ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isisekelo Samalungelo AseMelika

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo singenye yezithasiselo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisemthebeni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, ngokuyisisekelo sibuyisela ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni, izifunda, nezakhamuzi ngabanye. Siqiniswa ngoJuly 9, 1868, ngemva kweMpi Yombango, lesi siphendu saklanyelwa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu abasanda kukhululwa ngezigqila nezimiso eziqinile zokulingana nobulungisa ebhukwini lokusungula lesizwe. Namuhla, ukuqonda iSiphendulo seshumi elinesine akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo; sinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ngesivikelo esingokomthetho, amalungelo okuvota, kanye nezimiso zomthetho ezibusa ukuphila komphakathi waseMelika.

Phambi kwesinqumo seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, uMthetho-sisekelo awuzange unikeze incazelo ecacile yobuhlalo, ushiye amazwe ukuba anqume ukuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuba isakhamuzi. Lokhu kungaqondakali kwavunyelwa i-Dred Scott v. Sandford [[FLT] ka-1857], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela khona ukuthi ama-Afrika angeke abe yizakhamuzi. ISichibiyelo se-14 seSichithiwe sanquma futhi samisa indinganiso efanayo yesizwe esesaqhubeka namuhla. Amalungiselelo ayo aye akhonjiwe ezimpini eziningi ezingokomthetho ngenxa yamalungelo omphakathi, ukuvota, ukufinyelela, kanye nokuphatha okulingana ngaphansi komthetho.

Kuvoti, isiqinisekiso sokulungisa inqubo efanele, isivikelo esilinganayo, nokulunga okuyisisekelo akuyona imiqondo eyize. Bakha umgogodla ongokomthetho wemithetho yokubekela inselele imithetho yokuvota yobandlululo, ukuqinisekisa ukumelelwa kobulungisa, nokuvikela ubuqotho benqubo yokhetho. Lo mqondisi okhulisiwe uzohamba ngelungiselelo ngalinye elikhulu, achaze ukuthi ukulungisa kusebenza kanjani ekuvoteni nasesabelweni sesizwe, futhi anikeze ulwazi olusebenzayo ngokusebenzisa amalungelo akho ebhokisini le-colota.

Umlando Nokuqoshwa Kwawo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sazalwa ekuvuselweni kabusha ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Phakathi kuka-1865 no-1866, iMithetho eseNingizimu yamisa "Imithetho Emnyama" eyayiwavimbela kakhulu amalungelo abantu baseAfrika, yadala ngokuphumelelayo isimiso sokunqanda ngokomthetho naphezu kokuqedwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu. Umbuso wasabela ngokudlulisa i-Civil Rights Act of Partic of 1866, eyathi bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States (ngaphandle kwamaMelika Omda) babeyizakhamuzi futhi benelungelo elilinganayo. Nokho, ukhathazekile ngokuthi lo mthetho ungaphinde uphendulwe noma uhlaselwe ekubuyiseni iSichibiyeli se-Gramende ye-14565 ukuze uthathe lezi sivikelo unomhlala eMthethweni.

Inguquko yahlongozwa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu ngoJune 1866 no-gundane yaqedwa ngoJuly 1868. Okubalulekile, iSishaya-mthetho safuna ukuba izifunda zaseNingizimu zilungise i-software njengesimo sokuyivumela ukuba iphinde ifunde kuyi-Union, iyenze ibe insika eyinhloko yezinhlelo zokulungisa. I-mendement inezingxenye ezinhlanu, ngayinye ikhuluma ngezici ezihlukene zezakhamuzi, ukumelelwa, nokubusa.

Ukuqonda lomongo ongokomlando wendaba ngenxa yokuthi ulimi lwenguquko lwalubanzi ngamabomu futhi lubheke phambili. Abahleli babehlose ukwakha isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo esingazivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo futhi silungise ukungalungi okuzayo, hhayi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisheshayo ze-construction. Lokhu kuvumelana kuye kwavumela iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine seMinyaka nesihlanu ukuba sihlale sibalulekile iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150, sisebenza njengesisekelo semithetho engokonaka ehlukanisayo esikoleni, ukulingana komshado, namalungelo okuvota.

Ingxenye 1: Ukuba isakhamuzi, Inqubo Efanele, Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Ingxenye 1 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane inezigaba ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni - sisekelo waseMelika: iSikhundla sikaClaus, iSimemezelo sikaClaus, neSimemezelo sikaClaus. Zizonke, zimisa indawo yamalungelo azimele angaphulwa hulumeni.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi

I-sacity Claus inikeza: " Bonke abantu abazalwa noma abakhile e-United States, futhi abangaphansi kwegunya labo, bayizakhamuzi zase-United States naseHulumeni lapho behlala khona. Olulimi lumise ubulwelo besizwe njengelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo, okusho ukuthi noma ubani ozalwe eMelika ngokuzenzekelayo uba yi-U.S. kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-smongx yabazali babo. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi soli , siyisici esivumelanayo somthetho waseMelika kusukela ekutholeni i-andmentmentation, nakuba ngezikhathi ezithile beye yabekwa impikiswano yezombangazwe.

I-gamethi lase- lalahla isinqumo [i-Dred Scott futhi laqinisekisa ukuthi ama-Afrikaan, kanye namanye amaqembu, ngeke anqatshwe ukuba abe yizakhamuzi ezisekelwe ohlangeni noma ebuzweni. Yacacisa futhi ukuthi ukuba izakhamuzi ezisezingeni likahulumeni zisuka esabelweni sombuso, ivimbela amazwe ukuba adale izabelo zawo siqu ukuze akhiphe amaqembu athile.

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile

I-Gast Process Claus ithi akukho simo esizokhipha noma imuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lomusho uchazwe iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze uhlanganise izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zesivikelo: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo efanelekile yokuhlela idinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta abantu ngabanye zilandele izinqubo ezilungile, kuhlanganise nesaziso, ithuba lokuzwiwa, noMenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Emkhankasweni wokuvota, lokhu kusho ukuthi abavoti abanakususa abavoti eziqephini zokubhalisa ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekile nethuba lokuncintisana nokususwa. Kudinga futhi ukuba ukhetho lulandele imithetho nezimiso ezimisiwe.

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho noma kulandelwa izinqubo ezilungile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo efanelekile encikelweyo ukuvikela amalungelo anjengokuvota, umshado, ukuzimela, nokuzimela komzimba. Nakuba inkulumo ethi "inqubo efanelekile yokuzikhethela" iye yaphikiswana, ukusebenza kwayo kumalungelo okuvota kuye kwasekelwa njalo.

Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

I-Unicial Protection Claus iyayala ukuba kungabikho mbuso ozowunikeza kunoma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. Lena mhlawumbe iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokubekela imithetho nemikhuba yokulahla amacala. Isigqebhezana sifuna ukuba abantu abasendaweni efanayo baphathwe ngendlela efanayo nguhulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esinamandla sokuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile.

Emqoka wamalungelo okuvota, i-Compate Protection Claus isetshenziselwa ukubekela imithetho ehlukanisayo ngesisekelo sohlanga, ubulili, ingcebo, noma ezinye izigaba. Ngokwesibonelo, Bush v. Gore [2000], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza isivikelo esifanayo sokunqanda ukulandisa kweFlorida, ukuthola ukuthi izindinganiso ezihlukene ezikwemibalwayo zezephula imfuneko yokwelashwa okubumbene. Muva nje, izimpikiswano ezilinganayo ziye zaphakanyiswa emithethweni ye-omgate, i-gerryderman, nemingcele yokuvota.

Izinga lokuhlola umthetho otholakalayo lixhomeke ekwakhekeni kwawo. Imithetho ekhethayo esekelwe ngokohlanga noma ubuzwe ithola "ukuhlolwa kwezindawo," indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu, edinga uhulumeni ukubonisa isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe nezindlela ezicushiwe. Imithetho esekelwe kwezinye izici ingathola ukubukezwa okuphakathi noma okunengqondo, okwenza ukuba isivikelo esilinganayo sibe nzima kakhulu ukuzibonakalisa kodwa singenzeka.

Isiqephu 2: Ukumelela nokukhipha imvume yamalungelo

Isiqephu 2 sikhuluma ngobuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo okuvota nokumelelwa kwe-cornication. Sinikeza ukuthi uma umbuso uphika noma uvimbele ilungelo lokuvotela izakhamuzi zabesilisa ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21 (imfuneko yobudala ngalesosikhathi), lokho kumelelwa kukahulumeni eNdlu yabameleli kuzakuncitshiswa ngokwesilinganiso. Nakuba lelilungiselelo lingakaze liphoqelelwe, liveza injongo yabadwebi be-framens ukuhlobela ngokuqondile i-franchise.

Lengxenye yathathelwa indawo ngokuphumelelayo ukulungisa kamuva, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (iSiphakamiso sokuvota esisekelwe ezinhlangani), iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba (ukuveza ukucwaswa kocalulo olusekelwe ebulilini), iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili namabili (intela yokuvota esemthethweni), kanye neSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amahlanu (ihlanganisa iminyaka yokuvota kuya ku-18. Nokho, isigaba 2 sinokubaluleka okungokomfanekiso njengokuqashelwa kokuqala komthetho ukuthi ukuvota kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo elihlangene nokumelela.

Ukwehluleka ukuphoqelela isiqephu sesibili kuye kwagxekwa izazi eziphikisa ngokuthi kwakungaba yisithiyo esinamandla ekunqandeni ukucindezelwa kwabavoti. Uma amazwe ayebhekene nesijeziso esingokoqobo ngokuncishiswa kwesigwebo sokulahla abavoti abahlukumezi, ngabe abengeke bamukele imithetho yokuvota eqinile. Abanye abahlaziyi banamuhla baye basikisela ukuvuselela noma ukuguqula isigaba 2 ukusingatha izinselele zokuvota zamanje.

Ingxenye 3: Ukungavumelani Nokukhishwa Kwezigwegwe

Ingxenye 3 yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane inikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu oye wafunga ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo futhi kamuva wahlanganyela ekuvukeleni noma ekuvukeleni i-United States angase athole isikhundla somphakathi noma sezempi. Leli lungiselelo ekuqaleni laliqondiswe kubantu ababengamalungu omthetho abafunga ukuthi bathembekile kuMthetho - sisekelo ngaphambi kokuba bahlanganyele ekuvukeleni i-United States.

Ingxenye 3 ithole ukunakwa okuvuselelwe eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yemibuzo engokomthetho ephathelene nokufaneleka kwesikhundla ngemva kuka-January 6, 2021, ukuhlasela kwe-Capitol. Ezinye izazi zomthetho namaqembu okuphatha i-U.S. ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi Isigaba 3 sabahluli abathatha igalelo lokuhlanganyela noma abasekela imizamo yokugumbuqela ukhetho lwama-2020. Lezimpikiswano ziye zaholela emacala enkantolo ezifundazweni eziningi, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme isanikeza isiqondiso esiqinisekile ngendlela i-Ronda 3 esebenza ngayo emongweni yanamuhla.

Kubo abavota, iSigaba 3 siphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngezimfanelo ezidingekayo ezidinga ukubhapathizwa nenqubo yokufuna ukuzuza okunzima.

Ingxenye 4: Isikweletu Somphakathi

Ingxenye 4 iqinisekisa isikweletu somphakathi se-United States futhi inqabela uhulumeni noma izifundazwe ukuba zikhokhe izikweletu ezabangelwa ukusekela ukuvukela noma ukuhlanganisa ababengabaphathi bezigqila ngenxa yokulahlekelwa abantu abagqilaziwe. Lengxenye yaqinisekisa ukuthi isikweleti soMbuso we-Union eMpini yoMbuso siyokwehliswa uma izikweletu ze-Confective zingakhokhwa.

Nakuba kungenalusizo oluqondile emalungelweni okuvota, iSigamu 4 siye sacashunwa ezimpikiswaneni ezimayelana nesimiso sophahla lwezikweletu nomthetho. Ngo-2023, ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho zaphikisa ngokuthi i-Cear 4 ingadlula imingcele yezikweletu ezingokomthetho, nakuba lencazelo ingakahlolwa enkantolo. Kuvoti, iSigaba 4 sokuqonda sinikeza umongo wempikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nomthwalo wemfanelo wemali nezibophophoso ngokomthetho.

Isiqephu 5: Amandla okuphoqelela

Ingxenye 5 inikeza iSishaya - mthetho amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo eSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngomthetho ofanelekile. Lamandla okuqinisekisa aye asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa imithetho ephawula amalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise noMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, kanye ne-Fair Howard Act ka-1968.

Isigaba sesiqephu 5 siye salawulwa yincazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme. iDolobha lase Boerne v. Flores (1997), iNkantolo yathi ukugcinwa kwemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho kulinganiselwe ekuvimbeleni noma ekulungiseni ukuphulwa komthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ukubuyiselwa kwemikhakha yamalungelo ngokwawo ngokwawo. [Muva nje], Shelby County v. Raker, iNkantolo yashaya phansi indlela yokukhomba eyayisetshenziswa ekunqumeni ukuthi imibandela yayibhekene izimfuneko ezibekwa phambili ngaphansi kwe-Voctic Rights Act, ilinganisela ukusebenza kwengxenye ye-5 ye-octoption.

Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, iSigaxa 5 siseyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela amalungelo okuvota. I-John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, ehlongozwa eziqephisweni eziningi ze-Congress, ingavuselela indlela yokulungisa kusengaphambili yokusabela e-Solby County[[[FLT: 1] isinqumo. Amavoter kufanele aqonde ukuthi isenzo somthetho ngaphansi kwesigaba 5 singenye yezindlela eziyinhloko isithembiso seSichibiyelo seGajimende se-14 se-Genethi esihunyulwayo esihunyushelwa ngazo ezivisweni ezisebenzayo.

Ithonya Lokuqamba Amalungelo: Ukubukeka Okujulile

Imiphumela yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane kumalungelo okuvota iye yaba mikhulu futhi yahlukahluka-hlukene. Nakuba ukulungisa kungaliniki lungelo lokuvota, iSivikelo sayo esilinganayo ne-'Uhlelo lwe-'Uhlelo luka-Claus's' iyisisekelo sezinqumo eziningi zenkantolo ezivikela ukuvota.

Ukuhlolwa Okuqinile Kwemithetho Evimbelayo

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukuvota kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe yi-Olincial Protection Claus. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umthetho ovimbela ukuvota kumelwe ugcwalise isithakazelo esiqinile: uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo. Ngokwenqubo, lendinganiso ikwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amazwe athethelele imingcele yokuvota ethinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abambalwa noma athwese umthwalo welungelo lokuvota.

Nokho, iNkantolo iye yasekela futhi imingcele ethile yokuvota, njengemithetho ye-ID, lapho ibhekwa njengenzima kakhulu futhi isekelwa izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni njengokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa. Umbuzo oyinhloko kulamacala ngokuvamile ukuthi umthwalo wabavoti udlula ukulunga kukahulumeni, ukwenza ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo okungaveza imiphumela eguquguqukayo.

Imithetho Eyinselele Yokukhipha Ubandlululo

Izehlulelo namaqembu okungagunyazi aye asebenzisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nane (1962) ukubekela inselele izindlela eziningi zokuvota zobandlululo, kuhlanganise nentela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukuvota, nokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala. Icala lengqoko yesifunda Babaker v. Carr (1962) lisungule ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingazizwa izinselele zokwabelana ngemithetho ngaphansi kweSivikeli somthetho, kuholele ku-"umuntu oyedwa, ivoti" ku-[FLT:] Reynolds v. S[FLT:] [FLT] [3] [1964]]]).

Muva nje, izimpikiswano zesivikelo ezifanayo ziye zaba yimqoka ekubekeni inselele ngokumelene nokuhlasela kwabashokobezi, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azikwazi ukuzwa ukusho okunjalo, ishiyela udaba ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nakumaqembu ezindlu zomthetho. Icala lama 2019 Rucolo v. IMbango evamile yanquma ukuthi ukunqatshelwa kwezombangazwe kunikeza umbuzo ongenakufinyelelwa yizinkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisengasebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo siqu.

Ukuhlangana Nomthetho Wamalungelo Okusiza Abanye

IVoing Rights Act ka-1965, ebekwe ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane neSichibiyelo sesibili seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu, iseyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu likahulumeni lokuvikela amalungelo okuvota. UMthetho wenqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, udinga imibuso ethile ukuze ithole imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota (ngaphambi kokuvota), futhi unikeza izingqapheli zikahulumeni ezindaweni zokuvota.

Ngemva kwesinqumo iShelby County saqeda inqubo yangaphambi kokuba icace, isho ukuthi ngaphambili yamisa imingcele yokuvota, kuhlanganise nemithetho ye-ID eqinile, yanciphisa inkathi yokuvota yasekuqaleni, futhi yasusa ukukhishwa kwemiqulu yamavoti. Le miphumela iye yabangela ukugcizelelwa okusha kokubekwa kweSichibiyelo se 1450 njengendlela yokubekela imithetho enjalo inselele ezisekelweni ezilinganayo zokuvikela.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kwabavolontiya

Ukuqonda isivikelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nane kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Abaqondisi kumelwe bazi futhi indlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo nokuthi yini abangayenza uma bebhekana nezinkinga.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

  • Unelungelo lokuvota ukukhululeka ekucwaseni. Akukho zwe noma uhulumeni wezwe ongakuphika ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ohlazweni, ezweni, noma ebulilini. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uye wacwaswa, ungafaka isikhalo kuMnyango Wezobulungisa noma kumalungelo omphakathi.
  • Unelungelo lenqubo efanele kubaphathi bokhetho. Uma ukubhalisa kwakho kuphikiswana noma ususwa erolini, kumelwe uthole isaziso nethuba lokuncintisana nesenzo. Futhi unelungelo lokufaka i-collet uma ubumnandi bakho bungaqondakali.
  • Unelungelo lokwelashwa okulinganayo. Izinqubo zokuvota, kuhlanganise nendawo yokuvota, imishini, nokungena kwebhola, kumelwe kube yiyunithi ngaphakathi kwe-collet. Uma uqaphela izinhlobonhlobo, zibhale futhi uzibike kubaphathi bokhetho.

Ukuqonda Umehluko Wezwe

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo simisa indawo ephezulu yesivikelo sesizwe, imithetho yokuvota ihluka kakhulu ngokwezwe. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa izinhlelo zokuvota ezibanzi, njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa kosuku olulodwa, nokungabhali zincwadi ngokusemthethweni. Ezinye ziye zamisa izimfuneko eziqinile, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni okulinganiselwe, noma ukunciphisa inani lezindawo zokuvota. Umthetho-sisekelo awukwenqabeli ukuvota kalula, kodwa imingcele kumelwe ivumelane nemithetho engokomthetho nemithetho esemthethweni.

Ukuze basebenzise le zindlela ezingafani, abavoti kufanele bathintane newebhusayithi yokhetho kahulumeni wabo noma i-partinal Conference of State Legislatures's data yemithetho yokuvota. Ukuqonda imithetho eqondile yombuso wakho yokubhalisa, ukuhlukanisa, ukuvota, nokuhlola indawo kungakusiza ukuba ugweme izinkinga ngosuku lokhetho.

Thatha Isinyathelo Uma Ubhekana Nezinkinga

  • Uma ukhishwa kule mihlangano, cela ifomu lokubhala futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uthola iziyalezo ezibhalwe phansi zokulandela.
  • Uma ubona ukwesatshiswa noma ukuhlukunyezwa endaweni yokuhlola, kubike ezikhulwini zokhetho naseMnyango Wezokwahlulela Ingxenye.
  • Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umthetho wokuvota uphula iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane, thintana nenhlangano yamalungelo abantu enjenge - American Civil Liberties Union, iBrennan Center for Justice, noma iKomiti YamaLawier’s Committee Rights of Civil Rights Under Law.
  • Bhala konke, kuhlanganise nesikhathi, indawo, amagama ezikhulu ezihilelekile, nanoma imuphi ofakazi.

Hlala Unolwazi Futhi Uhileleke

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane asizisebenzisi; isivikelo saso sixhomeke ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezikhuthele nasekwengameleni okuqaphile. Abaqondisi bangahlala benolwazi:

  • Ngemva kokuhlelwa kokhetho olungenasiqeshana kusuka emithonjeni enjenge- uNgqungquthela wesizwe wemithetho kaHulumeni.
  • Ukubukeza [[QLT:0] ISivumelwano seSiqeshi samalungelo oMahluleli ukuze uthole ukwaziswa ngemizamo yomthetho wokuqinisekisa.
  • Izinhlangano ezisekela amalungelo okuvota nokunikeza usizo olungokomthetho kubavoti ababhekene nokulahlwa.

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Elihilela ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nezintela

Ukuqonda lamacala kunikeza umongo ezimpikiswano zomthetho zamanje futhi kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele ukuthi ukumiswa kwekomiti kuhilela ukumiswa kwenkantolo.

Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

Lesi sinqumo samisa "umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa" isimiso, esifuna ukuba izigodi zemithetho zicishe zilingane emphakathini. Inkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi i-Encimelt Protection Claus ifuna ukuba zombili izindlu zesishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni we-bidal zahlukaniswe ngokusekelwe kubantu, ukwenqaba izimpikiswano zokuthi igumbi elilodwa lingasekelwa ekuhlelekeni kwezwe kuphela. Lelicala lashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe futhi liyaqhubeka lithonya izimpi namuhla.

Gore (2000)

Kulesi sinqumo esiphikiswa kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ukulandisa kweFlorida kukhetho lukamongameli luka - 2000, inquma ngokuphumelelayo umphumela ovuna uGeorge W. Bush. INkantolo yathi ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso ezifanayo ezihlalwayo kulo lonke elaseFlorida kwakuphula i - Exvilt Protection Clause. Nakuba isinqumo sasiqondene nezimo zalolokhetho, siseyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sezinselele ezifanayo zokuvikelwa kwabaqondisi bezindawo zokukhetha.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Lesinqumo saqeda inqubo yokukhokha eyayisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izifundazwe nezindawo ezazingabekwa ngaphansi koMthetho Welungelo WaseVoting. INkantolo yathi lo mthetho wawusekelwe emininingwaneni ephelelwe isikhathi futhi wephula izimiso zokubusa kukahulumeni okulinganayo. Isinqumo sawenza buthaka kakhulu uMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu futhi saholela ekuvinjelweni okusha kokuvota emazweni angaphambili.

Ikomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic National Committee (2021)

Lesi sinqumo sasekela imithetho yokuvota emibili yase-Arizona eyavimbela ukuvota nokuvuna, ithola ukuthi ayizange ingqubuzane neSiqeshi 2 soMthetho weVoting Rights. INkantolo yamisa uhlelo olusha lokuhlola imingcele yokuvota, igcizelela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekukhetheni ubuqotho futhi ifuna ubufakazi bomthwalo omkhulu kwabavoti. Isinqumo siye sagxekwa ngabameleli bamalungelo okuvota ngokukwenza kube nzima ukubekela inselele imithetho yokuvota imithetho yokuvota.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siyaqhubeka sisemqoka wezimpikiswano ngamalungelo okuvota, ubuzwe, nesivikelo esifanayo. Izindaba eziningana zangesikhathi samanje zibonisa ukuthi lesi sivumelwano siyaqhubeka sisebenza.

Imithetho Yezincwadi

Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi imithetho ye-ID yomvoti ithinta ngokungenakulinganiswa inani elincane, imali ephansi, nabavoti asebekhulile, abangasenakukwazi ukuba nemininingwane edingekayo. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela imithetho enjalo ezimweni eziningi, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sinikeza isisekelo semithetho ebekela inselele ebeka umthwalo onzima elungelweni lokuvota noma emiswa ngenjongo yokukhipha icala.

Ukukhishwa kweVoter Roll

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasusa abavoti ngokunamandla eziqephini zokubhalisa, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ukwaziswa okunephutha noma izinqubo ezingabazekayo. Izinkantolo ziye zakhomba izimfuneko ezizifanele zenqubo yokunqanda ukuhlanzwa okuthile, kodwa lo mkhuba usalokhu usabalele. Amavoter kufanele ahlole ukubhaliswa kwawo njalo, ikakhulukazi phambi kokhetho olukhulu.

Ukudangala

Abaningi bawabeka imingcele amalungelo okuvota kubantu abanezinkolelo eziqinile, ezinye izifunda ezivimbela ukuphila konke ngisho nangemva kokuqedwa kwemigwebo. ISichibiyelo se 14th sivumela imingcele yokuvota ukuba ingene ku-"revoration noma komunye ubugebengu," kodwa abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho yokungavumelani okukhulu kakhulu iyakulahla isivikelo esifanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukunqandwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano, kodwa izinguquko zezinga likahulumeni ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota abantu ababevalelwe eminyakeni yamuva.

Gerrymandering

Kokubili ukuvikela kobuhlanga nokwezinhlanga kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okulinganayo. Nakuba ukuvikela kwezinhlanga kuhlolwa kakhulu futhi kuye kwashaywa ngokuphindaphindiwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi iziphakamiso zokuthi abaxhasi abakwazi ukubhaliswa enkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kuye kwashintsha ukugxila ezinkantolo zesifunda nakuzo izinyathelo zomthetho, njengoba kuboniswa emazweni anjengeFlorida, Michigan, ne-Ohio lapho abavolishi beye bafaka khona izimemezelo zokuzifunela iziqu zamalungelo.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo LeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane asiyona into engokomlando; iyincwadi ephilayo eyaqhubeka ibumba idemokrasi yaseMelika. Kubavoti, ukuqonda amalungiselelo ayo ayingxenye ebalulekile yokufunda nokubhala komphakathi. Ukulungisa isiqinisekiso sobuzibulo belungelo lobuzibulo, inqubo efanele, futhi isivikelo esilinganayo siyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokuvota amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Njengoba izimpikiswano ngokungena kovota, ukuthembeka kokhetho, nokumelelwa kuqhubeka, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siyohlala siyindawo yempi eyinhloko. Abaqondisi abawaqondayo amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba bawasebenzise, babeke inselele yokungabi nabulungisa, futhi babeke uhulumeni wabo icala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufaka ifomu lokuvota okokuqala noma indida, iSichibiyelo seshumi Nane seSichibiyelo siwumqalisi wokuhlanganyela kwakho enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane nethonya laso ekuvoteni, hlola imithombo ye- i-Cuntation Ansitution[, i- Project [, kanye ne-[FLT]BRANN Center yeJaji [. Le mithombo inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezindaba zamanje zomthetho nemizamo yokulungisa eqhubekayo.