Table of Contents

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingenye yezinqubo ezilandela kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi, ngokuyinhloko ethonya indlela izakhamuzi ezithola ngayo amalungelo azo, inkululeko, nobuhlobo nohulumeni. Indlela izinkantolo, izazi ezingokomthetho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziqonda futhi zisebenzise ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo inquma yonke into kusukela ekuvikelweni kwenkululeko yokukhuluma emalungelo eyimfihlo, kusukela ekuvoteni ukufinyelela ezinqunyweni zomthetho womthetho wesigebengu. E-United States nakwezinye idemocracy emhlabeni wonke, impikiswano eqhubekayo yokuthi zingawachaza kanjani amabhukwana asungulweyo isonto isasebenza kanjani namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kuphela, kodwa kuthinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufaka izinhlelo zezokuxhumana, uqhuba inkolo yakho, ubhikisha izinqubo zikahulumeni, noma umane uthathe izinqubo zokuchaza izindaba zakho, izisekelo ezisetshenziswa abahluleli nabenzi bomthetho zinquma izinga namandla esivikelo sakho somthetho-sisekelo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola ukuthi kungani izindaba zomthetho-mkhakha-sisekelo zisetshenziswa, izinkantolo ezinkulu zokufuna incazelo, nokuthi izindlela zokuchaza ezihlukene kanjani ziveza imiphumela ehluke kakhulu elungelweni ngalinye nenkululeko.

Kuyini Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo?

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho iyinqubo lapho izinkantolo, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nezazi zomthetho zinquma khona incazelo nohlelo lomthetho-mthetho. Abasunguli bawusho ngokuhlakanipha uMthetho-sisekelo ngamazwi avamile, bewushiyela ekuhlolweni esikhathini esizayo ukuze uhlangabezane nezimo ezishintshayo. Lokhu kukhetha ngamabomu kwakha uhlelo olungahlala emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kuyilapho kuhlala kusabela ekususeni izidingo zomphakathi.

UMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi elinganiswe kahle eklanyelwe ukulungiselela uhulumeni wezwe onamandla ngokwaneleyo novumelana nezimo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ze-riphabliki, kodwa ilinganiselwe ngokwaneleyo futhi imane ivikele amalungelo ezakhamuzi aqinisekisiwe. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo njengoba kuphakama izimo ezintsha abakhi be-framessars ababengasoze bazilindele (ukusuka ezicini zemfihlo ze-athom kuya kunjiniyela wezakhi zofuzo, kusukela ekuhloleni izakhi zofuzo kuya ekubekeni umthetho wokufihla izimpawu.

Inqubo yokuchaza ihilela ukuhlaziya ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlola umongo womlando, ucabangela isibonelo, futhi usebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezimweni zamanje. Igunya leNkantolo Ephakeme lokuqeda umthetho noma izenzo zokubusa eziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo ezisuka endimani yalo eyinkimbinkimbi esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika. Lamandla okwahlulela, nakuba engashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni, aye aba yisisekelo ekuchazeni umthetho ngokomthetho.

Isisekelo: Isizathu Sokuba Kudingeke Ukuchazwa

Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi kungani ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kudingekile. Kakade, umthetho-sisekelo awufanele umane usho ukuthi usho ukuthini? Iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile asebenzisa ulimi olubanzi, olucacile olufuna ukuchazwa ezimweni ezithile.

Inselele Yolimi Lomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo uqukethe amazwi angahambisani nokufundwa okungokoqobo, njengeSichibiyelo sokuqala esithi "ISichibiyelo Angeke senze mthetho . . . . ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma." Ingabe "awukho umthetho" ngempela usho ukuthi awukho umthetho, ngaphandle kwe-zero? Ingabe ukulinganisela umyalo ku-"ISichibiyelo Sokuqala kusho ukuthi asisebenzi kuMongameli noma kohulumeni bezwe? Lemibuzo ibonisa ukuthi kungani ukuchaza kungenakugwenywa.

Cabangela amanye amazwi omthetho - sisekelo afuna incazelo:

  • [" Isivikelo esiqinile semithetho" - Yini inqubo elinganayo? Ingabe ivimbela konke ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamaqembu, noma izinhlobo ezithile kuphela zobandlululo?
  • " inqubo elindelekile yomthetho" - Yiziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni unciphise othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla?
  • " Ukusesha okungenangqondo nokuquleka" -Into eyenza ukusesha kube okunengqondo noma okungacabangeki esikhathini sokusebenza kwenombolo?
  • [[UMTH:0]" Isijeziso esingavamile" - - Sinquma kanjani ukuthi iziphi izijeziso ezinqamule lomugqa?
  • [" Inkululeko yokukhuluma" - Ingabe lokhu kuvikela zonke izinhlobo zokukhuluma, noma ingabe kunemingcele engokomthetho?

Amagama athunyelweyo kuMthetho-sisekelo njengesithembiso "sesivikelo esilinganayo" ne "sesikhathi" avumele ukuqashelwa kwenkululeko eminingana yomphakathi engahlanganisiwe ngokucacile kulencwadi. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvule umthetho-sisekelo ukuba uvikele amalungelo abafaki-fomethi abangawashonga ngokuqondile, kusukela ekubosheni kwabantu ukuya ekuhambeni emishadweni yamazwe ahlukene.

Indima Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Amandla okuhlola "kukahulumeni" anike iNkantolo umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kanye nasekulondolozeni "Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo" o amalungiselelo awo amakhulu asebenza njalo ezimweni ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lo mbuso wamiswa embukisweni wecala likaMarbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall agomela khona ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo weNkantolo Ephakeme wokugumbula umthetho ongagunyazi umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wawuwumphumela odingekile wesibopho sawo esifukwenziswayo sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, ethi "Uyisifunda sesifunda somnyango wokwahlulela esigcizelela ukuthi uyini umthetho."

Igunya lejaji elichazayo lisekelwe ebunyeni obuyisisekelo. Ijaji lijabulela ukukhululeka emagatsheni ezombangazwe nasemikhubeni yomphakathi yangaleso sikhathi, futhi livikelekile ekucindezeleni abashokobezi, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhipha izinqumo ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukuthakazelelwa iningi lezombangazwe. Lokhu ukuzibusa kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zivikele amalungelo amancane ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungathandwa kwezombangazwe.

Ukufinyelela Okukhulu Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Izazi ezingokomthetho nabahluleli baye basungula izindlela eziningana ezihlukene zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo, ngayinye inefilosofi yayo, inqubo yokusebenza kwezindlela nethonya layo kumalungelo abantu.

Ukuzisungulela: Ukuzimela Okunenjongo Emlandweni

Inkolelo-msuka iyinkolelo - mbono yokuchazwa kwemibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, lapho abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo bekholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi ukuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi uqala ukuba umthetho. Lendlela iye yaba nethonya elikhulayo emthethweni waseMelika, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo - 1980.

Ukukholelwa ekudalweni kuhlanganisa ngempela nemibono eminingi ehlobene kodwa ehlukile:

Engaqondakaliyo i-Informe: Lendlela ithi kufanele sichaze uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe kulokho ababewudweba ekuqaleni ababekuhlose lapho bewubhala. Lenguquko igxila ezinhlosoni zabadwebi bohlelo ngokwabo.

Incazelo yomphakathi ebanzi[: Lendlela isekelwe ekutheni ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo eliwugunyazayo lisho ukuthi umphakathi wawungaqonda ukuthi uAntoni Scalia ungomunye wabaqaphi bawo abavelele kakhulu. Kunokuba igxile kulokho abaklami abahlosile, lendlela ibuza ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile ngalesosikhathi zazingaluqonda kanjani ulimi olusemthethweni.

Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo engokomthetho - sisekelo ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zolimi, nakwamanye amaphepha angokomthetho okuthi lo mbhalo uboleke kuwo, futhi ingatholakala nasezinqubweni ezingokwezizinda zomthetho nempikiswano yomphakathi eyabangela ilungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo. Abathuthukisi bezincwadi zomlando basebenzisa ukucwaninga okungokomlando ukuze bahlaziye indlela amalungiselelo omthetho ayeyoqondwa ngayo ngokomongo wawo wokuqala.

Inhlangano yokuqala yaba nethonya elikhulu kuma-1980 njengendlela yokusabela kulokho abantu ababambelele emacaleni avamile abakubheka njengokucushwa. Ukuvuselelwa kobufundisi ngo-1980 kwakuyisenzo semfundiso ye-"Living Constitution" eyacela abahluleli ukuba bachaze uMthetho-sisekelo hhayi ngokwezilimi zawo, kodwa ngokwezindinganiso zobuso. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ubuShona bunqanda ukwahlulela futhi buvimbela abahluleli ukuba bafake izindinganiso zabo zomuntu siqu ngaphansi kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho.

UMahluleli u-Amy Coney Barrett washo ekuqinisekiseni kwakhe ukuthi uchaza uMthetho-sisekelo "njengombhalo, futhi ngiyaqonda ukuthi usho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi abantu babewujabulela." Lokuzimisela incazelo yokuqala kubonisa ukubusa kwamanje kokucabanga kokuqala phakathi kwabahluleli ababambelele kakhulu ekuziphatheni.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Uzivumelanisa Nezikhathi Zanamuhla

Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphila ngokusemthethweni zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba izimo zezenhlalo zishintsha, ngisho noma kungavunyelwa ukuguqulwa komthetho - sisekelo okungokomthetho kuyiSiphakamiso V soMthetho - sisekelo. Lendlela ibheka uMthetho - sisekelo njengencwadi enamandla okumelwe ishintshele ekusingatheni izinselele zanamuhla futhi ibonise izindinganiso zanamuhla.

Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ungaguqula futhi kufanele uphendule ekuphenduleni izimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso. Kunokuba uboshwe ngekhulu le-18 noma le-19, lendlela ivumela ukuba incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ikhule njengoba ukuqonda komphakathi amalungelo, ukulingana, nobulungisa kuqhubekela phambili.

Nakuba ubufundisi bukhathalela injongo nencazelo yencwadi engokomthetho njengoba yayiqondwa ngesikhathi iqanjwa, umthetho-sisekelo ohlalayo ucabangela izindlela ukuchaza imibhalo okungashintsha ngazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokwemibono nezindinganiso ezikhona zenkathi ethile. Lokhu kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhulume ngezindaba ezingazange zicatshangelwe, kusukela emalungelweni okuzala kuya ezokuxhumana kuya emshadweni ofanayo.

Imithetho-mthetho ehleliyo ithola ukusekela ekwakhekeni nasolimini loMthetho-sisekelo. IJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme u-Elena Kagan liphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izici zoMthetho-sisekelo zazibanzi futhi zingacacile ukuba zivumele izizukulwane ezizayo ukuba zizichaze njengezifanele izikhathi. Ukukhetha kwabasebenzi be-frameter ukusebenzisa ulimi oluvamile kunokuchaza kabanzi kusikisela ukuthi babefuna uMthetho-Mthetho-sisekelo uvumelane nezimo.

Abagxeki bobufundi bokuqala bakhomba ekulinganiselwani kwabo okusebenzayo. Baphikisa ngokuthi u-ronalism uyindlela eqinile, enephutha yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, ephikisa ngokuthi abantu besikhathi soMthetho-sisekelo babengaziqondi ezinye zezimo ezaziyovela ezikhathini zanamuhla. AmaMelika ayengazilindela kanjani izindaba ezinjengokuhlolwa kwe-intanethi, ukucwaswa kwezakhi zofuzo, noma izimoto ezizimele?

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Ukugxila Encazelweni Ecacile

Ukubhala kuyindlela yokuchaza egxile encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi engokomthetho, ngokuvamile igcizelela indlela amagama asemthethweni ayeyoqondwa ngayo abantu ngesikhathi begunyazwa, kanye nomongo lawo magama avela ngawo. Nakuba kuhlobene nokubhalwa kwamagama, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kugcizelela ngokuyinhloko amagama ngokwawo kunokuba kugcizelelwe inhloso engokomlando noma izindinganiso ezisontekile.

Abalobi bemibhalo bavame ukukholelwa ukuthi kunencazelo eqondile yombhalo, futhi ababuzi imibuzo ngokuphathelene nenhloso yabadwebi bezincwadi, abatholi, noma abahluzi bomthetho-mthetho kanye nezinguquko lapho ithola incazelo embhalweni. Lendlela ifuna ukunqanda ukuchazwa kombhalo ngokuwuhlanganisa eduze nolimi lwangempela olusetshenziswa eMthethweni.

Ukucabanga Ngokuziphatha Nokuhluzeka

Enye indlela yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo isekelwe ekucabangeni kokuziphatha noma kokuziphatha, lapho eminye imibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo isebenzisa noma ibhekisela khona emiqondweni ethile ehlangene nemiqondo yokuziphatha, njenge "isivikelo esilinganayo" noma "inqubo ephambili yomthetho," nezimpikiswano zokuziphatha noma zokuziphatha ngokuvamile ezihlobene nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni phezu komuntu. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi ezinye izilungiselelo zomthetho ngokwemvelo zisho izimiso zokuziphatha okumelwe zichazwe ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni okungokokuziphatha.

Ngokwesibonelo, kuLawrence v. Texas, iNkantolo yawisa umthetho waseTexas owawuvimbela ukuhlangana kobulili okufana nokuphula i-Univery Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Imibono yeNkantolo yayithembele kakhulu ezimisweni zokuziphatha ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, isithunzi, kanye nenkululeko yokuzibusa okudinga ukuchazwa kwezimiso ezingokokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuhlaziya nje kombhalo noma umlando.

Ukuzitika Nokukholelwa KuNkulunkulu

Abanye abahluleli nezazi basekela izindlela ezithatha imingcele ezicabangela imiphumela engokoqobo yezincazelo ezihlukene. Lendlela iyabuza: Yimiphi imiphumela ezovela? Iyiphi incazelo evumelana kangcono nezinjongo zoMthetho-sisekelo wonke? Isiphi isinqumo esizothinta umphakathi?

Incazelo ebanzi iqaphela ukuthi izinqumo zomthetho-sisekelo zithinta izigidi zabantu ngokoqobo. Kunokuba zinamathele ngokuqinile emibhalweni noma emlandweni, izazi zesayensi yezimiso ziphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele acabangele ukuthi izincazelo zawo ziyosebenza kanjani futhi ukuthi azokuthuthukisa yini ubulungisa, ukuqina, nokuhle okuvamile.

Indlela Ukuchaza Amalungelo Akho Okuwathinta Ngayo Ngokuqondile

Ukukhetha phakathi kwezindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza akuyona nje indlela ecatshangelwayo, kodwa kuveza umehluko omkhulu endleleni amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo aqondwa futhi avikelwe ngayo. Umbhalo ofanayo womthetho-sisekelo ungaveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu kuye ngokuthi inkantolo ichaza kanjani.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nenkulumo

ISichibiyelo sokuQala seSichibiyelo senkululeko yokukhuluma siyisibonelo esicacile sendlela yokuchaza izindaba. Umlobi wemibhalo oqinile angase athi "Ikhorat ngeke yenze mthetho . . .. Ukuvala inkululeko yokukhuluma" kusho lokho okushiwo yikho kanye ukuthi `awukho umthetho. Nokho, sekuyisikhathi eside izinkantolo ziqaphela ukuthi imingcele ethile yokukhuluma ivunyelwe, isuka ekuvimbeleni izinsolo zeqiniso nasekushukumiseni ubudlova, ekuvinjelweni kwemithetho elawula isikhathi sokuphikisa.

Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza kuholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nokuthi iyiphi inkulumo okufanele ivikelwe.

  • Iminikelo yomkhankaso nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe?
  • Inkulumo ecasulayo noma enenzondo engavusi ubudlova obuseduze?
  • Ukukhangisa nokuthengisa?
  • Ingabe awaziwa amazwi atholakala kuyi - Internet?
  • Ukuziphatha Okungokomfanekiso Kunjengokushiswa Kwefulege?
  • Amanga nokwaziswa okunganembile?

Impendulo yakho kulemibuzo cishe ixhomeke kwifilosofi yakho echazayo. Abaqondisi bemvelaphi bangase babuze ukuthi isizukulwane esisungulile sasiyiqonda kanjani i-"speech" ne "nkululeko". Izazi zemithetho-mfuyo zingacabangela indlela ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana banamuhla nezokuxhumana okuye kwayiguqula ngayo indlela yokukhuluma. Izazi zezokuxhumana zingahlola imiphumela yokuvikela noma ukuvimbela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenkulumo.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ngenxa yokuthi amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu ayengachazwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ayedinga ukucaciswa ngemithetho yomphakathi nangezandulela zenkantolo, njengoba amacala abalulekile esingatha ilungelo lokungafihliwe ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kwezisu, ukuziphatha okungokobulili, umsebenzi we - Internet, kanye nokungafihliwe kwemibhalo yomuntu siqu nezingcingo zamakhalekhukhwini. Ukuba khona kwamalungelo ezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuchazeni indlela yokusebenza.

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth siyavuma ukuthi amalungelo angasohlulwa eMthethweni awaphikiswa: "Umthetho-sisekelo, amalungelo athile, ngeke uthathwe njengowaphika noma ohlukanisa abanye abantu." abalandeli bomthetho-sisekelo abaphila ngalo mthetho bakhomba lolulimi njengokusekela ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo angagunyaziwe njengawemfihlo. Abaqali bemfundiso yenkolo bangase bangawangabaza kakhulu amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu aqondwayo njengamanje ukuthi ayingxenye yomklamo womthetho sisekelo wokuqala.

Ukuchazwa kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kuthinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwakho:

  • Uma ngabe uhulumeni angafinyelela ukwaziswa ngendawo yocingo lwakho ngaphandle kojungqu
  • Izincwadi ongaziqoqa ngezinkampani ze - Internet
  • Ukuthi unelungelo yini lokuzikhethela izinqumo zokuzala
  • Lokho ukwaziswa kwezokwelapha okumelwe kuhlale kuyimfihlo
  • Ingabe amaphoyisa angahlola izisetshenziswa zakho zobuchwepheshe
  • Lokho uhulumeni ohlolayo ongakusebenzisa

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Namalungelo Omphakathi

Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seshumi nane se-"isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho" siye sachazwa ngokuhlukile kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, okuye kwaba nemiphumela enzima ngamalungelo omphakathi. KuPlesty v. Ferguson (1896), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukwahlukana ngokohlanga kwakungokomthetho-mfamende uma zombili lezi zinhlanga zaziphathwa ngendlela efanayo, okwaziwa ngokuthi imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga kodwa elinganayo. Le ncazelo yavumela amashumi eminyaka ehlukana ngokohlanga nobandlululo.

Ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ivumele ukuhlukaniswa kwesizwe ukuba kuqhubeke isikhathi esiyingxenye yekhulu leminyaka, yavotela ngazwi linye kuBrown Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zomphakathi. Lokhu kushintsha okuphawulekayo kwabonisa incazelo ehlukile yesivikelo esifanayo, (eqaphela ukuhlukaniswa ngokwemvelo njengokungalingani kungakhathaliseki izinga lezakhiwo.

KuBrown v. Board of Education, iNkantolo yalahla i-gcule encike kuyo ePlessy v. Ferguson futhi yalahla ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, futhi eLoving v. Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yashaya umthetho kaVirginia owephula umthetho wokwaphula izivumelwano zezinhlanga nangenxa yezinhloso zabahleli, iNkantolo ikwazi ukushaya imithetho emelene nokunqanda ukuhlangana kombuso ngokunganaki kuphela inhloso yamaFramers. Lezi zinqumo ezivelele zibonisa indlela ukuphila ngemithetho esemthethweni okungandisa ngayo amalungelo angenakuqondwa kuqala.

Namuhla, ukuchazwa kwendlela efanayo yokuvikela kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ezindaweni ezihlanganisa:

  • LGBTQ+ amalungelo nezivikelo
  • Ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga nokulingana
  • Isenzo esiqinile nezimiso eziziqaphelayo uhlanga
  • Ukukhipha amalungelo nokukhetha
  • Ukuthuthela Ezweni Nezakhamuzi
  • Amalungelo nezindawo zokuhlala ezikhubazekile

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nenqubo Efanele

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ithinta kakhulu ukwahlulela kobugebengu. ISichibiyelo sesine esinqabela "ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka," isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzichaseni, isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seSisithupha seseluleko, kanye nokuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo seSigqi sesibhozo ngo "uphazamiso nesijeziso esingavamile" konke kudinga ukuchazwa.

Cabangela indlela ehlukahlukene yokuphendula:

  • Uma ngabe amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokulandelela imoto yakho esebenzisa i-GPS
  • Yiziphi izindlela zokuphenya eziwukuphoqelela
  • Ukuthi isigwebo sokufa singokomthetho yini
  • Iziphi izijeziso “eziwunya nezingavamile ” ezisha ezijezisayo
  • Ukuthi unelungelo yini lokweluleka ngamacala angaqondile
  • Isilinganiso sobufakazi esithethelela ukuma noma ukusesha kwamaphoyisa

Umsunguli wezomlando angase abuze ukuthi yini ehlola isizukulwane esisunguliwe ebhekwa njengenengqondo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili zenkolo: Ukumiswa kukaClaus kwenqabela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo, neFree Execree Clause evikela umkhuba wenkolo. Ukuchazwa kwalezi zigaba kuyanquma:

  • Ukuthi izinhlangano zenkolo kumelwe zivumelane yini nemithetho emelene nokuhlukana
  • Iyiphi indlela abaqashi bezindawo zokulala okumelwe bazinikeze
  • Ukuthi uhulumeni angaxhasa yini izikole zenkolo
  • Yiziphi izenzo ezingokwenkolo ezivunyelwe empahleni yomphakathi
  • Ukuthi ukuphikisa kwenkolo kuyakuvumela yini ukuthobela imithetho evamile esebenzayo
  • Indlela yokulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo

Ku-Marsh v.C. Counts, iNkantolo yathi umkhuba kaNebraska wokukhokha umfundisi ngezimali zomphakathi ukuze kuvulwe izikhawu zomthetho ngomthandazo awungqubuzani noMsungulo ka-Claus, ufaka ukubaluleka kwemikhuba emide yeSishaya-Mkhandlu kanye nezinye izifundazwe ekusekeleni abefundisi abaxhasa ngemali. Lesi sinqumo sasixhomeke kakhulu ekusebenziseni umlando njengendlela yokuchaza, ebonisa indlela izindlela ezihlukene eziveza ngayo imiphumela ehlukene.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo: I- Judicial Activism iphikisana ne-. Ukunqanda Ukwahlulela

Ihlobene eduze nezimpikiswano mayelana nezindlela zokuchaza umehluko phakathi kokwahlulela nokunqanda ukwahlulela.

Ukuqonda Ukuthatha Icala Ekwahluleleni

Izenzo zokwahlulela ngokuvamile zibhekisela kubahluleli abazimisele ukushaya imithetho, ukugumbuqela imithetho, nokuqaphela amalungelo amasha omthetho - sisekelo. Abalweli bomthetho - sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ngamandla, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ukuphula umthetho othandwayo noma ukwandisa amalungelo angaphezu kwendlela yabo engokwesiko.

Abasekeli bokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi:

  • Izinkantolo kumelwe zivikele amalungelo edlanzana ekucindezeleni kobushiqela
  • Ngezinye izikhathi izimiso zoMthetho - sisekelo zidinga ukwahlulela ngesibindi
  • Imithetho ngokuvamile iyahluleka ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo
  • Ulimi olubanzi lomthetho-sisekelo lumema incazelo enkulu
  • Ngezinye izikhathi intuthuko yomphakathi idinga ukuhola kokwahlulela

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha izahlulelo zokwahlulela kuvumela amajaji angakhethwanga ukuba aphoqelele izindinganiso zawo siqu, alulaze ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi, futhi adlulele kunendima efanelekile yokwahlulela. Izakhamuzi ziye zagxeka "izenzo zomthetho" noma nini lapho zikhipha izimemezelo, kodwa naphezu kwezikhalo, iNkantolo Ephakeme isho okuwujuqu eMthethweni.

Ukuqonda Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Yokwahlulela

Ukuzibamba kokwahlulela kugcizelela ukuzithoba emagatsheni akhethiwe, inhlonipho ngemithetho emisiwe, nemithetho elinganiselwe.Abahluleli abavilaphayo bayanqikaza ukushaya imithetho noma ukuqaphela amalungelo amasha, bakhetha ukushiyela lezo zinqumo ezinqunyweni zentando yeningi.

Abasekeli bokuzithiba kokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi:

  • Imibuso emikhulu ebusa ngentando yeningi kufanele yenze izinqumo eziningi ezingokomthetho
  • Izinkantolo azigunyazi ukubeka izinqumo eziphikisanayo ngentando yeningi
  • Isizotha sokwahlulela sivimbela ukuqashelwa kwezinkantolo
  • Imithetho imiswe kangcono ukuze ixazulule izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo
  • Ukuqina nokubikezela kudinga ukuba kuhlonishwe kusengaphambili

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzibamba ngokweqile kuvumela ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo kuqhubeke, kuhluleke ukuvikela amaqenjana asengozini, futhi kulahla umthwalo wemfanelo wokwahlulela wokuphoqelela imingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho embusweni kahulumeni.

Umehluko Oyinkimbinkimbi

Umehluko we-sethiviism-restalthist uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho okubonakala ekuqaleni. Abahluleli bavame ukumangalelwa ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngahlangothi olulodwa banconywa ngenxa yokuchaza okunezimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajaji abambelele ezimisweni eziqinile nanobuqotho angaba abashisekeli noma avinjelwe kuxhomeke endabeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukushaya imithetho yezezimali zomkhankaso kungase kubhekwe njengomshisekeli wezentengiselwano kodwa ovinjelwe abantu abathatha isigaba esivamile ababheka ukuvikela amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusekela izinhlelo zokuthatha isinyathelo kungabhekwa njengabashisekeli bemithetho engaguquki kodwa kuvinjelwe abantu abathi uma bebheka lokhu njengokubhekisela ekwahlulelweni kwezinhlangano zemfundo.

Icala Eliwuphawu Elathonya Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinqumo ezithile zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya indlela esiqonda ngayo umthetho-sisekelo kanye nethonya lawo emalungelweni nasenkululekoni. Lamacala avelele abonisa imiphumela yangempela yezwe yezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Naphezu kokusekela isizinda sokuhlola kokwahlulela, amandla eNkantolo awaqinisekiswanga kwaze kwaba ngo-1803, lapho icelwa uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall eMarbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli Omkhulu agomela khona ukuthi umthwalo weNkantolo Ephakeme wokwephula umthetho ongekho ngokomthetho wawuwumphumela odingekile wesibopho sayo esifunwe ngesithembiso sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sinqumo sesisekelo samisa isimiso sokuhlola, senza izinkantolo zibe izikhothasisi eziphethe zenjongo yomthetho-mthetho.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown mhlawumbe umelela isibonelo esidume kakhulu sokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo yavumelana yenqaba imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo", iqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwemvelo kwakuwukweqa isivikelo esifanayo kungakhathaliseki izinga lezakhiwo. Lesi sinqumo sasidinga ukudlula ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, njengoba abaningi abaklami baso ngokomthetho cishe babengahlosile ukuvimbela izikole ezihlukanisiwe.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba negalelo ekusekeleni imithetho yamalungelo abantu, ngokuvamile ichaza uMthetho - sisekelo ngezindlela ezibonisa ukuqonda okushintshayo kobulungisa nokulingana emphakathini waseMelika. UBrown uyisibonelo salendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ebonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okungaqhubekisela ngayo intuthuko ezenhlalo.

Uthando Virginia (1967)

I - Loving Court, yalahla imithetho enqabela ukushada kwabantu abahlukene phakathi kwezinhlanga, naphezu kobufakazi obucacile bokuthi imithetho enjalo yayivamile lapho iSichibiyelo Se - 14 sigunyazwa.Isinqumo samisa izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zokulingana nenkululeko ngaphezu komkhuba ongokomlando, okubonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezinqubo zabashisekeli bokuqala nabasekela umthetho ophilayo.

UWade (1973) noDobbs v. Jackson (2022)

Amacala ambalwa abonisa kangcono izici zokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo njengezinqumo zamalungelo okukhipha isisu. URoe waqaphela ilungelo elingokomthetho lokukhipha isisu elisekelwe emalungelweni ezindaba zomuntu siqu ashiwo izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomthetho - sisekelo.

Cishe eminyakeni engu-50 kamuva, uDobbs wagumbuqela uRoe, futhi iningi lamukela indlela yokuqala yokusekela eyatholanga ukusekela okungokomlando kwamalungelo okukhipha isisu. Umthetho wangempela nomthetho ohlalayo wezomthetho wezwe kuye kwehla ngandlela-thile ngenxa yokuvunyelwa eNkantolo Ephakeme eminyakeni yamuva, nendawo engcono kakhulu yokuthola izinkulumo zalemibono ngokuvamile eziphikisanayo nemithetho. AmaDobbs aphikisayo anikeza incazelo ephilayo yemithetho, ephikisa ngokuthi incazelo yemithetho-mthetho kufanele ichaze indlela amalungelo okukhipha isisu aye afakwa ngayo emphakathini waseMelika.

Isigodi saseColumbia v. Heller (2008)

Heller waphawula ukunqoba okuphawulekayo kwe-istrist, iNkantolo iqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuphatha izikhali ngokuhlukile kwenkonzo yamabutho. Naphezu kokuphikelela kukaMahluleli Scalia kwenye indawo ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo inqunywa ngokuthi amalungu esizukulwane esiFunyanayo ayeyoyisebenzisa kanjani, umbono wakhe ngeNkantolo eHeller ekugcineni wamukela incazelo exhomeke ezimisweni zamanje zomphakathi nezimo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nezinqumo zakuqala kumelwe zivumelane kanjani nezimo zamanje.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obergefell waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lomshado ongowobulili obufanayo, elimelela ukusebenza okucacile komthetho-sisekelo ophilayo. Umbono abaningi wagcizelela indlela ukuqonda umshado, inkululeko, nokulingana okwaqala ngayo, kuyilapho umehluko waphikisa ngokuthi ushintsho oluphawulekayo lwezenhlalo kufanele luvele ngezinqubo zentando yeningi kunokuba kube umthetho wokwahlulela. Icala licaphula ngokuphelele igebe eliyisisekelo phakathi kwamafilosofi okuchaza.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Izinkinga ezikhona emphakathini wanamuhla ezibangelwa ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nezilinganiso

ISichibiyelo Sesine sabhalwa enkathini yokuphenya okungokomzimba kwamakhaya namaphepha.

  • Ukufinyelela kukahulumeni kwimininingwane yendawo yocingo
  • Ijubane lokudlala ngemishini ehlakaniphile yasekhaya
  • Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuntu ezingxenyeni zomphakathi
  • Iqoqo lemethadatha mayelana nokuxhumana
  • Ukucwaninga ngemininingwane ehlotshiswe ngamafu
  • Izindawo zokuqamba amanga nohulumeni

These issues force courts to decide whether to apply Fourth Amendment principles developed for physical searches to digital surveillance, or to develop new frameworks for the digital age. The interpretive approach chosen dramatically affects your privacy rights in an increasingly connected world.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

Imithombo yezokuzijabulisa, iziteshi ze - Internet, nezokuxhumana nge - computer kuphakamisa imibuzo ewuhlu lweSichibiyelo Sokuqala:

  • Ingabe uhulumeni angakulawula ukulinganisela kwezokuxhumana?
  • Ingabe iziteshi zinamalungelo okuhlela iziNguquko Zokuqala?
  • Umthetho kufanele ubhekane kanjani nokuhlukunyezwa nokusongelwa kuyi - Internet?
  • Imiphi imingcele uhulumeni angayibeka endabeni yokungaqondi?
  • Ingabe abantu banelungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezitejini ezizimele?
  • Umthetho kufanele uwalinganisele kanjani amalungelo okukhuluma ngokumelene nokuba wedwa nokuphepha?

Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezicacile embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo noma emlandweni, idinga ukuba izinkantolo zithuthukise izimiso ezilinganisela ukukhulumela mahhala nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile ezingokohlelo lwezinombolo.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezixubile

Ukuhlakanipha okuwenziwe ngomuntu, ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, izimoto ezizimele, nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezivelayo kuphakamisa imibuzo ewumthetho - sisekelo abaklami bezakhi zofuzo ababengenakuyilindela:

  • Ingabe izincwadi eziklanywe nge - al - pernet ziyasivikela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala?
  • Ingabe uhulumeni angalawula ushintsho lwezakhi zofuzo?
  • Ikuphi ukuvikelwa okufanelekile okusebenza ekwenzeni isinqumo se-algorithm?
  • Umthetho kufanele uzilungise kanjani izikhali ezizimele?
  • Ingabe abantu banelungelo lokwaziswa okuphathelene nofuzo lwabo?
  • Yimiphi imingcele engokomthetho esebenza ezixhunyiweni zamacomnet obuchopho?

Lezi zinselele zivivinya imingcele yezindlela zomsunguli wesonto nezomthetho - sisekelo ophilayo, zidinga incazelo yokusungula izinto ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezimweni ezintsha kakhulu.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Namalungelo Okusizungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uyawavikela yini amalungelo endawo, ukuthi uhulumeni ongakanani olawula ukukhishwa kwegesi, nokuthi ungazilinganisela kanjani izimali ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi baqaphela amalungelo emvelo asekelwe enqubweni efanele noma ezimisweni ezifanayo zokuvikela. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sendawo ezungezile kufanele sishiyelwe ezinqubweni zentando yeningi kunokuba sichazwe ngomthetho - sisekelo.

Indima Yezandulela: Ukukhohlisa Kwezihloni - zinkanyezi

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ayenzeki endaweni engenalutho. Izinkantolo kumelwe zicabangele isibonelo − ezangaphambili izinqumo ezichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Imfundiso yokubheka nge-decisis (ngesiLatini esho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe") isho ukuthi izinkantolo ngokuvamile kufanele zilandele izinqumo zangaphambi, zithuthukise ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokuhlonipha igunya lokwahlulela.

Nokho, inqubo elandelayo idala ukungezwani nezinye izindinganiso ezichazayo. Kuthiwani uma isinqumo sangaphambili sinqunywa ngokungalungile? Ingabe izinkantolo zingaqhubekisela phambili amaphutha omthetho - sisekelo, noma ziwalungise ngisho nangezindleko zokuphazamisa amathemba axazululiwe? Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeka imithetho emayelana nendaba yomthetho - sisekelo, ukuthi isahlulelo sisokugcina; izinqumo zayo zingashintshwa kuphela ngenqubo engavamile yokulungisa umthetho noma ngesinqumo esisha.

Umbono ohlukile ocatshangelwayo uhlukile:

  • Abaqondisi bezinto [ bangazimisele kakhulu ukugumbuqela izenzakalo eziphikisana nencazelo yokuqala
  • Abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo bangabheka isandulela njengengxenye yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo eqondene ne-Programment
  • Izazi ze-Pragmator zilinganisa izindleko zokugumbuqela isibonelo ngokumelene nezinzuzo zokulungisa
  • Abasekeli bokuvimbela kwe-judicial bagcizelela ukuzinza nokubikezela ngesandulela

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme zigumbuqela izinqubo zesikhathi eside ezimisiwe − kusukela kuDobbs ugumbuqele uRoe, ukuze kucatshangelwe amacala acabangela isenzo sokwenqaba nomthetho wezezimali wezezimali — ." ziye zaqinisa izimpikiswano ngokuthi inqubo yakudala kufanele ivumelane yini nezinye izici ezichazayo.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Ngaphandle Kwezinkantolo

Nakuba izinkantolo zifeza indima ebonakalayo kakhulu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, akuzona kuphela abahumushi. UMongameli, uKhongolo, ohulumeni bezwe, ngisho nezakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo.

Incazelo Ephethe

Abaholi boMthetho - sisekelo bachaza lomthetho lapho benquma ukuthi kufanele basayine noma bashaye umthetho, banqume ukuthi amandla aphethe angakanani, futhi baqondise indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo. Izincazelo zomongameli zingawathinta kakhulu amalungelo akho, kusukela ezinqumweni eziphathelene nezinhlelo zokuqapha kuya ekuqikelweni kokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kuya empini.

Ukuchaza Imithetho

ISivumelwano sichaza umthetho-mthetho lapho simisa umthetho, sinquma izinga lombuso kahulumeni, futhi siqondisa. Ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kuye kwenzeka ngomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi phakathi nawo-1960 nawo 1970, futhi kuvikelwe inkululeko engokwenkolo emashumini eminyaka amuva, nabadlali abangawenzi amacala asebenza ekuqondeni kwabo okungcono kakhulu izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zokusekela amalungelo abantu noma ukuchaza izinga elifanele legunya likahulumeni.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zachaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ukuba ahlanganise isivikelo esibanzi senkululeko eyisisekelo kuneminye efana nayo. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso unikeza amalungelo engeziwe angaphezulu kakhulu komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza la malungiselelo ngokuzimele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungelo akho angase ahlukahluke kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi, kanti amanye amazwe anikeza isivikelo esiqinile ngenxa yenkululeko, ukulingana, noma ezinye izindinganiso.

Ukushisekela Umthetho - sisekelo Okuthandwayo

Izakhamuzi zichaza futhi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, izinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, nenkulumo-mphikiswano yomphakathi. Ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo okuthandwayo kuye kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela ekunqanyulweni kuya emalungelweni omphakathi wabesifazane kuya ekulinganani kwemishado. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukubekela inselele izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezikhona, ekugcineni zithonya indlela izinkantolo eziqonda ngayo izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi amanye amazwe abheka incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngendlela ehlukile. Isazi somthetho-mthetho weSikole saseColumbia uJamal Greene sithi ubuShulumente abuthandwa kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-United States (kuhlanganise i-Canada, i-Afrika eseNingizimu, i-Indiya, i-Israel, neningi laseYurophu), lapho ukuncishiswa kwemithetho noma ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuyindlela evamile yokusabela eqenjini engokomthetho.

Imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi engokomthetho ihlanganisa ubuKhosi-mfantu obuphila ngokucace kakhulu kune-United States, ibheka imithetho yabo yobushiqela njengezincwadi ezivumelana nezinguquko. Ezinye zithembele kakhulu ekuchazeni imithetho, futhi izinkantolo zifeza indima elinganiselwe. Amanye amazwe anezinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlukene nemithetho yawo engokomthetho ehlukene. Lezi zinqubo ezihlukene zibonisa imibono engafani ngedemokratismential, amalungelo, nendima efanele yezinkantolo ezimisweni zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Ukuqonda izindlela zokusingatha izindaba zamazwe ngamazwe kunganikeza izimpikiswano ngokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, kunikeze izibonelo ezilinganisela ukuzinza ngokuvumelana nezimo, ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi nesivikelo samalungelo, nokuthembeka kwemibhalo nokuvumelana okuwusizo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukhathalele Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingase ibonakale ingekho, kodwa ithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke ngezindlela eziningi.

  • Ingabe ungathunyelwa ezingosini zokuxhumana
  • Ikuphi amaphoyisa angakuthola ngawe ngaphandle kwemvume
  • Ukuthi ungashada yini nomuntu omthandayo
  • Lokho ongakhetha ukukwenza ukuze uzalane
  • Ukuthi ungabandlululwa yini ngenxa yezimfanelo zakho
  • Imiphi imikhuba engokwenkolo ongayihlanganyela
  • Ukuthi ungavota yini nokuthi kulula kangakanani
  • Inkulumo ongayikhuluma ngaphandle kwesijeziso sikahulumeni
  • Ukuphathwa kanjani yisimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu
  • Ukuthi uthule kangakanani ekuphileni kwakho kwamanani

Njengoba uhulumeni eqhubeka ethatha izinyathelo ezijule ngokwengeziwe kulezozindawo zokuphila kwethu eziphawulwe ngokuthi "zibophele," kunesidingo esikhulu nakakhulu sokubona ukuthi amalungelo abantu ngabanye awancishiswa noma ancishiswe esithakazelweni salokho okungase kubonakale ‘ kulungile emphakathini, ’ futhi njengoba uhulumeni eqhubeka efeza indima yakhe yokunakekela izakhamuzi eziningi kangaka eziswele, kunesidingo esikhulu nakakhulu sokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyokwenza ngokuthembeka nangokungaguquguquki, kanye namathuba okungqubuzana phakathi komsebenzi kahulumeni namalungelo omuntu ngamuntu siqu njengoba amandla negunya likahulumeni ngokwawo kwanda.

Ukumisa Ukwahlulela Kunendaba

Ngenxa yokuthi ifilosofi echazayo ithinta kakhulu imiphumela engokomthetho-sisekelo, ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba kwezombangazwe kakhulu. Uma abahluleli abaphethe abahluleli nabameli beqinisekisa, abagcwalisi nje izikhundla − balungisa ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo amashumi eminyaka. Amajaji ahlangene asebenza ukuphila, okusho ukuthi izindlela zawo zokuchaza ziyothonya amalungelo akho esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba omongameli abamise ukuba bashiye isikhundla.

Ukuqonda amafilosofi achazayo kukusiza ukuba uhlole okwahlulela futhi ubheke izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilandise ngezinqumo zazo zokumisa. Lapho umongameli ethembisa ukumisa u "umsunguli wezwe wakuqala" noma "ummeli womthetho-sisekelo ophilayo" amajaji, kufanele uqonde ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthini ngamalungelo akho nenkululeko.

Amandla Okufunda Omthetho - sisekelo Anikeza Izakhamuzi Amandla

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunengqondo ezimpikiswaneni zentando yeningi eziphathelene namalungelo, inkululeko, namandla kahulumeni.

  • Zicubungule ngokunemba kakhulu izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho
  • Qaphela lapho amajaji esebenzisa izimiso ezingaguquki futhi ephoqelela abantu ukuba bazikhethele
  • Hlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe eziphathelene nomthetho - sisekelo
  • Yiba nesibopho sokunikeza izikhulu zikahulumeni iziqondiso ezihambisana nomthetho - sisekelo
  • Amelele ngokukholisa ngokwengeziwe amalungelo akho namalungelo abanye
  • Qonda ukuthi kungani abantu abanengqondo bengavumelani ngemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo

Ngokuyisisekelo inselele ingenye yekhono lokwakheka komthetho - sisekelo wethu lokuthuthukisa nokuvikela inkululeko, isithunzi, namalungelo abo bonke abantu abasemingceleni yethu, okuyinjongo enkulu yoMthetho - sisekelo ukuze uvikele. Ukuhlangabezana nalenselele kudinga ukuba isakhamuzi esiqonda ukuthi usebenza kanjani umthetho - sisekelo nokuthi kungani kubalulekile.

Ukulinganisela: Endleleni Yokufuna Ukuqonda Izimfundiso Zenkolo

Impikiswano phakathi kobusunguli nobuProgramu obuphilayo, ukuthatha isinyathelo nokuzibamba, ngokuvamile iveza lezizindlela njengezihlukile.

Nakuba uMahluleli uElena Kagan evumile ukuthi thina [Amalunga] sonke singabasekeli bokuqala," abagxeki abaningi bayakungabaza izinga okungachazwa ngalo kuqala njengenkolelo esebenzayo yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Lamazwi abonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi bonke abahluleli kumelwe babheke incazelo yokuqala ngokwezinga elithile, ngisho noma bengakubheki ukwamukela ubufandamentali obusuka phambili kuphela.

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, konke kunezinzuzo nezimo ezimbi. Kunokunamathela ngokuqinile endleleni eyodwa, ephumelelayo yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ingadinga:

  • Ukuqala ngombhalo nohlelo lomthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukucabangela incazelo yokuqala nomongo womlando
  • Ukuhlonipha isibonelo kuyilapho uhlala ukulungele ukuqondiswa
  • Ukulandisa ngemiphumela engokoqobo kanye nemiphumela yezwe yangempela
  • Ukuqaphela ukuqonda okushintshayo kwamalungelo nokulingana
  • Ukulinganisela ukuqina nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okudingekile
  • Ukuvikela amalungelo amancane kuyilapho kuhlonipha izinqubo zentando yeningi
  • Ukusebenzisa izimiso ezingaguquguquki ezimweni ezihlukahlukene

Indlela elinganiselwe, ehlanganisa ubuningi yokuchaza inhlonipho yesikhathi esidlule kodwa isabela ngokuhlakanipha ezimfunekweni zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zentando yeningi. Lendlela ephakathi iyavuma ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukwahlulela, ukuhlakanipha, nokulinganisela ngokucophelela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo kunokusebenzisa indlela eyodwa ezenzekelayo.

Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo izoqhubeka ishintsha njengoba ushintsho lomphakathi, ubuchwepheshe obusha buvela, futhi ukuqonda kwethu amalungelo nokulingana kukhula. Ukuthambekela okuningana kungahlela izimpikiswano zesikhathi esizayo:

Ukwanda Kokwanda Kokukhanya

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo iye yahlukana kakhulu ngokuvumelana nemibono yezombangazwe, nefilosofi echazayo ngokuvamile ehlangene nemibono yezombangazwe. Lezingozi zokungathathi hlangothi zilulaza ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo njengabasekeli bencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo abangathathi hlangothi. Ukuthola izindlela zokususa incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ewumthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho kuvuma izinga layo elingenakugwenywa kuseyinselele ebucayi.

Ukungacabangeli Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile buzoqhubeka buphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezimweni ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, isayensi yebhayoloji, i-quantam compumun, nezinye izinto ezintsha ziyophakamisa imibuzo ewumthetho-sisekelo edinga ukuchazwa. Indlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo ukwethembeka embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kanye nomlando kanye nokuzivumelanisa noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe kuyowathinta ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo akho ezweni elinolwazi olukhulayo.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nomthetho - sisekelo Oqhathaniswayo

Njengoba imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ewumthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke ilwisana nezinselele ezifanayo, ukuhlaziya umthetho - sisekelo ngokuqhathaniswa kungase kube nendima enkulu ekuchazeni.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Nenguquko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziyoqhubeka zibekela izincazelo ezisemthethweni ezikhona futhi zisekela amalungelo anwetshiwe. Kusukela ekuqondiseni isimo sezulu kuya emalungelweni emishini kuya ekulingana kwezomnotho, izinhlangano zithuthukisa izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo ezingase zithonye ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo othandwayo nencazelo yokwahlulela ziyohlala zinamandla futhi zilandela.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo: Ukuhlanganyela Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Nazi izindlela ezisebenzayo ongahileleka kuzo:

Hlala Unolwazi

  • Landela izinqumo zeNkantolo Enkulu futhi uqonde ukucabanga okungemva kwazo
  • Funda imibono ehlukene ukuze uqonde izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza
  • Funda ngamafilosofi okwahlulela achazayo
  • Qonda indlela incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ekuthinta ngayo izinkinga ozikhathalelayo
  • Ukuhlola imithombo yengcebo ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe

Ukuhlanganyela Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

  • Batshele abachaza umthetho - sisekelo ngendlela evumelana nezindinganiso zakho
  • Ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe mayelana nokumiswa kokwahlulela
  • Izinhlangano ezisekela izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo
  • Yiba nezingxoxo ezisekelwe ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukuhlanganyela emizamweni yemfundo yomphakathi

Ukucabanga Okubucayi

  • Hlola imibono yakho siqu ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo
  • Cabanga ngendlela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ezingase zithinte ngayo izindaba ezihlukahlukene
  • Qaphela ubunkimbinkimbi nobunzima bemibuzo yomthetho - sisekelo
  • Yazisa ukuthi abantu abanengqondo bangaphikisana ngokuchaza
  • Gwema ukubheka abahluleli njengabanezimfanelo ezilula noma amafilosofi achazayo

Abameleli Bamalungelo Akho

  • Yazi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo nendlela achazwa ngayo
  • Ukusekela okuthuthukisa izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo okuzisayo
  • Ukuhlanganyela ekukhulumeni obala ngezimiso ezithinta amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo
  • Hlanganisa izinhlangano ezisebenzela ukuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo
  • Xoxa nabanye ngolwazi ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo, owanezelwa ngokuphawulekayo yiBill of Rights neziNguqulo ZeMpi Yomphakathi, umbono okhazimulayo wokuphakama kwesithunzi somuntu ngamunye, oboniswa ekukhetheni khona kanye ukuzibusa ngentando yeningi, njengoba lombono uziveza ngokuphawulekayo ekuvinjelweni okuqondile kweBill of Rights, umbono oye wasiqondisa njengabantu kuwo wonke umlando wethu, nakuba imithetho enembile esiye savikela ngayo isithunzi somuntu esiyisisekelo iye yaguqulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ekuphenduleni kokubili ukuguqulwa kwesimo somphakathi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemibono yethu yesithunzi somuntu.

Ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo kuphathelene ngoba kunquma indlela lombono wesithunzi somuntu omelela ngayo isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo akho nenkululeko. Ukuthi izinkantolo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngelens yokuqala zigxile enjongweni engokomlando, indlela ephilayo yomthetho - sisekelo egcizelela ukuvumelana, noma inhlanganisela yezindlela ezithile zithinta kakhulu ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Izimpikiswano ngokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo azizona nje imfundo kuphela mayelana nohlobo lomphakathi esifuna ukuphila kuwo, indlela esilinganisela ngayo izindinganiso ezincintisanayo, futhi ubani ozonquma amalungelo ethu abaluleke kakhulu. Lezimpikiswano ziyoqhubeka uma nje sinomthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe, futhi imiphumela yazo iyobumba umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ngokuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, uba isakhamuzi esinolwazi oluthe xaxa, esihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zentando yeningi, sigcine uhulumeni unecala, futhi ulwele amalungelo akho namalungelo abanye. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi lomthetho - sisekelo, isazi sezakhamuzi esiqonda indlela incazelo esebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa.

UMthetho-sisekelo ungowathi sonke, futhi sonke sinesigxathu endleleni esichazwa ngayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathalela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuzimela, ukulingana, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, noma noma yiyiphi enye impikiswano yomthetho-sisekelo, ukuchaza komthetho-sisekelo kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo kulemibuzo ebalulekile. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ukuguquka komphakathi, nezinselele ezintsha zivela, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuhlala kusemzimbeni ukuze kuvikele amalungelo nenkululeko echaza ukubusa ngedemokramente yaseMelika.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuchaza, vakashela i-National Constitution Center, ukucwaninga imithombo evela e- Court yase-United States [, noma ubukeze izinto zemfundo [ku-Annberg] Colaryry [. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo nendlela ochazwa ngayo kungezinye zezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ongazithatha njengesakhamuzi esithembisiwe emphakathini wentando yeningi.