Ukulingana Njengenqaba Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nenkululeko

Umqondo wokulingana uhlanganiswe embonweni wamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko. Akuwona umqondo owodwa, oqinile kodwa yisimiso esinamandla esiye sachazwa, saphikiswana, futhi salwelwa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ngaphakathi, ukulingana kulomongo kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo afanayo, isivikelo, namathuba ngaphansi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici. Kodwa incazelo esebenzayo yokulingana (*) idinga ukuphatha noma ukulandisa okungokomlando okungavumelani nempikiswano ejulile. Lesi sihloko sihlola lokho ngempela okushiwo yilungelo lomphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi, ihlola izinselele zayo zomlando, izinselele zamanje, nokuqokomisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokulingana Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Umzabalazo wokulingana ngokomthetho e-United States uyindaba yentuthuko ehlangeneyo neyokuvumelana. Imibhalo esungulwayo yalelizwe yamemezela ukuthi “wonke amadoda adalwe elingana,” kodwa lesosithembiso saphikwa kubantu abagqilazwayo, abesifazane, abomdabu baseMelika, kanye nabanye amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Iqoqo lomlando wamalungelo omphakathi lichazwa ngezinhlangano ezifuna umthetho uphile ngokuvumelana namazwi awo.

Inhlangano Yenkolo Yokungabudingi Ubuzwe Nokuphela Kobugqila

Inselele yokuqala enkulu ekungalinganiseni kweMelika kwakuyimpi yokuqeda izikhali, eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba eMpini yomphakathi nasekudluleni kweSichibiyelo se-13 ngo-1865, iqeda ubugqila. Nokho, inkululeko iyodwa ayizange inikeze ukulingana. IsiHluleli sekhulu leminyaka se-Experity Protection Claus, esithi akukho zwe “lizokwehlela kunoma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwemingcele yayo isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho. [FLT: FT] [3], futhi iNkakhulu leminyaka kumele isithembiso sayo sancishwa i-Calgnome. [126] [4] Imithetho elinganayo.[5]

Izinhlangano Zabesifazane Zabesifazane Nezakuqala Zokulwela Abesifazane

Ngokufana nomzabalazo wokulingana kwezinhlanga kwakuwukulwela ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Umzabalazo wabesifazane, owafinyelela umvuthwandaba eSichibiyelweni sekhulu le-1919 (1920), wathola ilungelo labesifazane lokuvota. Kodwa ukulingana okungokomthetho kwahlala kunzima. Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, abesifazane babhekana nemithetho ehlukanisayo emsebenzini, emshadweni, nemfundo. I-Act ka-1963 ne-STIOI ye-Orvivili Rights Act ka-1944 (ukuveza ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ebulilini) izinyathelo eziphawulekayo, kodwa i-Actal Act i-Reformation Reformation (ERA) ayiphumelelangathembekile yamaLungelo (ERA) igcizelela indlela ephikisana ngayo nomthetho wokulingana ngokuphelele ubulili.

Inhlangano Yanamuhla Yamalungelo Abantu Nemithetho Ewohlokile

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka labhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu ezingokomthetho. ICivil Rights Act ka-1944 iwumthetho obalulekile owenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yesizwe ezindaweni zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nezinhlelo ezigunyazwe uhulumeni. Ukungavumelani namalungelo [Izimvume] zika-1965] [[FLT:] uMthetho we-195] wokuvala imingcele yokuvotela amaMelika nge-Afrika. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ISiphaka sangaphakathi] Imithetho esemthethweni ye-1968 [[5] inqabela abantu abakhubazekile, inqabela ukucwa kwezinkonzo zomphakathi wonke. Imithetho evimbela ukulingana nalenze izivumelwano ezingokomthetho zomthetho ezingokomthetho zomthetho. [FT.][FLT] [F] [5] [5]

Ukulingana Okungalingani

Umehluko obucayi enkulumweni yamalungelo omphakathi uphakathi kokulingana kanye [[FTLT:2]] nokulingana okungalinganiyo okungalawulekiyo [. Ukulingana okungokohlobo lufuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu abadinga ukubhekana nezimo ezifanayo. Lendlela, esekelwa ngemithetho engabonakali yemibala engabonakali noma engakhethi, inqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelweyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqaphela ukuthi ukulingana kwempatho efanayo kungathuthukisa ukungalingani uma amaqembu enezici eziqala noma abhekene nezimo ezingokomlando. Ibuza ukuthi imiphumela ilungile ngempela, hhayi ukuthi imithetho engokobuso obungathathiwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenqabela noma yisiphi isenzo sokucabangela uhlanga emakholijini angeniswe emakholijini (ukulingana) ungase ubonakale ulungile. Kodwa uma iqembu liye lakhishwa ngokwesimiso emfundweni esezingeni eliphezulu izizukulwane, lingawunaki lowomlando ongase unganyakazi olunentengiselwano. Lenkulumo isekela izimpikiswano zamanje [ ezisekelwe ekuvumeni kohlanga oluqinile[[. Izimfashini ze-factorss Pictorusers v. Harvard[FLT] [2002] [200], iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto evuma izinhlanga-ofuze, igcizelela ukulingana okungokomthetho. Abagxeki beveza ukuthi lesi sinqumo silula ukulingana ngokungalingani okungapheli ngokwezinhlanga ngokwethuba lokufundisa.

Izimpi Eziyinhloko Ezingokomthetho Ziqeda Ukulingana

Amacala amaningana avelele aseNkantolo Ephakeme abonisa indlela okuye kwavela ngayo incazelo yokulingana:

  • [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Ijike kakhulu [ Pnetic v. Ferguson[, ibusa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungalingani ngokwemvelo. Lesinqumo sasungula ukuthi izakhiwo ezihlukene azinakulingana, siphawula inguquko ekulinganiseni okungaphansi kwemfundo.
  • [FLT] i- Virginia (1967): Inqabe imithetho evimbela ukushada kwezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyisisekelo nokuthi izinhlanga kumelwe zihlolwe ngokucubungula okukhulu.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015): iqaphela umshado ongathi shwá nomthetho-mfakela njengelungelo lomthetho-mthethweni ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se 14 se-GBTQ+ imibhangqwana.
  • [FLT] Selby County v. Hoker (2013): iphelelwe ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Voting Rights Act, iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhucululwa kwesivikelo sokuvota kanye nokungangeni kwamalungelo okuvota amancane.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukulingana akuyona indawo emisiwe kodwa imingcele ephikiswayo engokomthetho.

Imingcele Yangesikhathi Esizayo Yokulingana

Namuhla, ukulwela ukulingana kuhlanganisa inqwaba yezimpawu nezindaba. Isihloko sokuqala sithinta amalungelo e-LGBTQ, ubulungisa bemvelo, namalungelo abomdabu. Singanweba esinye nesibonelo esiqinile kanye nokubaluleka kwamanje.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nempi Yokwelapha Okulinganayo

I-LGBTQ+ inhlangano ifinyelele ukunqoba okuphawulekayo okungokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokulingana komshado kanye nesivikelo ekucwaseni ngemisebenzi ngaphansi kubock v. Clayton County [20], eyachaza ukuvinjelwa kweSihloko VII socansi ukuze kuphele ukubheka ubulili obubodwa nobuhlobo bobulili obuhlukile nobunobulili. Nokho, imithetho yombuso ehlasela ukudlulisa kwentsha esemthethweni ezindaweni zezemidlalo, ukufinyelela ekunakekeleni ubulili, nokusebenzisa indlu yangasese, ukuveza ukuthi ukulingana kulokhu kuphikisana okukhulu. Umbango phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nenkululeko ye-LBTQQ iyaqhubeka iveza ukucwasana nenkambiso.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nohlanga

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuhlangene namalungelo omphakathi ngendlela ejulile. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wadalula umehluko omkhulu ekutholeni inzuzo yezempilo, ukulondeka kweholo, nokufa ezingeni lobuhlanga nesigaba. Umphakathi ubhebhethekisa uBude Bemisty Intonk[ Ilungu elibuswa ukunaka kwesizwe ngonya lwamaphoyisa nobuhlanga, okuholela ekubizeni inguquko, ukuncitshiswa, ukuncishwa kwemithetho enjenge-George Flod Justicement ePolicial Act, izinguquko zendawo ziye zavela. Igebe engapheliyo phakathi kwemikhaya emhlophe ne-Black ne-Spanian izakhiwo ihlala isesilinganisweni esiphezulu kakhulu sendlela umphakathi oziphethe ngayo, ukulingana, nokuphela kwemithetho enjenge-George Flonyd Justice Act ephethe ePolice in Congrescrac, izinguquko zendawo. Igest ekhona igest ezindaweni ezikhona igeengile phakathi kwezindawo ezikhona phakathi kwezindawo ezimhlophe neyo.

Amalungelo Okuwohloka Nokutholakala Kwawo

Naphezu kwe-ADA, abantu abakhubazekile basabhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu emsebenzini, ekuthuthweni, nasezobuchwepheshe. Ukwanda kwecala lokuthola imvume ngemishini ngaphansi kwe-ADA kuqokomisa ukuthi ukulingana manje kudlulela nakulelizwe elibonayo. i-#Crip TheVote inhlangano kanye nokungagunyazi komphakathi okhubazekile kugcizelela ukuthi ukufinyelela nendawo yokuhlala kuyizingxenye ezidingekile zezakhamuzi ezifanayo.

Ubukhosi Bomdabu Namalungelo Ombuso

Izizwe zamaMelika Omdabu ziyaqhubeka zilwela ukuqashelwa kobukhosi bazo, amalungelo ezwe, kanye nokulondolozwa kwamasiko. I-Dakota Rock i-Access Pirline (206-2017) iletha ukwahlulela okusizungezile namalungelo esizwe embulungeni yonke. I-Indian ChildWelfarel Act (ICWA), isekelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 2023 (] [I-Halaland v. Brackeen, ivikela abantwana bomdabuzwe nezizwe ekuphoqelelekeni i-aciation. Lemistrial Actives. Le mizabala iqokomisa ukuthi ukulingana kwabantu bomdabu ngokuvamile kudinga inhlonipho engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe, hhayi nje kuphela ukungahlangani kwe-omdabu.

Ukungalingani: Ukuqonda Ngokungaphezu Kokushaya Ihlombe Ngokulinganayo

Isihloko sokuqala siphawule ukuhlangana kwemibango, kodwa singaqinisa ukuhlola kwayo. Uma sihlanganiswa isazi sezomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, ukuhlangana kuchaza indlela abantu ababhekana ngayo nobandlululo olukhudlwana lapho besemaqenjini amaningi ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane omnyama, angase abhekane nobandlululo olungesona nje kuphela ukobulili obubodwa noma ubandlululo, kodwa ingxube ekhethekile. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zazama ukuqaphela ukuhlangana, njengoba izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zivame ukuphatha izigaba ezinjengohlanga nobulili njengezehlukaniso. Lokhu kungashiya abantu ngaphandle kwekhambi. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane omnyama oxoxhunyuswayo ngenxa yokugqoka izinwele zemvelo angase angavikelwa ngaphansi kwesihloko VII kuphela uma imibono yenkantolo imbono yokulungisa isikhumba njengendlela yokulungisa noma ubulili. Imizamo enjengeye-FLGBR:[1] [FFFF]

Ukusebenzisa ilens yokuvula izinqamulo kubalulekile ekuklameni izimiso ezikhuthaza ngempela ukulingana. Imisebenzi, izikole, nezikhungo zikahulumeni kumelwe zicabangele indlela ukusebenzelana kwezindinganiso okuhlukile ukuze kubangele imingcele eyingqayizivele. Ukuqaphela ukuhlangana kwamaqembu kuthuthukisa futhi ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano, njengoba izinselele iqembu elithile elibhekana nazo ngokuvamile ziveza izimiso ezibanzi zokucindezelwa.

Indima Yemfundo Ekulinganiseni

Imfundo iyimoto yokulingana futhi iyindawo yokungalingani. Izikole zingahlomisela abafundi ulwazi lokubekela inselele ukwahlulela ngokungabi nabulungisa inselele, kodwa zingaveza futhi imibuso elandelanayo. Isihloko sokuqala saphawula ukuhluka kwemali nokungalingani kwamalungu.

Ithuba Lemfundo Elilinganayo

Ingqopha - mlando San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) yaphikisa ngokuthi akukho lungelo lomthetho-mthetho wombuso lokuxhasa imali efanayo nemfundo. Lokho kusho ukuthi izindawo ezicebile zinikeza imithombo engcono kakhulu kunezendlala ezimpofu [1] Izinhlangothi ezivumelana ngokuqinile nohlanga. Imizamo enjengenguquko yezezimali zesikole ezindaweni ezinjenge New York kanye [FLT:] ne Kalinia ku-( ka-10] ka-19]

Inqubo Engokwesiko Engokwesiko

Lokho abafundi abakufundayo kuguqula ukuqonda kwabo ukulingana. I-Curricula ehlanganisa abantu abangokomlando abahlukene, imibono, nokuhlaziywa okugxekayo kokungabi nabulungisa kwezimiso kunganika abafundi amandla. Nokho, izimpikiswano zamuva zezombangazwe mayelana “nenkolelo yezinhlanga” kanye nemfundiso ye-LGBTQ + yezihloko ziye zaholela ekucubungulweni kwemithetho eqinile kwezinye izizwe. Lezimpikiswano zigcizelela ukuthi imfundo ihlala iyindawo yempi yokuchaza ukuthi iziphi izinganiso nokuthi zilandisani.

Ukuthola Imfundo Ephakeme Nesenzo Esiqinisayo

Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme engu-2023 sokuqeda ukuvuma kohlanga okunganakile siye saphoqelela amakolishi ukuba athole ezinye izindlela zokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo, njengokukhetha kwezenhlalo noma ukuqashwa okukhuliswe. Imiphumela emide ekwalinganani kwezinhlanga ezimisweni eziphezulu isazobonakala. Okwamanje, isikweleti sabafundi esinemithwalo emnyama nemali ephansi ebolekiweyo, sinciphisa ukunyakaza kwabo kwezomnotho. Izicelo zamakholeji ezikhululekile nezinhlelo zokuthethelela zidingiswa njengamathuluzi okulingana kwezomnotho.

Izinselele Zokufinyelela Ukulingana Namuhla

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka entuthuko, izithiyo eziningana zivimbela ukubonakala kokulingana:

  • Umbuso wobulungu owenziwe ngokuguqulwa: Ukunyuka kwezinhlangano eziphambili nobugebengu benzondo kusongela inzuzo enzima. Imithetho yokunqanda i Voter, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlasela imiphakathi emincane, iye yanda kusukela ekukhetheni ko-2020.
  • Jodicial Retrenchment: INkantolo ethatha indinganiso ephambili iye yanciphisa isenzo sokuvumela, yenza buthaka uMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu, kanye nokukhulula okukhulisiwe okungokwenkolo okungalulaza ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko. Lolu shintsho lubonisa indlela engokomthetho yokulingana evame ukushaya indiva izithiyo zezimiso.
  • Izentengiselwano ne-Dalgalic Bias: Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa okusetshenziswa ekuqasheni, ekukhokheleni amaphoyisa, nasekufakeni isikweleti kungaphindaphinde futhi kukhulise ubandlululo lwabantu. Ngaphandle komthetho, ubuchwepheshe bungaqinisa ukungalingani ngezindlela ezifiphele nezinzima ukubekela inselele.
  • I-Platical Polantiation: Umqondo wokulingana ngokwawo uye waba yisici. Izimpikiswano ngombono wezinhlanga ogxekayo, amalungelo ohlobo oluhlukile, nenqubo yezenhlalakahle ihluka kakhulu, yenza ukuvumelana kwe-bipartisan emthethweni wamalungelo abantu kube yivela kancane kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Olungahlosiwe Lokulingana

Ukulingana ngokomongo wamalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko akusona isimo sokugcina kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokuvuselelwa nokulwa. Isizukulwane ngasinye sizuza intuthuko yalabo abandulele futhi sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha. Ukulingana okungokomthetho okuye kwatholwa ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka kwakudingekile kodwa akwanele. Ukufinyelela ukulingana okungalingani okungaphelele − lapho imiphumela namathuba kuboniswa khona ngobuqotho kulungile − [1] Ukusungula inqubo eqhubekayo, nokuzimisela ukubhekana namaqiniso angezwakali kahle ngezimiso.

Ukulwela ukulingana akugcini ezinkantolo noma ezindlini zomthetho. Kuyenzeka ezikoleni, emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomsebenzi, nasemakhaya. Kufuna ukuba ngamunye wethu ahlole ubandlululo lwakhe, alalele labo ababhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile kokwethu, futhi asebenze ngokubambisana nokwehlukile. Incazelo yokulingana iyaqhubeka ivela, kodwa isithembiso sayo esiyisisekelo siyaqhubeka: ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungubani, ufanelwe ukuphila ngesithunzi, inkululeko, nokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola amaphepha ezwe eZinqolobane ze-'FLT' [, umsebenzi wokwahlulela kohlanga [, kanye nocaciso lwesihloko se-EOC [[FLT:]