Table of Contents

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni usebenza njengezincwadi eziyisisekelo zesisekelo sezwe ngalinye lamashumi amahlanu, zimisa uhlelo lukahulumeni wezwe, zichaza amandla nokulinganiselwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuchaza amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi. Nakuba i-United States Constitution inikeza isisekelo sesivikelo kubo bonke abantu baseMelika, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile iyaqhubeka ngokuphawulekayo, inikeza isivikelo esibanzi nezindaba ezingaxazululeki ngokwezinga lombuso. Ukuqonda lokho umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo okushoyo ngamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yakho kubalulekile ukuze wazise ngokugcwele izinga lesivikelo esingokomthetho esikhona kuwe nemisebenzi yesizwe osebenza kuyo njengezakhamuzi zezwe lakho.

Indima Eyingqayizivele Yomthetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni Ebuthweni LaseMelika

Imibuso eminingi yayamukele imithetho-sisekelo ngaphambi kwe-United States, futhi eminingi yayihlanganisa izikweletu noma izimemezelo zamalungelo. Namuhla zonke izifundazwe zinezinhlelo ezivikela lamalungelo noma afanayo, futhi kwezinye izimo zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu sokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, namalungelo emihlangano kunalawo asekelwe eMthethweni woMyalo-sisekelo wase-U.S. Lesi sibonelo esingokomlando sibalulekile. [1] ISimemezelo sombuso wamalungelo esingu-1776 se-Virginia ngokuvamile sinconywa ngokuthi siwumthombo noma isikhuthazo sokubuyiselwa komthetho womthetho - sisekelo ngo-1791, owaba ngu-Bill we-Oright of Rights.

Imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni, ngokwesibonelo, inikeza izincazelo ezibanzi zamalungelo ahlobene nezindaba zomuntu siqu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nenqubo efanele kune-Constitution. Lokhu kubonisa isimiso sobuzwe, lapho amazwe esebenza khona njengalokho uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis abizwa ngokudume ngokuthi "izinhlangano zentando yeningi," ukuzama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa nesivikelo samalungelo ezingase zithonye isimiso sikahulumeni ekugcineni.

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uhlukile kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngezindlela eziningi ezichazayo: Uvikela amalungelo amaningi engeziwe, alinganisela amalungelo ahambisana nokunaka inhlalakahle yomphakathi, uhlanganisa amalungelo alungile aveza isenzo sikahulumeni njengokudingekile ukuze kusekelwe inkululeko, futhi agcizelele amalungelo adingekayo ukuze kusekelwe idemokrasi. Lomehluko oyisisekelo ekufinyeleleni usho ukuthi imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ayizona nje izinguquko ezincane zoMthetho-sisekelo wezwe, zimelela isiko elihlukile lomthetho ngokomthetho kanye nomqondo nezinto eziza kuqala.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Esivunayo Ngaphansi Komthetho - sisekelo WoMbuso

Ukukhululeka Kwesizwe Ngokwesiko

Izindleko zikahulumeni zamalungelo zinezisivikelo esijwayelekile, kuhlanganise nesivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nemithombo yezindaba, isivikelo senkolo noma unembeza, kanye nesivikelo sabamangalelwa, njengalabo abangowesine abadlula eSimisweni Sesishiyagalombili soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S.

Ezinye izigaba zenkululeko yenkolo ziqukethe amagama angu-183 uma eqhathaniswa namagama angu-45 aseSichibiyelweni Sokuqala. Lokhu okunganyenyiswa kunganikeza isiqondiso esiqondile nesivikelo esingaba sikhulu. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izindleko zikahulumeni zamalungelo ezivimbela "ukuphathwa kabi noma isijeziso esingavamile," futhi ziye zachazwa njengeziqhubekela phambili ekulinganiseleni isijeziso sentambo yentambo kuneSichibiyelo se-Eighth eSigqizini soMthetho-mthetho, esivimbela "umbuso nesijeziso esingavamile"

Ukukhipha Amalungelo Okuxosha

Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kombuso nombuso uphathelene namalungelo okuvota. Cishe wonke umthetho-sisekelo wombuso uhlanganisa ngokuqondile, ulimi olucacile olunikeza ilungelo lokuvota, njengoba kungafani noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., okhuluma ngamalungelo okuvota kuphela. Lokhu kuqaphela okucacile kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuvikela amalungelo okuvota ezingeni lombuso.

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni unikeza amalungelo okuvota ngokuqondile, kuyilapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umane usikisela ilungelo lokuvota ngolimi olubi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilungelo lokuvota lifanelwe isivikelo esiqinile, ngokuvamile esinikezwa phakathi kwemithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Lomehluko unemiphumela ebalulekile yendlela imithetho ethinta ngayo ukuvota, njengezimfuneko zokuvota noma imingcele yokuvota kwasekuqaleni.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zakhipha izinqumo ezisekelwe emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo wezwe ngaphandle komsizi woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., njengalapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zadwebela emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo ovikela ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuhlanganisa "ukungalawuleki". Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe uye wachazwa njengohlanganisa amalungelo athile emfihlo, imithetho yombuso eminingi ibala ngokucacile ukuthi ukufihla imfihlo kuyilungelo elivikelwe, inikeza isivikelo esicacile nesivame ukudlulela.

Amalungelo Endawo Ezungezile

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile simelela enye indawo lapho imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile idlula khona isivikelo sikahulumeni. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo kazwe ihlanganisa ulimi oluqinisekisa izakhamuzi "ilungelo lendawo ehlanzekile nenempilo" nombuso ukuthi uhulumeni nabantu banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela nokuthuthukisa indawo ezungezile "ngezizukulwane zamanje nezizayo" umthetho-sisekelo weMontana unesilimi esinjalo, futhi izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa lamalungiselelo ukuxazulula ukuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nezokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Izinqumo Zenkululeko Zokunakekela Impilo

IWyoming Court yathi ukulungiswa kwenkululeko yokunakekela yezwe ngo-2012 — okwamiswa ngokumelene nomthetho kahulumeni we-Affordal Care Act — kuvikela ukukhishwa kwezisu. Lesi sinqumo singabangela ukukhishwa kwezimo ezinhlanu ezinemilungiselelo efanayo: i-Alabama, i-Arizona, iFlorida, i-Ohio, i-Oklahoma. Lezi zinguquko, ekuqaleni ezazihloselwe injongo eyodwa, ziye zachazwa ukuvikela isinqumo sokwelapha ngandlela-nye.

Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nangokwenhlalo

Kukhona isivikelo ekuvikelweni kwezindawo ezizimele ezizweni ezingaphezudlwana kweziyishumi nambili ezinezinsika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezivikelo ezinkulu ngolimi oluvikela ukuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo, ukuba nempahla, lonke lolulimi oluzwakala lufana nolweSimemezelo Senkululeko, kanti empeleni isimemezelo sokuzimela sathatha lololimi ku-Bill of Rights of the Virginia Constitution.

Ngo-2021, abavoti bamamaine bavuma ukumiswa kwelungelo lokwenza ukudla. Lokhu kumelela indlela entsha yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo angenakufana nomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, abavoti base-Illinois bavuma ukumiswa kwesivumelwano esiyisisekelo sokumisa "ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuhlela nokuhlela nokuhlela," futhi enqabela ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni ephazamisa lelolungelo.

Amalungelo Okuzala

Ngemva kwezinguquko ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kahulumeni, imibuso eminingi iye yaphendukela kumthetho-sisekelo wayo ukuze ivikele amalungelo okuzala. Ngo-2022, isabela esinqumweni seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U. isusa ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, abavoti eCalifornia, eVermont, naseMichigan imvume yokulungisa ukungeniswa kwamalungelo enkululeko yokuzala ewumthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuzala ahlala evikelekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni.

I - Oklahoma Supreme Court yanquma ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wezwe uvikela ilungelo lokukhipha isisu ezimweni ezisongela ukuphila, ikhomba olimini kumthetho - sisekelo wezwe owathi: “Bonke abantu banelungelo elizuzwe ngefa lokuphila, inkululeko, ukuphishekela injabulo, nokujabulela impumelelo yezezimboni zabo siqu."

Imfundiso Yokuzimela Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-50 edlule, uMahluleli uWilliam Brennan Jr. wanxusa abameli nabanye ukuba babheke kumthetho-sisekelo ukuze bavikele amalungelo abantu kunalokho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. eyayikuthola eMthethweni kahulumeni ngaleso sikhathi. Ebhala ngo- 1977, uBrennan wagcizelela ukuthi imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni yi-"indlela yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, isivikelo sabo ngokuvamile sidlulela ngalé kwalezo ezifunwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme echaza umthetho kazwe."

Ngokwezimiso zesimiso sobuzwe nemithetho yokuzigcina, uma inkantolo kahulumeni isebenzisa umthetho - sisekelo wayo njengesisekelo sesinqumo, njengasendabeni ekhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ayinalo igunya lokuzwa noma lokugumbuqela lesosinqumo uma nje sihlangana nemithetho ephansi kahulumeni. Ngakho, akukho okuvimbela inkantolo ukuba ithole ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wayo unikeza isivikelo esengeziwe kunoma imaphi amalungelo, kuhlanganise namalungelo abalulekile, uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abatholakala eMthethweni Wezomthetho-sisekelo noma ku-Rhovisi Wamalungelo.

Ezimweni eziningi kusukela ekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni konyaka ka-1980 izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zasebenzisa imithetho-mthetho yazo ukuze zinikeze isivikelo ezinhlolweni eziveza inkululeko ngaphandle kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Kwezinye izimo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zakhetha ukunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho yazo kunangaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Le ncazelo ezimele ivumela amazwe ukuba anikeze isivikelo esiqinile esivumelana nezidingo zawo eziqondile.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni ziqinisa igunya lazo lokuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo azimele ngaphandle komthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlukahlukaniseni kwezindawo ezingokomthetho ezisezindaweni ezithile, ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu ezindaweni ezithile kunabanye.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Nezibopho Ngaphansi Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukuxoxwa ngamalungelo ewavikelayo, imisa futhi imithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi. Lezizibopho zomphakathi zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni wezwe nasekulondolozweni kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukukhokha Intela

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni umisa uhlelo lwezimiso zentela kahulumeni kanye nesibopho sezakhamuzi sokukhokha izintela. La malungiselelo abonisa ukuthi intela ingakhokhwa ngezinhlobo zini, noma yiziphi imingcele ezilinganisweni zentela, kanye nezinqubo zokushintsha imithetho yentela. Umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhokha intela kahulumeni kanye nentela yendawo usekela izinkonzo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa imfundo, izisekelo zezakhiwo, ukuphepha komphakathi, nezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Inkonzo YaseJury

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji livikelwe ngomthetho-mthetho wezwe, futhi ngalelilungelo kuvela umsebenzi ohambelanayo wezakhamuzi ukuba zikhonze emajajini lapho zibizwa. Inkonzo kaJury iwumthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi oyisisekelo oqinisekisa isimiso sokwahlulela ngokuhlanganyela komphakathi nokuqondisa. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso imisa uhlelo lwamacala okwahlulela kokubili ezinkantolo zobugebengu nasezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi izakhamuzi zingadingeka ukuba zikhonze ezinkantolo zezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukunikela Nokuhlanganyela Ngokuzikhandla

Nakuba ukuvota kuyilungelo, imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni ikubeka futhi njengomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Impilo yokubusa kwentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kolwazi nokukhuthele ngokhetho. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo yombuso ihlanganisa amalungiselelo akhuthaza noma agunyaza ukuthatha iqhaza, njengesivikelo sokungasasebenzi ukuze uvote noma izimfuneko zemfundo yabavoti.

Imfundo

Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso omningi uhlanganisa amalungiselelo ahlobene nemfundo, ngokuvamile ewumisa njengonelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ifuna ukuba uhulumeni unikeze imfundo yomphakathi yamahhala, kuyilapho futhi umisa amathemba okuhlanganyela kokufundisa nokufeza. La malungiselelo abheka imfundo njengebalulekile kokubili emvuthwaneni yomuntu ngamunye nasekusebenzelani komphakathi wentando yeningi.

Inkonzo Yezempi

Umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni uvame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo ahlobene namabutho ezwe futhi kwezinye izimo, izibopho ezihlobene nenkonzo yezempi.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Encishiswa Ngayo

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uma kuqhathaniswa noMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ukuthi zingalungiswa kalula kangakanani. Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo ohlangene kakhulu, imibhalo kahulumeni esungulwe iye yashintshwa njalo kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Lokhu kushintsha kuvumela imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ukuba iphendule ngokushesha kakhulu ezidingweni nasezindinganisweni ezishintshayo zezenhlalo.

Izindlela Zokuchithwa

Umbuso ngamunye kodwa uDelaware ufuna ukuba abavoti bathathe i-rafyd i-trandective commonments ehlongozwayo ye-productives-"ishintshela kumthetho-siseko kazwelonke. Lemfuneko yokuvota iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo zokubusa kukahulumeni zisekelwa kakhulu.

Kunezindlela ezine zokulungisa okuhlongozwayo okuhlongozwayo ngomthetho - sisekelo okungahlongozwa futhi kufakwe kuzo izinombolo zevoti eziwuhluzo ezingokomthetho ezishiwo ngokusemthethweni; ngezinguquko ezimisiwe zomthetho - sisekelo ezibekwe phezu kwencwadi yokusayina (izifundazwe ezingu - 8 zivumela lendlela); ngemihlangano engokomthetho; futhi eFlorida, kunenqubo yokulungisa ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Ukubuyisela Imithetho

Iningi lalezi zifunda (36 kwezingu- 49) lifuna izishaya-mthetho ukuba zivume ukulungiswa phakathi nesimiso esisodwa somthetho. Izifunda ezine ezengeziwe zidinga ukuba kudluliswe izinguquko phakathi nesimiso esisodwa noma ezimbili ezilandelanayo, kuye ngokuthi i-mendice yamukela inqubo elula noma enkulu kakhulu. I-arhesmeral iyindlela evame kakhulu yokususa izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho.

Izakhamuzi Ezithatha Isinyathelo

Izifundazwe ezingu-18 zinenqubo yokulungisa ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho. Lezi zigodi ze-Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Mississippi, Mintano, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon ne South Dakota. Lenqubo eqondile yentando yeningi ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zishiye isishaya-mthetho-mthetho futhi ziveze izinguquko ngokuqondile.

Izinguquko zezakhamuzi ngokuvamile kumelwe zigunyazwe iningi labavoti ezifundazweni eziningi nangamavoti amakhulu kakhulu emazweni amaningana. Kodwa eNevada, ukunqanyulwa kwezakhamuzi kubhekene nesinye isithiyo — kumelwe zivunyelwe yiningi labavoti okhethweni olulandelanayo.

Imihlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amane nane zinemithetho eveza indlela umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngayo esifundazweni sazo. Kwezinye izifundazwe, isilinganiso sokuvota esicela abantu ukuba bavume noma bangavumi ukuba nomhlangano sibonakala ngokuzenzekelayo ebhodini lokuvota njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi noma engu-20. Kwezinye izizwe, isishaya-mthetho singathatha isinyathelo sokufaka umbuzo obuza abavoti ukuthi bathanda yini ukubiza umhlangano.

Imihlangano yoMbuso engokomthetho-sisekelo yake yabizwa njalo, kungaba ukuhlanganisa imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni yokuqalisa noma ukubuyisela, ukubukeza, noma ukwamukela ukushintshwa kwemithetho-mthetho ekhona. Kusukela ngo 1776 kuya ku 1986, ingqikithi yemihlangano engumthetho-sisekelo engu - 250 yaqhutshwa ezifundazweni ezingu-50. Nokho, umsebenzi womhlangano uye wehla emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Iziphendu Ezichithwe Ikhomishane

Umhlangano wamuva kakhulu womunye we-oday yeFlorida wenzeka ngo-2017-18, lapho iKhomishane ye-Constitution Reformation ifaka inani lezinguquko ku-2018 bolot. Abavoli bavuma ukuthi i-amending ngayinye kweziyisikhombisa yasala ku-oblot ngoSuku Lokhetho, konke ngemfuneko yamavoti amathathu athandwayo afunwayo ukuvumela iziphendu ze-Florida.

Izimfuneko Zokwamukelwa

Isango lokuvunyelwa komvoti ekushintsheni komthetho-mthetho lihlukahluka ngokwezwe. Izifundazwe ezine — iHawaii, iMinnesota, iTennessee, neWyoming zidinga ukushintshwa kweningi labavoti kulo lonke ukhetho; kulamazwe, abavoti abangafuni ukuvota ekuvotini ekunqandeni ukuvotelweni kokuvota ngokuyisisekelo bangabalwa njengokungavoti. Lomnyango ophezulu wenza ukuhlenga kube nzima ukudlula kulamazwe.

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga kuphela iningi lalabo abavotayo ekulungiseni imbala. Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga imvume enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iFlorida ifuna ukuba okungenani amaphesenti angu-60 abavoti adlulise iziphetho ezihlongozwayo.

Umsebenzi Wamuva Wesichibiyelo

Kusukela ngo-2006 kuya ku-2024, kwahlongozwa ingqikithi yezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezingu 1 244 futhi zabekwa phambi kwabavoti. Kulengqikithi, abavoti abangu-891 bahlongoza izinguquko ezizokwenziwa kuhulumeni. Lelizinga eliphakeme lokulungisa libonisa isimo esinamandla somthetho-sisekelo kazwe kanye nokusabela kwawo ekuxazululeni izinkathazo zomphakathi.

Ibhekene nezimpikiswano eziphuthumayo ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izindlu ezithengwayo, ne-LGBTQ+ + amalungelo, izishaya-mthetho zombuso kanye nezindawo zomphakathi zisebenzisa inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ukuze kuvumelaniswe nemithetho-mithetho engokomthetho namaqiniso anamuhla. Lokhu kungafani nenqubo enzima yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., yenza imithetho yezwe ikwazi ukusabela kakhulu ezidingweni zomphakathi eziphuthumayo.

Ilungelo Lokumiswa Njengelungelo Eliyisisekelo Lentando Yeningi

Ilungelo lokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni alinawo umthetho kahulumeni futhi kokubili ukwazisa nokukhanyisa isiko lombuso elihlukile. Lelilungelo limelela isici esiyingqayizivele somthetho - sisekelo wombuso obonisa ukuzinikela ebukhosini obuthandwayo.

Ngenxa yokuthi zizinikele ekubuseni okuthandwayo, imithetho - sisekelo yombuso iqukethe amalungelo amaningi entando yeningi − njengamalungelo okuqeda ukuhlukanisa okuvamile kukahulumeni. Amalungelo entando yeningi womabili ayimibuso ebusayo abantu abayigcinela yona ngokwabo namalungelo ngomqondo oyisisekelo wokuthi babekela imingcele esigabeni esivunyelwe sikahulumeni.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni isikisela ukuthi ukusebenzisa kweningi amandla ayo kungavikela, futhi hhayi nje kuphela ukusongela amalungelo amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni yamuva izinguquko ezithandwayo ziye zathuthukisa izithakazelo zabesifazane, abantu bemibala, abantu abangenawo umshuwalense, abantu ababoshelwe emacaleni obugebengu, futhi okungaphezulu ngokumelene nezishayamthetho zikahulumeni ezinenzondo.

Nokho, lezinguquko ezithandwayo ziye zabangela ukuphambana okukhulu okuvela ezindlu zombuso. Naphezu kokuqashelwa kabanzi kwezinsongo zemithetho kahulumeni ezisongela amalungelo anjengokukhipha isisu nokuvota, usongo lokulungisa okuthandwayo njengalokhu luye lwaqashelwa kakhulu, kodwa luye lwangabonwa kakhulu, futhi ngisho nalapho luthunyelwa ekufuneni amalungelo okuzala noma ekufuneni ukubulala.

IMithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Namalungelo AseFederal: Ubuhlobo

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni neminye imithetho kahulumeni inendima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni okhetho nasekugcwaliseni izikhala kumalungelo kahulumeni. AmaMelika futhi abheke kakhulu ekufuneni umthetho wezwe ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kahulumeni. Lobubuhlobo phakathi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buyashintsha.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi Nezindinganiso Ezincane Zesigaba

Umthetho-sisekelo ka-Claus owenziwe ngokuqashelwa we-Suprematic we-U.S. umisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme kakhulu kunomthetho kazwelonke uma kunempikiswano. Nokho, lokhu akuvimbeli imibuso ukuba inikeze isivikelo esikhulu kunalokho okufunwa nguMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso kumelwe uhlangabezane nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe ezibekwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ikhululekile ukudlula lezozindinganiso.

Izinqumo zenkantolo zingathinta amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Indlela enye isinqumo senkantolo esingenza ngayo lokhu kulapho inkantolo kahulumeni inquma ukuthi ukuguqulwa komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kungqubuzana nomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. futhi ngakho-ke kumelwe kususwe kumthetho-sisekelo walowo mbuso futhi kuthiwe awusasebenzi.

Izindlela Zokuphula Amalungelo Asezikhundleni ZoMbuso

Umthetho kazwelonke ubeka izithiyo ezinkulu ekutholeni umonakalo lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho womuntu. Zifuna ukugcwalisa leligebe, i-Illinois yadlula i-Illinois Bivens Act ngoDecember, yaba yizwe lesihlanu lokunikeza ikhambi lesizwe kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukusetshenziswa okusha kwegunya likahulumeni elingokomthetho ukuvikela amalungelo ngisho nalapho amakhambi kahulumeni engafanele.

Izinselele Nobunkimbinkimbi Bomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ubude Nemithala

Ukwanda kobude nokwenziwa kwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni kuveza izinselele zayo. Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. ofingqiwe, imithetho-mthetho eminingi yombuso iye yanqwabelana ngobungako ngenxa yamashumi eminyaka okulungiswa nezinhlelo zemithetho eziningiliziwe. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukuchaza nokuqondisa, kwakhe izimo ezidinga ukubukezwa njalo kokwahlulela.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseTexas, owamukelwa ngo-1876, ulungiswe izikhathi ezingu- 474. Umthetho-mthetho ka-Alabama unezinguquko ezingamakhulu, eziningi zazo zisebenza kuphela kubaqondisi abathile. Lelizinga lokwaziswa lingawenza umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ungabi naluzwela futhi kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuyiqonda.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Kunokwehlukahluka phakathi komthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ukubhalwa kwalokho okuvikelweyo kungase kungafani ngqo nomthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngoba ubhalwe ngendlela ehlukile. Kungachazwa njengokufanayo, kodwa akubhalwanga okufanayo, bese kuthi kubhalwe zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezinye izinto. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ziphila kusiphi isimo.

Ukuzichaza ngokuzimela

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni "Inyathelo" amalungiselelo azo okuvota angokomthetho wezwe ngesivikelo esincane iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ibekwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo se 14 se-Elvimence ye-Dineth Simente uClaus. Lendlela yokuhlaziya inciphisa ngokucacile ukunikezwa kwamalungelo okuvota emithethweni kahulumeni. Impikiswano yokuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni kufanele zichaze imithetho yazo ezimele noma zichaze ngencazelo kahulumeni iyaqhubeka imisa umthetho wemithetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Imibuzo Engokoqobo: Lokho Lokhu Okukushoyo Kuwe

Yazi Umthetho - sisekelo Wezwe Lakho

Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho kubalulekile ukuze wazi wonke amalungelo akho nemithwalo yemfanelo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni unikeza isivikelo esibalulekile, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho unganikeza amalungelo engeziwe noma ubeke imisebenzi ethile ethinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso itholakala obala kuyi-website kahulumeni noma ngama-sethi ombuso.

Hlanganyela Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Kuthi kuvumela ukuguqulwa kwezakhamuzi, izakhamuzi zinendlela eqondile yokufaka izinguquko kumthetho-sisekelo wazo. Ngisho nasezizweni ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezithatha isinyathelo kuqala, izakhamuzi zingasekela ukumiswa kwemithetho noma zihlanganyele emihlanganweni yomthetho-sisekelo lapho kwenzeka. Lokhu kuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekubusweni komthetho-mthetho kuyisici esiyingqayizivele somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Njengovikeli Bamalungelo

Uma amalungelo esongelwa, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza imithetho-sisekelo yesifundazwe zinganikeza isivikelo esibalulekile. Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphakamiso zomthetho - sisekelo zinganikeza isivikelo esiqinile kunalezo ezishiwo uhulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukulwela amalungelo akhe ngesimiso somthetho. Ama-Attorney ngokuqhubekayo abheka ukuveza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo njengemithombo ezimele yokuvikela amalungelo.

Thobela Imithwalo Yakho Yemfanelo

Imithwalo yemfanelo ebekwe kumthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni − ukukhokha izintela, ukukhokha izintela, ukuthatha inxaxheba okhethweni, ukuthatha iqhaza nje kuphela ezibophweni ezingokomthetho kodwa iqhaza elibalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi njengemithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho kunezimfuneko nje ezingokomthetho kungathuthukisa umuzwa onamandla wokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Izimo Zamanje EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ukuthembela Okwandayo Emithethweni Kahulumeni

Njengoba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisekela ukukhishwa kwezisu, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nezinye, imithetho - sisekelo yombuso ichaza amalungelo aso sonke isizwe.

Amalungelo Aqondile Nezibopho Eziqinile

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni unikeza amalungelo amaningi, futhi anwebe kakhulu kunawoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kuyilapho ubeka imingcele eyengeziwe ekwamukeleni amalungelo anjalo okuvikela ukuzibusa kwabo bonke. Bagcizelela kakhulu, futhi ngokucace ngokwengeziwe, ukuhle komphakathi kuyilapho bebopha umphakathi ukuba unakekele inhlalakahle yelungu ngalinye. Bafuna umsebenzi owengeziwe, futhi uvume ngokwengeziwe, kuhulumeni kuyilapho besungula futhi imishini eyengeziwe kuhulumeni ukuze babonise izinqumo ezicacile ezibanzi futhi bavuse ukusabela okuthandwayo.

Lokhu kugcizelela amalungelo aqondile — amalungelo adinga ukuthathwa isinyathelo sikahulumeni kunokuvinjelwa uhulumeni nje kuphela — kuhlukanisa imithetho - sisekelo eminingi yombuso eMthethweni - sisekelo kahulumeni futhi kubonisa umbono ohlukile wobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni.

Ubumthetho - sisekelo Wendawo Ezungezile

Ukufakwa kwamalungelo endawo ezungezile kumthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kumelela ukuthambekela okukhulayo. Ngalé kwesivikelo sendawo ezungezile esicacile seMontana, ezinye izifundazwe zicabangela noma zamukela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo asingatha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulondoloza imvelo, nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhathazeka komphakathi okwandayo ngezindaba zendawo ezungezile nokuqaphela ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo singadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ezungezile ihlala isikhathi eside.

Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nenhlalakahle Yomphakathi

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ulungisa ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo ezomnotho nezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Kusukela elungelweni likaMaine ukuya ekudleni kuya ekubuthweni kwe-Illinois, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni isetshenziselwa ukumisa amalungelo ezomnotho nawezenhlalo angenalutho ngokomthetho womthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqonda okukhulu ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuze umuntu achume futhi athathe idemokhrasi.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Wakho

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomthetho-sisekelo wabo wezwe, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni kahulumeni avame ukunikeza umbhalo ogcwele womthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngemibono echaza indlela amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene achazwa ngayo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe ye-Legislatures[ inikeza ukwaziswa okungalinganiyo mayelana namalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Izinhlangano zezomthetho zinikeza imithombo eyigugu. Imithetho-sisekelo kaJustia State database inikeza izinguqulo eziseshwayo zomthetho-sisekelo wonke okhona ongamashumi amahlanu. Imitapo yezincwadi yesikole nezinhlangano zomlando wezwe ngokuvamile ilondoloza iqoqo lezinto ezihlobene nomlando womthetho-sisekelo nencazelo.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo enqubweni yokulungisa, izinhlangano ezinjenge Ballotteia umzila ohlongozwayo ukulungiswa nezindlela zomkhondo ezinqamule zonke izifundazwe, zinikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ezayo ezovela kumabhola.

Izinhlangano zezindawo zikahulumeni zivame ukunikeza izinto ezifundisayo ngomthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe, futhi eziningi zinikeza izinhlelo eziqhubekayo zemfundo engokomthetho ngezihloko zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Le mithombo ingasiza kokubili ochwepheshe bezomthetho-mthetho nezakhamuzi ezithakazelayo ukuba baqonde kangcono uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo wombuso wabo.

Ikusasa Lamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Njengoba i - United States ihlola inkathi yokushintsha okusheshayo kwezenhlalo nezobuchwepheshe, ikhono lomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni lokuzivumelanisa nokunikeza isivikelo esinengqondo liyoba baluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. izimpikiswano ezihlanganisa ukunqwabelana njengezindaba eziyimfihlo zobuchwepheshe, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokungalingani kwezomnotho kuyobangela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni.

Inqubo yokulungisa iyosala ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho-sisekelo yombuso iyaqhubeka isebenza futhi isabela ezinkingeni zamanje. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezenzo zomthetho, ngezakhamuzi, noma ngemihlangano yesifundazwe ngasinye, abantu bombuso ngamunye bayoqhubeka behlela izincwadi zabo eziyisisekelo ezibusayo ukuze babonise izindinganiso zabo futhi babhekane nezidingo zabo.

Ukuqonda imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni akuphatheleni nokuqonda umthetho wezwe; kuqonde isimo esinhlobonhlobo sedemokrasi yaseMelika ngokwayo. Isimiso sikahulumeni sidala izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinhlangothi eziningi zokungenela kwentando yeningi. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso imelela isici esibalulekile salesimiso, ngokuvamile esinganakwa kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo ezakhamuzi kuyilapho umisa imithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi edingekayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Kunokuba kube ukulandisa nje koMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni imelela imithombo ezimele yokuvikela amalungelo evame ukudlula izindinganiso zikahulumeni nezimpikiswano ezingahlanganisiwe umthetho kahulumeni.

Kusuka emalungelweni okuvota acacile kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya emalungelweni ezomnotho, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza isivikelo esicebile esivumelana nezidingo eziqondile kanye nezindinganiso zezakhamuzi zikahulumeni ngamunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bamisa imithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile yomphakathi ($intela, inkonzo yamajaji, ukuthatha iqhaza) lokusekela izinhlangano zentando yeningi nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni.

Inqubo yokulungisa, efinyeleleka kakhulu kunohlobo lwawo oluhlangene, ivumela imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ukuba ishintshe futhi ithathe isinyathelo lapho izimo zishintsha. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela amazwe ukuba axazulule izinselele zamanje kusukela emalungelweni okuzala kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, kusukela emalungeni ezisebenzini kuya ekulondekeni kokudla.

Njengoba isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo wombuso wamazwe sibhekene nokungaqiniseki nokuvinjelwa kwezinye izingxenye, imithetho-mthetho yesifundazwe iye yaba ebaluleke kakhulu njengemithombo ezimele yesivikelo samalungelo. Ukuqonda lokho umthetho - sisekelo wezwe lakho okushoyo ngamalungelo akho nemithwalo yemfanelo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela, kodwa ulwazi olubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ngokugcwele nokusebenzisa amalungelo akhe njengesakhamuzi sombuso wakhe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usekela ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, ufuna ukulwela amalungelo akho enkantolo, noma uzama nje ukuqonda izibopho zakho zomphakathi, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe uyincwadi ebalulekile edinga ukunakwa nokuthembisana. Ngokufunda nokuhlanganyela ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho oyisisekelo wombuso uyaqhubeka uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, uthuthukisa izinhlangano ezivamile, futhi usekela imibuso yentando yeningi yezizukulwane ezizayo.