Ukwakhiwa Kukahulumeni Ngokwezimiso

Izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho ziyisisekelo sesimiso sokwenza kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wanamuhla. Lezizimiso zichaza indlela igunya elisakazwa ngayo, indlela izinqumo ezifinyelelwa ngayo, nendlela lezo zinqumo ezihunyushelwa ngayo ngokwemithetho egunyaza ukuziphatha. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okucacile kwalezi zimiso, imizamo yokuthonya noma ukumisa isimiso cishe ihluleka. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zikahulumeni nezingokomthetho ezithuthukisa ukuma kwenqubo, zinikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo kuchwepheshe abalawula lendawo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho akwenzeki kungenalutho. Umkhiqizo wezinqubo zenhlangano, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, nezingxoxo zezombangazwe zihluka kakhulu ezizweni ezihlukene. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza embusweni kahulumeni, ekuqondiseni umphakathi, ekulaleleni, noma ekulawuleni, ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zimiso zisebenza kanjani ukuze kufinyelelwe izivumelwano eziphumelelayo.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Nethonya Lazo Ekumisweni Kwazo

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ohulumeni abaningi bentando yeningi basebenza ngaphansi kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, behlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene. Igatsha eliphetheyo lisebenzisa futhi liphoqelele inqubo, amagatsha ahlela imithetho futhi adlulise imithetho, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza leyomithetho futhi libukeze ubunjalo bomthetho-sisekelo walo. Lengxenye ikha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekubekeleni ukulawulwa ngokweqile kwemithetho.

Uma kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuhlukanisa imibuso kusho ukuthi izinyathelo ezingokomthetho ngokuvamile zidinga ukuxhumanisa amagatsha. Isihlongozo somthetho singaqala ekomitini yephalamende, sithole ukugunyazwa kwezikhulu, futhi kamuva sibhekane nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Isigaba ngasinye siveza amathuba okubukeza, ukulibala, noma ukulahlwa okuqondile. Ukuqonda ukuthi igatsha eliphethe igunya eliyinhloko endaweni ethile emisiwe kuyagxeka ekuhleleni inqubo ethile.

Izimo Eziwuhlobo, I - Unitary, Nezinga lokuHlaziya

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni i-— i-curensive, i-conferate &mdash, noma i-condermine ihlela indlela igunya lesimiso elisakazwa ngayo phakathi kwamazinga okuphatha. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, Canada, noma iJalimane, amandla ahlanganyelwa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni wesifunda noma wesifundazwe. Lelilungiselelo livumela ukuhlolwa kwenqubo yendawo kodwa lingadala futhi izingxabano. Ukumiswa kwesimiso kuvame ukudinga ukufakwa kwemithetho eminingi yemithetho kanye nezici zezombangazwe eziphikisanayo.

Izimiso zobumbano, ngokuphambene, zigxilisa igunya ezweni. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza ngaphansi kwegunya eliphathiswe yigunya elikhulu, elingenza kube lula ukubambisana kwezimiso kodwa linganciphisa ukusabela ezidingweni zendawo. I-United Kingdom ne-France ziyizibonelo zezifunda ezihlangene, nakuba zombili ziye zasungula izinyathelo zokususa ushintsho ukuze kuxazululwe izimfuno zendawo.

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa, lapho amazwe azimele ephathisa khona amandla alinganiselwe endikimba ephakathi, ayivamile embusweni wanamuhla kodwa iyafundisa. I-European Union isebenza ngezimpawu ezithile ezivumelanayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengohwebo nokuncintisana. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kwezakhiwo kusiza ochwepheshe bezimiso ukuba balindele ukuthi ukumelana noma ukusekela kungavela kuphi.

Izimo zokuphatha eziphethe

Ngaphandle kokwahlulwa okukhulu kwezimiso zikahulumeni kanye nezikahulumeni, uhlobo oluqondile lokubusa kwesimiso sokubusa oluhlelwe kakhulu. Izimiso zomongameli zinikeza igunya lobuphathi kumphathi omkhulu okhethwe ngokwehlukana, zidala ukwahlukana okucacile phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nawabezishayamthetho. Izimiso zePhalamende, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlanganisa amandla omphathi omkhulu nomthetho, kanye nomphathi omkhulu othathwe esigungwini somthetho. Lokhu kuhlangana kungasheshisa ukudluliswa kwesimiso kodwa kunganciphisa amathuba okuqondisa kokuzimela. Izimiso ezingokobuswa kwemithetho, njengalawo aseFrance naseRussia, zihlanganisa amalungu awo kokubili, kanye nokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile komongameli okhethwe kanye nomphathi omkhulu onomthwalo wemfanelo onomthwalo wemfanelo epala.

Kunezinqubo eziqinile, ohulumeni abanamandla bangamisa isimiso ngokushesha. Ezimisweni zikamongameli ezihlukene, uhulumeni ohlukene ungaholela ekuhlelekeni noma ekuphoqeleni.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Nendima Yazo Ekuphoqeleleni Imithetho

Umthetho Ovamile, Umthetho Wangaphakathi, Nomthetho Ongokwenkolo

Izimiso zomthetho zinikeza imithetho engokwesiko nengasho lutho echaza futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo. Amasiko amathathu avelele — umthetho ovamile, umthetho wesizwe, nomthetho wezenkolo i-— indlela ngayinye yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezimiso. Umthetho ovamile, osekelwe e-Greek jurisprunce futhi osetshenziswa eUnited States, eCanada, nase-Australia, kanye namanye amakoloni angaphambili aseBrithani, ancike kakhulu ekwahluleleni komthetho. Izinkantolo zichaza isimiso ngelensi yezinqumo zangaphambi kwecala, zakha indikimba yezomthetho eqala ngo-cle.

Umthetho wombango, odlangile ezwekazini laseYurophu, e-Latin America, nasezingxenyeni ze-Asia, uhlanganiswe emithethweni ebanzi. Abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi banendima elinganiselwe kakhulu ekuchazeni imithetho, ukusebenzisa imibhalo yemithetho kunokuhlela umthetho ngenqubo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa izindaba zabenzi bemithetho ngoba ulimi olufanayo lwemithetho lungaveza imiphumela ehlukene kuye ngesiko elingokomthetho elisetshenziswa kulo.

Izimiso zezenkolo zomthetho, njengomthetho we-Sharia emazweni athile amaSulumane namaSulumane, zithola igunya emibhalweni engcwele nasezinhlanganweni zenkolo. Izikhulu ze-politiki kula mazwe kumelwe zivumelane nezimiso zenkolo, ezingacindezela umehluko wokukhetha okuvunyelwe. Ochwepheshe bemithetho abasebenza ngalé kwamasiko amaningi angokomthetho kumelwe bachaze lokhu kungafani okuyisisekelo lapho beklama izinhlelo ezihloselwe imibuso ehlukene.

Ijaji Njengomdlali Wezomculo

Izinkantolo zenza okungaphezu kokuxazulula izingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ihlela isimiso ngokuhlola ukwahlulela, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, nokugcinwa kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Ezimisweni ezibukwa ngamandla, izinkantolo zingamisa umthetho owephula amalungiselelo omthetho, owephula izinhlelo zezimiso ezenziwa yisishaya-mthetho nesikhulu.

Izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho emazweni amaningi zinamandla okubukeza umthetho ngaphambi kokuba usebenze, zinikeze ulwelwe lwendlela yokuhlola okungokomthetho. Ngakho - ke abenzi bemithetho kumelwe balindele ukuthi izinkantolo zingazichaza kanjani izinyathelo zabo zomthetho nomthetho wobungcweti ongamelana nenselele yokwahlulela. Ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho kungabambezela ukumiswa kwezindleko nokwenyuswa, okwenza ukuhlaziywa kwasekuqaleni kube isici esibucayi senqubo yokuthuthuka kwenqubo.

Isithuthuthu Sokuthuthukisa Umthetho Nokuhlanganisa Okungokomthetho

Ukubonakala Kwenkinga Nokumiswa Kwe - agenda

Intuthuko yenqubo iqala ngokuthola inkinga edinga ukungenela kukahulumeni. Lesigaba sihilela ukucwaninga, ukuhlola, nokuhlaziywa kwezimiso zomthetho ezikhona. Ukunquma ukuthi inkinga ingaphakathi kwegunya likahulumeni futhi iveza amathuluzi angokomthetho akhona okusingatha inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekile. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo esicacile esingokomthetho, izinyathelo ezingokomthetho zifaka inselele noma ziyagumbuqelwa.

Ukulungisa Imithetho Nokubukeza Okungokomthetho

Ukumiswa komthetho kulapho inhloso yesimiso ihunyushelwa khona olimini olugunyazwe ngokomthetho. Lenqubo idinga ukunemba. Ukusetshenziswa kwamagama kungaholela emiphumeleni engahleliwe, ekuhlawulweni, noma ekuqinisisweni kwemithetho. Abadwebi bezomthetho kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo uvumelana namalungiselelo omthetho, iziqondiso ezikhona, nezibopho zomhlaba wonke. Ukubukeza okungokomthetho kuhilela izinqubo eziningi zokuhlola abameli bakahulumeni, amakomiti omthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezizimele njengezibophopho ezigunyaza ukuguqula umthetho.

Izihloko eziyinhloko lapho kuhlelwa izinhlelo zihlanganisa ukucacisa ulimi, ukuvumelana nomthetho okhona, ukugcinwa kwamandla empi, kanye nemiphumela engathi ithinte amaqembu athintekile. Abaxoxi-mpi kumelwe bacabangele izimfuneko ezilandelanayo, njengezaziso nezimpendulo, ezingase zisebenze ngaphambi kokuba umthetho usebenze.

Ukuhlola Umphakathi Nokukhipha I - “stakeder ”

Ukuhlola umphakathi okunenjongo kuwuphawu lokwenza umthetho osemthethweni. Ohulumeni bacela ukufakwa ngezikhathi zokukhulumela komphakathi, ukuzwa, amakomiti okuhlola, nokujoyina imiphakathi ethintekile. Izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuxoxa nezindawo ezizimele ziyahluka-hluka ngegunya kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinkathi zokuphendula, izimfuneko ezithengwayo, nokuzibopha kokusabela ezinkingeni ezinkulu. Ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kungathuthukisa izinga lenqubo, kwakhe ukusekela komphakathi, futhi kunciphise ingozi yezinselele ezingokomthetho.

Ukwaziswa okusemqoka kumelwe kuhlanganiswe nemingcele engokomthetho. Nakuba umbono womphakathi ungakhetha indlela ethile, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo noma ukulinganiselwa komthetho-mthetho kungakuvimbela. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe balinganisele ukusabela kwabaxhasi ababambelele ekuthembekeni ezimisweni ezingokomthetho.

Ikhono Nokusetshenziswa Kwalo

Uma umthetho usumisiwe, ukumiswa komthetho kuqala. Lesi sigaba sihilela ukwenza umthetho, ukwabiwa kwezimpahla, ukuqeqeshwa, nokumiswa kwezimiso zokuqinisekisa. Ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ngokuvamile kulapho isimiso siphumelela noma singaphumeleli. Ngisho nomthetho obekwe kahle ungaveza imiphumela emibi uma ukumiswa kwezinhlelo kungahlelwa kahle, kungalawulwa kahle, noma kuphazanyiswa kabi ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe.

Ukuphoqelelwa kwezindlela kusuka ezijezisweni zokuphatha kanye nokugunyaza imibuso esemthethweni kuya ezijezisweni zobugebengu nasemakhambini omphakathi. Ukukhethwa kokuphoqelelwa kuxhomeke ekuhlelweni kwenqubo, imithombo ekhona, namasiko angokomthetho. Ukuphoqelelwa okuphumelelayo kudinga imithetho ecacile, ukuqondisa ngokwanele, nokusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki.

Ukucatshangelwa Okungokomthetho Okulawula Umklamo Wezomthetho

Ukubambisana Komthetho - sisekelo

Izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho zimise imingcele engaphandle yokwenza isimiso. Noma isiphi isimiso kumelwe sisebenze phakathi kwesimiso samalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nemingcele yamandla. Izinselele zomthetho zingasusa izinqubo eziphazamisayo eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kokumiswa, ukudala ukungaqiniseki nokungcola. Abenzi bomthetho-mthetho kufanele baqhube ukuhlaziywa kwamalungelo ngokomthetho kusenesikhathi futhi kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthuthuka ukuze baqaphele ukungalawuleki okungase kube khona.

Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo samalungelo abantu, njengokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, inqubo efanele, kanye nesivikelo esifanayo, ngokuvamile kucindezela ukukhetha kwezimiso. Izikhulu ezilawula amalungelo kumelwe zifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo futhi zihloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo. Izindinganiso zokubukeza ziyahlukahluka ngokwesimiso nangempikiswano, okwenza ukuhlaziywa okucophelelayo okungokomthetho kube okubalulekile.

Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nezibopho Zesivumelwano

Izimiso zasekhaya ziyanda, kumelwe zinikeze incazelo yezibopho ezingokomthetho zomhlaba wonke. Izivumelwano, izivumelwano zezohwebo, nomthetho wezizwe zonke ovamile ungaphoqelela imingcele ekukhetheni imithetho noma uvume. Ngokwesibonelo, izivumelwano ze - World Trade Organization, zilinganisela izinhlobo zemingcele yohulumeni bezohwebo, kuyilapho izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zingadinga isivikelo esiqondile emaqenjini asengozini.

Abenzi bezenqubo kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi i-&rsquo isebenza kanjani; izibopho zomhlaba wonke kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa umthetho wezizwe zonke ezimisweni zomthetho wasekhaya. Kwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano ziyazibulala futhi zifeza ngokuqondile. Kwamanye, kudingeka ukusebenzisa umthetho. Ukwehluleka ukuhlanganisa isimiso sasekhaya nezibopho zomhlaba wonke kungaholela ezimpikiswaneni zezentengiselwano, izijeziso zezomnotho, noma izinqumo ezimbi zezinkantolo zomhlaba wonke.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Nokucatshangelwa Ngokufanele

Izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla zigcizelela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo nokukhuthazwa kokungakhethi. Izikhulu zesonto kumelwe ziklanyelwe ukugwema ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuthola ithonya elilinganayo, ukutholakala, nokuhlala okunengqondo kuye kwaba yindinganiso emikhakheni eminingi.

Ukucabangela okulungile kudlulela ngalé kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo kanye nezindikimba ezilawulayo zihlola ngokuqhubekayo izimiso zokuhlukanisa, i-  ngisho nalapho ubandlululo lungaqashelwanga ngamabomu. Ngakho - ke abenzi bezimiso kumelwe bacabangele indlela izinyathelo zabo ezithinta ngayo amaqembu ahlukahlukene futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokunciphisa imithwalo enzima.

Izinselele Ekuncintisaneni Kohulumeni Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Ukucubungula Nokuwa

Ezindaweni eziningi zezimiso, izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi nezinga elihlukene lombuso. Lokhu kungadala ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokulawula, ukukhiqiza, nokuguquguquka. Amabhizinisi nezakhamuzi zingabhekana nezimfuneko eziphikisanayo ezivela kuziphathimandla ezihlukahlukene, izindleko ezikhuphukayo zokuthobela nokunciphisa inqubo. Imizamo yokuhlanganisa izinhlangano nezinga eliphezulu likahulumeni iyaqhubeka kodwa ngokuvamile iphazamiseka ngenxa yezimpi eziphikisanayo neziza kuqala ezihlukene.

Ukuze kulungiswe izimiso ezilawulayo kudingeka kube nentando yezombangazwe kanye nenguquko engokwezinqubo. Abenzi bezimiso kufanele balwele ukucacisa nokubonisana inhlonipho, banciphise ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okungadingekile kuyilapho belondoloza ukuhluka okungokomthetho ezimweni zendawo.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kungaphazamisa ukwenziwa kwesimiso, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezinezici eziningi. Uma amaqembu ehlukene kakhulu, ngisho nezimiso ezixhaswe kakhulu zinganqamuka. Abenzi bemithetho yokulawula abenzi bemithetho yokulawula bangalandela amanye amasu, njengeziyalezo zokuqondisa, ukwenza, noma ukuphatha. Nakuba lamacebo engaveza imiphumela esikhathini esifushane, angase ahlale eqinile noma abe sengozini enkulu yokumelana nomthetho kunasemizinzweni evamile.

Ukwakha imifelandawonye ephambanayo nokuthatha iqhaza eliqinile kuyizici ezibalulekile ezingochwepheshe bezimiso ezisebenza endaweni ehlukene. Amasu angokomthetho kufanele aphishekele ngokuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwawo kanye nethuba lokushintsha esikhathini esizayo.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nokuvumelana Nemithetho

Ushintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe lulokhu ludlula ikhono lezimiso zomthetho lokuzivumelanisa. Impikiswano enjengokuzifihla kokwaziswa, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, izimoto ezizimele, kanye namapulatifomu emishini iphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ekhona ezama ukuphendula. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe balinganisele izinzuzo zokusungula izinto ngokumelene nesidingo sokuqiniseka okungokomthetho nesivikelo sezithakazelo zomphakathi.

Umklamo wezimiso obheke phambili kufanele uhlanganise ukuvumelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlelwa kwama-sun transmitted, ukubukeza izikhathi, kanye nokuhlela ukulungiswa kwemithetho kungasiza izimiso zomthetho ukuba zihambisane noshintsho kuyilapho zilondoloza ukulandisa nokubikezela.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zokuzihlanganisa Nohulumeni Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Ukwakha Umthetho Nomthetho

Izinhlangano ezifuna ukuthonya inqubo kufanele zifake imali ekwakheni ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho nobezimiso. Ukuqonda indawo engokomthetho, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, kanye nethonya lezombangazwe lesimiso kusemqoka ukuze kuphumelele ukuqashwa. Lokhu kungahilela ukuqashwa kwezeluleko zasendlini, ukugcina abaqondisi bangaphandle, noma ukuthuthukisa ubuhlobo nezinhlangano zemfundo nokucwaninga.

Imfundo eqhubekayo ibalulekile ngoba izimo ezingokomthetho nezingokwezimiso zishintsha. Ukushintsha kuhulumeni, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho kungashintsha ngokushesha. Ukuhlala waziwe ngezinhlangano zochwepheshe, izincwadi, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha kusiza izinhlangano ukuba zivumelane nezimo.

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Namagatsha

Ukubopha okunenzuzo kudinga ukwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ohulumeni nasemazingeni amaningi okuqondisa. Abameli, izikhulu eziphethe, nezikhulu zokwahlulela ngayinye ifeza izindima ezihlukene enkambisweni yokulungisa. Ukuqonda izinto eziza kuqala, izithiyo, nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo kwenza ukuba kuqhubeke kuhloselwe futhi kuphumelele. Isivumelwano kufanele sigcinwe, hhayi sisekelwe enhloniphoni nasekuqopheni.

Izinqubo Ezingokomthetho Ezisheshayo Zethonya Elimisiwe

Izinqubo zomthetho zinikeza amathuba amaningi ethonya lesimiso ngaphandle kokunxenxa ngokuqondile. Ukuthatha iqhaza ezikhathini zokukhulumela komphakathi, ukuthobela i-amicus kafushane, ukuvumelana nemithetho, nokubophana ngezimiso ezimisiwe kunganikeza yonke imiphumela. Lezi zinqubo zidinga ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho nokuhlela ngokucophelela kodwa zingaphumelela kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma imikhondo yemithetho ivinjelwe.

Ochwepheshe bezenqubo kufanele balondoloze amasu ahlukahlukene okuthembisana, beqaphela ukuthi akukho noyedwa ozokwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphelele kuzo zonke izimo. Ukuvumelana nokuphikelela kuyizimfanelo eziyinhloko zabasekeli bezimiso eziphumelelayo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho zinikeza isimiso sokwenza isimiso. Ukuqonda ukusakazwa kwegunya emagatsheni nasemazingeni ohulumeni, izici zamasiko ahlukene angokomthetho, nezimfuneko ezingokwesiko zokuthuthukisa izimiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya noma ukusebenzisa isimiso. Ukucabangela okungokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokulalela umthetho, izibopho zomhlaba wonke, kanye namalungelo, kubeka imingcele okumelwe kwenziwe phakathi kwezimiso zokukhetha.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni nezimiso zomthetho kudala amathuba nemingcele. Ochwepheshe bezimiso abalawula le ndawo bangasebenzisa izinselele, balindele izinselele, futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuklama ezisebenza kahle nezingokomthetho. Kulenkathi yoshintsho olusheshayo nokwanda kwezindawo, lobu buchwepheshe bubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.