelo, aqale ekupheleni kwesiqephu esidlule aphele ekuqaleni kwesimiso afakwa kuso. Ukukhipha kuvumela abashaya imithetho ukuba baqale inqubo yomthetho ngokunikeza izikweletu zabo ezihlongozwayo ngaphambi kosuku lokuqala lwesiqephu.

Phakathi nenkathi ephakathi kwezikhathi, izishayamthetho zivame ukuhlanganyela emsebenzini wamakomiti, emihlanganweni ehlangene, nokucwaninga kwezimiso. Amakomiti e-interim angamiswa ukuze ahlole izindaba ezithile ngokujule futhi asungule ukutusa komthetho ukuba usungulwe esiqephini esizayo. Lo msebenzi wokulungiselela usiza ukuba izishayamthetho zikulungele ukugada lapho isimiso siqala.

Usuku Lokuqala Nesimo Se - agenda

Isimiso somthetho siqala ngomkhosi wokuvula ongokomthetho, lapho abaholi bemithetho beveza izinhlelo nezinto eziza kuqala zenkathi ezayo. Phakathi nemisebenzi yosuku oluvulekayo, izishaya-mthetho zifungela (kakhulu ngemva kokhetho), izikhundla zobuholi ziyaqinisekiswa, futhi iphimbo lokuza komsebenzi limiswe. Umbusi anganikeza ikheli lezwe loMbuso elichaza izinqumo zegatsha lezemithetho nemigomo.

Amasonto okuqala esimiso abonakala ngenqwaba yezimemezelo zezimemezelo njengoba abashaya imithetho befaka umthetho wabo ohlongozwayo ukuze bacabangele. Ngokuvamile kunamakhulu noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zezikweleti ezitshalwa esimisweni esisodwa somthetho. Lo mqulu ophezulu wezihlongozo zomthetho ubonisa izithakazelo nezinkathazo ezihlukahlukene zabameli kulo lonke izwe.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ezifile

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zisebenza ngokwesimiso semisebenzi enqunyiwe ehlela ukuqhubekeka kwebhizinisi lemithetho phakathi nesimiso. Isimiso sekhalenda sibonisa izikhathi ezimisiwe nezinsuku zemisebenzi yemithetho. Lezinsuku ziveza umuzwa wokuphuthuma nosizo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yomthetho iqhubekela phambili ngendlela ehlelekile nefike ngesikhathi.

Ukunqandwa kwezikhathi ezivamile kuhlanganisa ukususwa kwekomiti yesimiso, ukususwa kwekomiti yezezimali, nezenzo zemisebenzi yesitezi. Ukususwa kokuqala kwemali ukuze ikhishwe ngawo womabili amakomiti kuza cishe inyanga eyodwa kuleyo komiti. Uma isikweleti singadluliswanga ngalolo suku, kungenzeka ukuthi siphelile ngonyaka. Lemikhawulo isiza abamisi bemithetho ukuba bahlele umsebenzi wabo futhi bagxile emthethweni obaluleke kakhulu noma osebenzayo.

Ngemva kokususwa kwekomiti, ukunaka kuyashintshana. Esontweni noma ngaphezulu ngemva kokususwa kwekomiti, abamisi-mthetho baqala ukuphikisana ngebanga eliphansi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, zonke izimpikiswano zegumbi eziye zalungisa amakomiti, zilungisa izikweleti futhi ekugcineni zivote ukuthi zingawuthumela yini lomthetho kwelinye ikamelo. Uma izindleko zingayivoti egumbini eligcwele ngokuphuma kwenye indawo, ngokunokwenzeka zifa unyaka wonke.

Ukuphumula

Izinsuku zomthetho ziphetha ngokuthatha umthetho, ongase wenziwe ngosuku olugunyazwe umthetho-mthetho noma lapho isishaya-mthetho siqeda ibhizinisi laso. Sine Die luwusuku lokugcina oluvunyelwe lwesimiso sasikhathi sonke ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wombuso. "U-Sine fa" liyigama lesiLatini elisho "ngaphandle kosuku," elibonisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho uyisifungo ngaphandle kokumisa usuku oluthile lokuhlangana.

Izinsuku zokugcina zesimiso somthetho zivame ukuphawulwa ngomsebenzi omkhulu njengoba izishayamthetho ziphuthuma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqeda izikweleti eziphambili ngaphambi kokumiswa kwesivumelwano. Lenkathi ingahilela amahora amaningi, izingxoxo ezisheshayo, nokuhlehla okukhulu njengoba abenzi bomthetho bezama ukuqeda impumelelo yesimiso sokushaya umthetho.

Imisebenzi Eyinhloko Nezinhlelo Phakathi Nesimiso Esingokomthetho

Isiqalo Nencwadi Yokuqala

Wonke umthetho uqala njengomqondo. Le mibono ingavela kunoma ubani futhi le nqubo iqala lapho umuntu noma iqembu lincenga ilungu le-Legislature ukuba libhale umthetho. Uma ummisi-mthetho esevume ukuxhasa isimemezelo, ifakwa ebhandeni elingokomthetho futhi ifakwe eMzini noma eSigeqeni.

U-Bhills udlula ngesithathu "ss" ukuze adlule egumbini. Uhlelo lokuqala luthi lapho kufakwa isikweleti egumbini. Kulesi sigaba, isambathiso sinikezwa inani futhi sifakwe ngokomthetho embhalweni wemithetho. Umthetho ubhekiselwa ekomitini eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ukuze kucatshangelwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukubukeza Nezindlebe Zekomiti

Umsebenzi wekomiti umelela enye yezigaba ezibucayi kakhulu zenqubo yomthetho. Amabhuleki kumelwe adlule ngamakomiti akhethekile alawulayo ngaphambi kokuba aye egumbini. Lokhu ngokuvamile kulapho kwenziwa khona izilungisi ezingaphansi kwegumbi. Ikomiti ngayinye inesihlalo esilawula kakhulu okwenzekayo ekomitini ngokunquma izinto ezifana nokuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezizwakalayo, abangazikhuliswanga, futhi zonke zenzeka.

Emakomitini, izikweleti zithola ukuqulwa kwamacala, impikiswano kanye nevoti. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, amalungu ekomiti azwa ubufakazi kubaxhasi bezimemo, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, abafaka izigxobo, namalungu omphakathi. Umhlangano wekomiti yemithetho lapho amalungu omphakathi, ochwepheshe, nabanye abaphathisi bemishuwalense benikeza khona ubufakazi ezindabeni ezicatshangelwayo yikomiti uchazwa ngokuthi "umphakathi" ngoba ukhululekile kubantu abakhona nokububuka.

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, amakomiti aba nezikhawu zezikhulu zokuxoxa nokuvota ezikweletini. ISinqumo esiphetheyo siwumhlangano wamalungu ekomiti ukuba axoxe futhi athathe isinyathelo ezikweletini afisa ukuwabika ngaphandle kwekomiti. Lemihlangano ivulekele umphakathi kodwa akukho bufakazi obuthathwayo. Amakomiti angase avote ukudlulisa isikhokhelo esingenisiwe, asidlulisele ngokulungisa, noma alahle ukusiqhubekisela phambili, aphumele ekubulaleni isikhwama saleso simiso.

Izincwadi ezithinta uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni kumelwe zibuye ziye ekomitini yemali ukuze zibukeze. I-Fiscal yamakomiti ihlaziya ithonya elingokwezimali lomthetho ohlongozwayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenzisa iziphakamiso kuyavumelana nemithetho kahulumeni evimbelayo yemali nezinto eziza kuqala.

Izimpikiswano Zokuhamba Nezimbotshana Nezokusakaza

Uma isikweleti sidlula ngempumelelo ngekomiti, singena phansi egumbini ukuze sihlolwe amalungu agcwele. Ekufundeni kwesibili, amalungu azophikisana ngecala futhi angavota ukuba alishintshe. Uma bevota ukuvuma, bazohlela ukufundwa kwesithathu. Ekufundeni kwesithathu, amalungu ayothatha ivoti yokugcina kuleyo mali. Uma isikhokhelo sidlula, siya kwenye indlu.

Izimpikiswano ze-Floator zinikeza bonke abashaya imithetho ithuba lokuhlanganyela engxoxweni yomthetho ohlongozwayo, ukunikeza izinguquko, nokuchazela ozakwabo kanye nabo bonke abantu. Lezi mpikiswano zivulekele ukubukwa komphakathi futhi zingasakazwa noma zithuthelwe kuyi-website, zinikeze ukubonakala enqubweni yemithetho.

Izinqubo zokunikeza imithetho ziyahluka ngokwezwe nangohlobo lomthetho olucatshangelwayo. Amanye amavoti aqhutshwa ngevoti yezwi, kuyilapho amanye edinga isimemezelo sokuvota lapho isikhundla sommisi wemithetho ngamunye sibhalwe khona. Izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho, njengokulungisa komthetho-mthetho-siseko noma izinyathelo eziphuthumayo, zingadinga amavoti amakhulu kunawolwazi olulula.

Ukucabangela Kwesibili

Ngemva kokudlula indlu eyodwa, isambati sidlula phakathi kwesitebhisi esifanayo kwenye indlu. Uma enye indlu yenza izinguquko ezisencwadini yemali, indlu yokuqala kumelwe ivume. Lenqubo ye-bimameral iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokunakekela okungalinganiyo ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene futhi isiza ukuba uvimbele ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ngamawala noma ngokunganaki.

Uma indlu neSigele zingavumelani ngezinguquko zesivumelwano, omunye wabo angacela ikomiti yengqungquthela. Uma ikomiti yengqungquthela ivumelana ngokuthi yini okufanele yenziwe, izokhipha umbiko. zombili izindlu kumelwe zivote ukuze zivume umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela ukuze idlulise iSishaya-mthetho. Amakomiti engqungquthela ngokuvamile ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili asebenzela ukuxoxa ngenguquko yomthetho ongathola imvume kuzo zombili izindlu.

Isenzo sombusi

Ngemva kokudlulisa iNdlu neSigele, iLegislature ithumela kuMbusi. UMbusi wenza isinqumo sokuphetha ngokuthi isikweleti kufanele sibe umthetho yini noma cha. Umbusi unezinketho eziningana lapho edluliswa umthetho wesishayamthetho.

UMbusi unezinsuku ezingu-12 zokusayina, nokuvumela ngaphandle kokwenza isayina, noma ukushaya indiva. Uma umbusi esayina umthetho, kuba ngumthetho. Isivumelwano siyakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kophawu lombusi uma bengasayini noma bengasayini noma besayina phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Lokhu kuvumela izikweletu ukuba zibe ngumthetho ngisho noma umbusi engathathi nyathelo.

I-veto kulapho uMbusi enqaba umthetho wonke noma izingxenye ezithile zawo. Ngaphandle kokuba i-Legislature ithathe i-veto, ezinye noma zonke izingxenye zomthetho ngeke zibe umthetho. Uma izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zazo zombili izindlu zivota ukuthatha i-veto, wonke umthetho uzoba umthetho ngaphandle kophawu lomphathi. U-Vito unqabile kakhulu futhi udinga ukusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartis noma ukubusa kweqembu elilodwa elikhulu.

Indima Yokuhola Kwemithetho

Umholi wemithetho ngokuvamile unamandla kakhulu. Ngokufanayo nendlela abaholi benhlangano abasebenzisa ngayo amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kwalezontela ezibona ukukhanya kosuku eSishaya - mthetho, abaholi begumbi ngalinye lombuso nako futhi banamandla amakhulu. Izikhundla zobuholi zihlanganisa uMkhulumeli weNdlu, uMphathi weSigele noma uMongameli uPro Tempore, kanye nabaholi abaningi nabambalwa egumbini ngalinye.

Bavame ukunquma izabelo zamakomiti ezizobekwa abashaya imithetho, futhi banqume ukuthi yiyiphi ikomiti ehlongozwayo okufanele ihlolwe. Bangaphatha ngisho nemali ngenye indlela futhi bayivimbele ukuba iqhubeke.

Abaholi abashaya umthetho bafeza izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuxoxisaneni nombusi, ukusingatha izimpikiswano zasesitezi, ukwakha imifelandawonye ukuze kudluliswe umthetho oza kuqala, futhi kumele amagumbi abo ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi. Ithonya labo lidlulela ngalé kwemithetho engokomthetho ukuze lihlanganise ukunxenxa ngokwethukela, ukwakha ubuhlobo, nokwenza izinqumo ezihlela indlela yonke yokuqondisa isimiso somthetho.

Ukuhileleka Komphakathi Nokubona Izindawo Ngokukhanyayo

Ukuba Khona Ekomitini Yokuqulwa Kwezindaba

Izikhathi eziningi zemithetho zihlanganisa amathuba avulekeleyo okuhlanganyela emphakathini, eqaphela ukuthi ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi kubalulekile ekumeleni idemokrasi. AmaKomiti avame ukuba nemihlangano ukuze axoxe ngezikweletu. Ngokuvamile abantu bavuleleka ukuba babe khona futhi banikeze izimpendulo zabo. Ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kunikeza inqubo ehleliwe yezakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele imibono yazo, okuhlangenwe nakho, nobuchwepheshe nezikhulu zemithetho.

Ukuhileleka okuqondile enqubweni yekomiti ngokuhlangana ngokuqondile namalungu ekomiti, ubufakazi bomphakathi, noma izimemezelo ezibhaliwe kungaba nethonya elikhulu. Abaqondisi bemithetho bakwazisa kakhulu ukuzwa ngokuqondile okuvela kubantu abahlukene mayelana nendlela umthetho ohlongozwayo ongathinta ngayo ukuphila kwabo, amabhizinisi, nemiphakathi. Ubufakazi obunengqondo, obunolwazi bungathonya ukuqondwa kwamalungu amakomiti ngezindaba kanye namavoti awo emithetho.

Ukuzithoba Ubufakazi

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho ngokunikeza ubufakazi obubhaliwe noma ufakaza ngasese enkantolo. Ungakhuluma ngecala elisemtholampilo noma ufakazele cishe enkantolo ekhulumayo. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zezwe ziye zavumela izinqubo zazo zokuhlanganyela komphakathi ukuze zivumele ubufakazi obukude, okwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi kulo lonke izwe ukuba zihileleke enqubeni yomthetho ngaphandle kokuya enhloko- dolobha.

Lapho zifakaza phambi kwekomiti, izakhamuzi kufanele zizibonakalise ngokucacile, zisho ukuma kwazo emthetho, futhi zinikeze izizathu eziqondile zokusekela noma ukuphikiswa kwazo. Izindaba zomuntu siqu nezibonelo eziqinile zendlela umthetho ozothinta ngayo abantu bangempela ngokuvamile zithonya ngokukhethekile abashaya imithetho.

Abameleli Abaxhumanayo

Ngaphandle kobufakazi obungokomthetho, izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli bazo kuyo yonke isimiso somthetho ukuze ziveze imibono yazo ngomthetho osele ukhona. Izingcingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, kanye nemihlangano e-person konke kunikeza amathuba okuba abameleli baxhumane nezikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe. Abameli ngokuvamile balondoloza amahhovisi esigodi namahhovisi e-patritol ukuze bavumelane nokuxhumana.

Kuwumqondo omuhle ukuhlela umhlangano nemethi-mthetho wakho lapho esesifundazweni. Khuluma nokukhathazeka kwakho ngomthetho. Kubonisa ukuthi ufuna ukusebenza nehhovisi lelungu engxoxweni ethile. Ukwakha ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo nabamisi-mthetho kanye nezisebenzi zabo kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kwesakhamuzi ekuthonyeni inqubo yomthetho.

Ukutholakala Ngokubona Kahle Nokungena Komphakathi

Ukubonisa gcaluza kugcinwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa amarekhodi omphakathi, ukusakaza izinhlelo zezindaba, izimiso zezokulandelela amakomiti e - Internet, nezinhlelo zamakomiti ezinyathelisiwe. Izishaya - mthetho eziningi zinikeza amawebhusayithi lapho izakhamuzi zingafuna khona izikweleti, zilandelela intuthuko yazo, izimiso zamakomiti okubuka, zibukele noma zigcine i - video yezinhlelo zaphansi nezokulalela kwamakomiti, futhi zithintana nokwaziswa kwemithetho.

La mathuluzi okuveza izibuko anika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlala zinolwazi ngemisebenzi yemithetho futhi agcine abameleli bazo benecala. Ukutholakala komphakathi ekwazisweni komthetho kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva njengoba ubuchwepheshe buye benza kwaba lula ukusakaza ukwaziswa nokusebenzelana nabantu abakude.

Izihloko Nezindawo Ezivamile Zemithetho

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidingida izimpikiswano eziningi zenqubo ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke. Nakuba izinto eziza kuqala zihluka ngokombuso nangesikhathi, ezinye izindawo zezimiso zihlale zinakekelwa kakhulu phakathi nezinhlelo zomthetho.

Imfundo Iwukuziphatha Okuhle

Imfundo imelela enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nemali. Izingxenye zomthetho zicabangela izikweletu ezihlobene nemali yemfundo yeK-12, isinxephezelo sothisha, izilinganiso zezifundo, ukuphepha kwemfundo, ukuxhasa kwemfundo ephakeme, ukusekela abafundi ngokwezimali, kanye nezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa imfundo. Izimpikiswano zezemfundo zivame ukuveza isithakazelo esiphawulekayo emphakathini nokuthembisana kothisha, abazali, abaphathi, kanye nezinhlangano zemfundo.

Imithetho Yezokwelapha

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo sinye isigxivizo esikhulu somsebenzi we-ocement. Izincwadi zingakhuluma ngokwanda kwe-Medicaid noma ukuqondisa, umthetho wezempilo, izindleko zemithi kadokotela, izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, izinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi, izindaba zezempilo, nokunakekela impilo isikhathi eside. Umthetho wezokwelapha ngokuvamile uhlanganisa ukucatshangelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinga elibalulekile.

Ukusetshenziswa Komali Nentela

Ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokuhlela nokugunyazwa kwemali kumelela omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho. Uhlelo lwezwe luhlanganisa izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi phakathi kwezinhlelo nezinkonzo ezihlukahlukene, lubonisa izinto eziza kuqala nezindinganiso. Izinhlelo zohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lokusebenza zihilela ukuhlaziywa okuningi kokuhlelwa kwemali, izihlongozo zokusebenzisa imali, kanye nemiphumela ehlangene yezinqumo zezimiso.

Isimiso sokukhokha intela sihlangene kakhulu nokucabangela ukuhlelwa kwemali, njengoba imithetho yentela inquma inzuzo ekhona ekukhokheleni imisebenzi kahulumeni. Abameli bangacabangela izinguquko eziya ezinkokhisweni zeholo, izintela zokuthengisa, izintela zempahla, intela yebhizinisi, nentela ehlukahlukene nentela engekho. Izimpikiswano zemithetho yentela zihilela ukuphikisana ngokucabangela izidingo zemali, inzuzo yezomnotho, nokulunga.

Imithetho Yokuphepha Yomphakathi

Umthetho wokuphepha womphakathi uhlanganisa ukushintshwa komthetho womthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuqondiswa nokugwetshwa, ukulawulwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, ukuvikelwa komlilo, nemithetho yezimoto. Lezi zimpikiswano zivame ukubangela impikiswano eshubile njengoba abashaya imithetho befuna ukulinganisela izindleko zokuphepha zomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho esekelwe ebufakazini, kanye nenqubo esekelwe kubufakazi.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile siye saba indawo evelele kakhulu yomsebenzi wezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Izincwadi zingalungisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuzivumelanisa, ukuvuselelwa kwamandla, izinga lomoya namanzi, ukulawulwa kwempahla engokwemvelo, ukulawulwa kwemfucumfucu nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo kabusha, kanye nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile. Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uhlanganisa ukulinganisela intuthuko yezentengiselwano yezomnotho kanye nezinhloso zokuvikela indawo ezungezile.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuhlelwa Kwebhizinisi

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zicabangela njalo umthetho ohloselwe ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yezomnotho, ukukhanga amabhizinisi, ukusekela amabhizinisi amancane, nokuqondisa izimboni ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izisusa zentela, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umsebenzi, ukutshala izimali, ukuguqula umsebenzi, nemithetho eqondile yezezimboni.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izimali zokusekela izimoto nesimiso sezokuhamba zimelela enye into ebalulekile egxile ekubekeni umthetho.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nezinkonzo Zomuntu

Umthetho ohlobene nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle nezimiso ezithinta abantu abasengozini, kuhlanganise nenhlalakahle yabantwana, izinkonzo zabantu abadala nabantu abakhubazekile, abangenamakhaya, usizo lokudla, nezinhlelo zomkhaya. Lezi zikweleti zivame ukubonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ngendima kahulumeni ekusekeleni abaswele.

Isimiso Semithetho Esingokwezombangazwe

Unyaka Wokukhetha Unamandla

Zonke izinqumo zemithetho zenzeka phakathi nohlelo lwezombangazwe lokhetho. Onyakeni wokhetho, izishayamthetho ezizimele ngokuvamile zilangazelela ukubuyisela izinqumo zazo ngendlela efike ngesikhathi ukuze zinikeze isikhathi esengeziwe emibuthweni yazo ukuba kubhikishwe. Lokhu kungabangela ukucindezela kwenkathi yokuzibophezela yasekuqaleni futhi kungaholela esikhathini esiguquguqukayo nesinzima kakhulu sokuxoxisana kwemithetho.

Ukusondelana kokhetho kungaphakamisa ukuvelela kwezentengiselwano ezihloselwe ngokwezombangazwe "ukuhlohla" izikweleti", ukudweba izici ezihlukanisa kakhulu zezinjongo zomkhankaso, kunokuba kube nomgomo oyinhloko wokumisa. Ukuqonda lamandla ezombangazwe kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zichaze ukuziphatha kokushaya umthetho futhi zihlole izisusa ezisezihlongozweni zemithetho ehlukahlukene.

Ukulawula Nokukhucululwa Kwezikhungo

Ukwakheka kwendlu yomthetho kuthonya ngokuphawulekayo uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, izinhlobo zezikweleti ezithathwayo, kanye nethuba lokudlula ezihlongozweni ezihlukahlukene. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula kokubili amagumbi omthetho kanye nomphathi-ndlu (u-"trifecta"), lowo qembu linamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa uhlelo lwalo lwezimiso. Uhulumeni ohlukene, lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula khona amagatsha noma amagumbi ahlukene, ngokuvamile kudinga ukubambisana okwengeziwe nokubambisana kwe-bipartisan.

Ngisho nasezifundazweni ezinezikhundla ezinamandla zokukhetha, ukubambisana kwebipartis kungadingeka ukuze kudluliswe izinhlobo ezithile zemithetho, ikakhulukazi lezo ezifuna amavoti amakhulu noma ezisingatha izindaba ezidlula ukuhlukana okuhlukanisayo. Izinga lokulawula izifundazwe lihluka kakhulu ngokwesiko lezombangazwe, imithetho yezinhlangano, kanye nezimpikiswano ezithile ezicatshangelwayo.

Ithonya Leqembu Lesithakazelo

Amaqembu anesithakazelo, abaxhasi, nezinhlangano zezempatho zomthetho zifeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. La maqembu asebenzela ukuthonya umthetho ngokunikeza izishayamthetho, ukuqoqa izimpande zotshani ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa, ukufakazela ukuzwana, nokwakha ubuhlobo nabenzi besinqumo esiyinhloko. Nakuba ukunxusa ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa kabi, futhi kufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ngokunikeza ulwazi oluhlukahlukene, nokuveza imibono ehlukahlukene, nokuthuthukisa ukukhulumisana phakathi kwabamisi-mthetho kanye nama-contitue.

Ukuqonda indima yamaqembu anenzalo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele amandla ahlukahlukene athonya imiphumela yemithetho futhi kuzenza zikwazi ukusingatha ngokuphumelelayo izindaba ezizikhathalelayo.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamazwe Ahlukahlukene

Imithetho yengxenye yesikhathi igcwele v. Ingxenye-isikhathi

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ekutholeni kwazo umsebenzi kanye nesibopho esidingekayo kubenzi bemithetho. Izishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esigcwele, njengalezo zaseCalifornia, eNew York, nasePennsylvania, ziyahlangana phakathi namakhulu onyaka, zikhokhela izishayamthetho imali eningi, futhi zinikeze ukusekela okukhulu kwezisebenzi. Isikhathi esisodwa noma "isigebengu", esivame kakhulu emazweni amancane, sihlangabezana ngezinkathi ezilinganiselwe, sinikeza imbuyiselo elinganiselwe, futhi sinikela izimali zezisebenzi ezisezincane.

Lokhu kungafani kokwakha kuthinta inqubo yomthetho, izinhlobo zabantu abangasebenza njengezishaya-mthetho, ukujula kokuhlaziya kwezimiso, kanye nekhono lombuso wonke ukuxazulula izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zimo uhlobana kakhulu. Umthetho uhlobana ngokuqondile nobude bawo besimiso. Isimiso esifushane, esiqondiswe ngokuhlelwa kwesimiso sengxenye yomthetho udinga ukusondela okuhlukile konyaka wonke, kuneziphelo ezivulekile ezihlangene.

Umehluko Ongokomthetho Nokwehluka Kwemithetho

Umthetho-mthetho wezwe ngalinye nezimiso zimisa imithetho ehlukile elawula izikhawu zesimiso sokuhlela imithetho. Lezi zingahlanganisa isiqephu sobude besimiso, izimfuneko zemali elinganiselwe, izimfuneko ezinkulu zezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho, imingcele ebekwa abamisi-mthetho, nezinqubo zezikhathi ezikhethekile. Ukuqonda lemithetho ecacile kahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukungenela ngokuphumelelayo nendlu yomthetho ethile.

Amalungiselelo E - pool uBill

Izwe liyahluka ngokuthi izindleko zithatha kusukela ngonyaka kuya komnye unyaka kudlulela kolandelayo phakathi kwesigaba seminyaka emibili somthetho. Ezizweni ezinamalungiselelo okuthwala, amafacece asungulwe ngonyaka wokuqala we-biennium asesekhona futhi angacatshangelwa ngonyaka wesibili ngaphandle kokuphinde aphinde abekwe. Ezizweni ezingenayo ishende, izikweletu ezingadluli ngonyaka owodwa ziyafa futhi kumelwe ziphinde zifakwe esiqenjini esilandelayo uma abenzi bemithetho befisa ukuqhubeka bezilandela.

Imithombo Yezokulandela Izinqumo Zomthetho

Ama - Webhsayithi Okuqondisa Imithetho Angokomthetho

Isishaya-mthetho ngasinye silondoloza ingosi engokomthetho enikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo yomthetho, imisebenzi yesimiso samanje, ukulandelela imvume, izimiso zamakomiti, nokwaziswa kwezimiso. Lama-webhusayithi anikeza imisebenzi yokusesha evumela abasebenzisi ukuthola izikweletu ngenombolo, ngesihloko, noma ngezimali, kanye nokulandela intuthuko yezindleko ngenqubo yomthetho.

Amawebhusayithi amaningi emithetho anikeza nezinhlelo ezigciniwe ze - video zezinhlelo zasesitezi namakomiti, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ngezakhamuzi noma kuphi ukuba zigcine imithetho yezomthetho.

Izinkonzo Zokuhlola Imithetho

Kulabo okudingeka baqaphele umthetho ezifundazweni eziningi noma ezinamanani amakhulu entela, izinkonzo zezentengiselwano zokulandelela izivumelwano zinikeza amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi nokuhlaziya. Lezi zinkonzo zinikeza ukwaziswa okungaqondakali okuvela kuzo zonke izifunda-ma-50, zinikeza izixwayiso ezingokwesiko, futhi zinikeza ukuhlaziywa kwentuthuko yemithetho. Nakuba lezi zinkonzo zidinga izikhokhelo ezikhokhelwayo, zingaba usizo olukhulu emabhizinisini, ezinhlanganweni zezempatho, nakochwepheshe bezindaba zikahulumeni.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nokuhlaziya

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zezindaba, izintatheli zezombangazwe, nabahlaziyi bezimiso banikeza ukuhlolwa nokuhlaziywa okubalulekile kwezinqubo zemithetho. Ukulandela imithombo yezindaba enedumela elihle kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde umongo, imiphumela, kanye nezisusa zezombangazwe ezihlobene nemisebenzi yezomthetho. Izifundazwe eziningi zinezincwadi ezikhethekile noma izinhlangano zezindaba ezigxile ngokukhethekile kuhulumeni wezwe nakwezombangazwe.

Izinhlangano Zezemvume

Izinhlangano ezingazifuneli inzuzo ezigxile ezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho ngokuvamile zinikeza ukwaziswa okufinyelelekayo mayelana nomthetho ohambelanayo, ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yezindleko, namathuba okuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Lezinhlangano zingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi zixhumane nabanye abanezithakazelo kanye nezinkathazo zazo.

Ukwenza Izinhlanganweni Zemithetho Zibe Izakhamuzi Ezingcono Kakhulu

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Isivumelwano somphakathi esiphumelelayo siqala ngokuhlala saziswe ngemisebenzi yomthetho. Izakhamuzi zingasayina ukuze zithole izimvume ezivela kubenzi bazo bomthetho, zilandele izindaba zemithetho, zilandele izikweleti ezithile zesithakazelo, futhi zilandele izimiso zekomiti eziqondisayo. Ukuqonda ikhalenda lomthetho nezikhathi eziyinhloko kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise isikhathi sokuthembisana kwazo ukuze zithole ithonya elikhulu.

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo

Ukuthuthukisa ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo nabashaya imithetho kanye nezisebenzi zabo kuthuthukisa ikhono losakhamakhakha lokuthonya inqubo yomthetho. Ukuba khona emahholo edolobha, ukuhlela imihlangano phakathi nezikhathi zomsebenzi wesigodi, nokugcina ukukhulumisana njalo kusiza abashaya imithetho ukuba baqonde izinto eziza kuqala nezikhathazayo. Imithetho ithambekele kakhulu ekusabeleni kubantu abaziyo nababonise ukuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuphumelela Kwekhono Lokuzilibazisa

Lapho izakhamuzi zisekela umthetho noma zimelene nawo, kufanele zicace, zifinyele, futhi zisho izinto ngokuqondile. Ukunikeza izindaba zomuntu siqu nezibonelo ezicacile kwenza izimpikiswano ezingekho ngqiqweni zezimiso zibonakale futhi zingasebenzi. Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kusiza abameleli ukuba babambe imizamo yabo ngendlela efanelekile, bagxile ezinqumweni eziyinhloko ezinjengokuchola kwamakomiti, amavoti asesiteji, nesenzo sombusi.

Ukwakha i-coliation kuhlanganisa amazwi abantu ngabanye. Ukusebenza nabanye abahlanganyela imigomo efanayo kwandisa ukubonakala nomphumela wemizamo yokuqamba i-codomical. Ubufakazi obuqanjiwe, ukuhlela ukuxhumana kohlanga, nokunikeza isigijimi esihlangene kungathonya kakhulu imiphumela yemithetho.

Ukucabangela Inqubo

Ukuba nekhono lokuxhumana nezokuxhumana nenhlonipho, ukuvuma ukuthi izinqumo ziyinkimbinkimbi, nokuqaphela ukuthi abamisi - mthetho kumelwe balinganisele izifiso eziphikisanayo nemibono ephikisanayo kusiza ekwakheni ukuthembeka nobudlelwane obuzuzisayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwezinhlanganweni Zemithetho KaHulumeni

Izinqumo zemithetho yoMbuso zimelela ukubusa kwentando yeningi, ukuguqula izinkathazo zezakhamuzi nezifiso zazo zingene ezimisweni zomphakathi. Izinqumo ezenziwa phakathi nalezi zinqumo zinemiphumela ejulile ezimisweni zemfundo, ukutholakala kwezempilo, imithwalo yentela, izinga lendawo ezungezile, ukuphepha komphakathi, nezinye izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Ukuqonda indlela izikhawu zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi zikahulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ngokuthintana nabameleli, ngokufaka ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala, noma ngokumane nje uhlale unolwazi, ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi kuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imiphumela yezomthetho ibonakalisa isithakazelo somphakathi.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, zizama izindlela ezihlukene zokufinyelela nokusungula okungase kamuva kwamukelwe ezinye izifundazwe noma uhulumeni kahulumeni. Ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela zokuthatha izifunda ezingamashumi amahlanu kubonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene, izinto eziza kuqala, kanye nezimo, kuyilapho zinikeza namathuba okufunda nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Njengoba ohulumeni bombuso beqhubeka befeza izindima ezibalulekile ekusingatheni izinselele ezinkulu zesimiso sezemfundo kuya ekutholeni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu (8) ukuqonda nokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zikahulumeni zokushaya umthetho kuba okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe ekubeni isakhamuzi esinolwazi nokusebenzisa igunya eliphumelelayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo namathuba okuthembisana komphakathi, vakashelani i- National Conference of State Legislatures, enikeza imithombo eminingi ezinquboni zikahulumeni zomthetho, noma ukuhlola [ i-Ballotentia [[ ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuningi ngomthetho wezwe nohlelo lwamanje lwezishaya-mthetho. Izakhamuzi zingavakashela futhi iwebhusayithi ye-te ye-mthetho yezwelonke ukuze zingene emahhovisi, izimiso zezokuhlola, nokuxhumana nabameleli babo.