Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Amasesha nokulinganisa kumelela enye yezinguquko ezihlala njalo zokwakha ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Emkhakheni wabo, badala isimiso lapho amandla enziwa khona ezinhlanganweni eziningi, ngalinye linamandla okucindezela ezinye. Leli lungiselelo livimbela noma imuphi umuntu ukuba athole igunya elanele lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokungemthetho ngokumelene nezithakazelo zabantu. Abahleli bezimiso zentando yeningi baqonda ukuthi amandla aphezulu, ngisho nasezandleni zabaholi abanezibopho, ngokungenakugwenywa baholela ekuxhashazweni. Ngokuxabana kwemishini kahulumeni, ukuhlola nokulinganisela okungaguquguqukiyo kuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha lohulumeni wanamuhla aqonda ukuthi amandla aphakeme kakhulu, ngisho nasezandleni abaholi abaholi ababo, ngokuzinzi baholela ekuxhashani kwemishini kahulumeni, ngokuhlolwayo.

Ikhono lalesi simiso lisemvelweni yalo yokuziphendulela. Igatsha ngalinye linakho kokubili isikhuthazo namathuluzi okuhlela ukuphindisela ukuphamba abanye. Umphathi angawulawula umthetho, umnyango wendlu yomthetho ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali futhi anganqoba ama-vetoes, futhi ijaji lingabulala imithetho ephula izimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Lesi simiso sokusekelana asisivimbeli nje ukuba ushiqela; sicindezela ukuhlehliswa, ukuhlaziywa, nokulandisa kuzo zonke izinqumo ezinkulu. Ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, i-democraticism ifaka engozini yokushaya umthetho we-athoristism, lapho umthetho we-democratic unikeza umthetho umthetho umthetho umthetho umthetho ngendlela elawula abantu ngabanye.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kudingekile ukuhlola nokulinganisela kudinga ukuhlola imvelaphi yabo engokomlando, ukusebenza kwabo okusebenzayo ekubuseni kwanamuhla, nezinselele eziphikelelayo ababhekene nazo. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuqaphela indima efezwa izakhamuzi ezivamile ekusekeleni lezi sivikelo. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunempilo akuxhomekile ezinhlanganweni ezimiswe kahle kuphela kodwa nasemphakathini othembisiwe oqonda futhi ovikela izimiso zikahulumeni olinganiselwe.

Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Izisekelo zokuhlakanipha nokulinganisela zihlehlela emuva emicabangweni yasendulo yezombangazwe, kodwa indlela yanamuhla yavela phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa. Isazi - mlando esingumGreki uPolybius sachaza umthetho - sisekelo oxubile weRiphabliki yamaRoma, lapho abaxhasi, iSigele, nemihlangano ethandwayo ngayinye yayihlola eminye. Lesi sibonelo sakuqala sabonisa ukuthi igunya elihlukanisayo lingaveza ukuqina futhi livimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla kunoma yiliphi iqembu.

Ithonya eliqondile kakhulu ekuhloleni kwamanje nasekulinganiseni kwezezinqumo. Waxwayisa ngokuthi uma noma imiphi imisebenzi emibili ihlangene endikimbeni efanayo, inkululeko isengozini. Uma bonke abathathu behlangene, ubushiqela buqinisekile. Imibono yakhe yasakazeka kakhulu phakathi kwabathandi bamakoloni baseMelika futhi yalungisa izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni womthetho we-Gaqo-siseko we-1787.

Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho we-United States babhekana nenkinga eyisisekelo: indlela yokwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuba uqine ngokwanele ukuba ucindezele izakhamuzi zawo. UJames Madison wakhuluma ngalendlela ngokuqondile kuFederalist No. 51, lapho abhala khona ukuthi isifiso sokuvelela kumelwe sibekwe ukuze kulwe nesifiso sokuvelela. Waphikisa ngokuthi igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lihlelwe ukuze libe nezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo nezisusa zomuntu siqu zokumelana nokugxabhazwana nabanye. Lesimiso saba ukuhleleka koMthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo nokunikeza amathuluzi okuvikela amalungelo alo. Umphumela wawuyisimiso sokuhlanganyela imibuso, hhayi isigaba esiqinile lapho igatsha ngalinye lisebenza khona ngokuzehlukanisa.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kuqinisa ukuhlakanipha kwalendlela. Izimiso zePhalamende, lapho umphathi ephuma khona kundlu yomthetho, ngokuvamile engenawo izinga elifanayo lokuphikisana kwezimiso. Nakuba izimiso ezinjalo zingaphumelela, zigxilisa amandla kakhulu futhi zinikeze izithiyo ezimbalwa ekushintsheni ngokushesha, ngokunganqandeki. Ngokuhlukile, izimiso zobumongameli ezinamasu aqinile nezingalinganisi zithambekele ekukhiqizeni inqubo ebanzi nesivikelo esikhulu samalungelo amancane.

Ukuklanywa Komthetho - sisekelo Nezisivikelo Zokwakha

Izinqubo eziqondile zokuhlola nokulinganisela ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwemibuso yentando yeningi, kodwa bonke bavumelana ngomqondo ofanayo. E-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo unika igatsha ngalinye amandla ahlukene kuyilapho udala igunya elilinganayo. Umongameli uyayala ibutho lezempi, kodwa uKhongolo umemezela impi nezimali ezifanele. ISishaya-mthetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezahlulelo, kodwa umongameli uveza amajaji. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, kodwa iSishaya-mthetho ukunquma. Lemithwalo yemfanelo ebekwayo idinga ukumiswa futhi ivumelane, okwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa ukubusa.

Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zomthetho-sisekelo, zonke izinhlangano ezisekelayo ziqinisa ukuhlola nokulinganisela. Izinkantolo ezizimele, imithombo yezindaba, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezinkonzo zobuchwepheshe zomphakathi konke kusebenza njengemikhakha eyengeziwe yokulandisa. Uma noma iyiphi ingxenye yalendawo yezinto eziphilayo iwohloka, isimiso sisengozini enkulu yokubamba ngamandla aqinile. Amandla okuhlola nokulinganisela ancike emithethweni ebhaliwe kuphela kodwa nasemikhubeni esemthethweni, nakwemikhubeni enikeza leyo mithetho incazelo.

Okwenza Ukulinganisela Kube Nendaba Engokwempilo Yentando Yeningi

Amasesha nama-ascer nama-ascence kusebenza imisebenzi eminingana ehlangene esekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Umsebenzi ngamunye uqinisa eminye, udala isimiso esikhulu kunengxenye yayo. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kucacisa ukuthi kungani le nqubo ingesona nje inzuzo kodwa isidingo sokwakha sanoma yisiphi idemokrasi esinethemba lokukhuthazela.

Ukuvimbela Ukugxilisa Ingqondo Kumandla

Umsebenzi osobala kakhulu wokuhlolwa nokulinganisela uwukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekutholeni igunya elingaphezu kwalokho. Uma amandla enziwa, ukulandisa kuncipha, futhi ingozi yokuxhashazwa inyuka kakhulu. Igatsha lomthetho lingayidlulisa imithetho, kodwa umphathi kumelwe aqikelele futhi ijaji lingawalulaza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho qiniso elilodwa lemibono elingaphoqelela ukuba likwazi ukubhekana nezithiyo. Ngisho nalapho elinye iqembu lilawula wonke amagatsha amathathu, amandla angaphakathi enqubo ngayinye kanye nezimfuneko zenqubo yemithetho yomthetho lidala ukuxabana okunciphisa ushintsho olusheshayo nokunye ukuvumelana.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zamandla angalawuliwe zibonisa izingozi. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliye lawohloka, indlela evamile ukuncishiswa kwemithetho elawulayo. Abaqondisi bashiya ukuqondisa kwemithetho, izinkantolo zilahlekelwa ukuzibusa, futhi abezindaba bazithoba kuhulumeni. Uma lokhu kuhlola kwehluleka, indlela yokubusa ngempoqo iqala ngokushesha. Ukugcinwa kobushiqela nezilinganiso kuyindlela yokukhombisa idemokrati.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Nabantu Ngabo Bonke

Lapho abaqaphi bomthetho bephakamisiwe, noma bekhipha ushintsho ezinhlelweni. Uma izishayamthetho zikhipha imithetho evimbela inkulumo noma izinhlangano, izinkantolo zingawashaya indiva ngokuthi awekho umthetho osemthethweni. Uma abaphathi beyala ukuba kuqashelwe noma bavalelwe ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, izishayamthetho zingahlola futhi ziqede lezo zinhlelo.

Lesivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwenkululeko esobala yomphakathi ukuba sihlanganise amalungelo ezomnotho, amalungelo empahla, nokulunga komthetho. Lesi simiso asiqinisekisi ubulungisa obuphelele, kodwa sidala amaphuzu amaningi okungena lapho izakhamuzi namaqembu azimele angabekela inselele isenzo sikahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwalezi zikhombi eziningi, abantu abasengozini bebengaba namasu amancane kakhulu okumelana nezimiso ezicindezelayo. Ukutholakala kobukekeli bomthetho, ukuqondisa kwemithetho, kanye nezimiso zokuziphendulela izikhulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphulwa kwamalungelo kungabonakala futhi kulungiswe.

Isikhuthazo Sokubusa Okunenkululeko

Ukungezwani okubangelwa ukuhlola nokulinganisela okubangelwa ukuthatha kancane, ukwenza izinqumo ngamabomu. Nakuba abagxeki ngezinye izikhathi beveza lokhu njengokuthatha i-grid, ijubane langamabomu liyisici, hhayi igciwane. Izinguquko ezinkulu zenkambiso ezithinta izigidi zabantu zidinga ukuphikisana okuphelele, izizungezo eziningi zokubukeza, nesakhiwo esivuleke kabanzi. Imfuneko yokuba umthetho udlule ezindaweni eziningi ziqinisekise ukuthi izicelo zihlolwe ngezindlela eziningi ngaphambi kokuba zibe umthetho.

Lemfanelo eyingozi ivikela futhi ezingozini zesenzo esisheshayo, esicatshangelwa ngokungafanele. Uma kuvela izimo eziphuthumayo, umphathi angathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ngegunya lakhe elingokomthetho, kodwa izinguquko ezihlala njalo zidinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho futhi kumelwe ziphumelele ekuhlolweni kokwahlulela. Ngaleyondlela isimiso silinganisela isidingo sesivinini ezinkingeni kanye nesidingo sokuqapha ezikhathini ezivamile. Izehlakalo eziqinile nezilinganiswayo zithambekele ekukhiqizeni izimiso eziqinile, ezamukelekayo kakhulu kunezimiso lapho amandla esetshenziswa khona.

Ukulandisa Ngokuqondisa Kwezinhlangano

Amaphenya adala izinqubo eziningi zokubeka izikhulu icala ngezenzo zazo. Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho angafaka izincwadi ezingaphansi kwezincwadi, aphoqelele ubufakazi, futhi ahlole ukuziphatha kwegatsha elikhulu. Abashushisi abazimele bangalandela amacala obugebengu ezikhulwini ezephula umthetho. Izinkantolo zingahlola ukufaneleka kwezenzo zokuphatha. Izindaba zingabika ngemisebenzi kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuzivimbela. Lezimiso zokulandisa ezibonisa ukulandisa zisho ukuthi ububi bungadalulwa futhi bujeziswe kunezimiso lapho ukuphatha kubuthakathaka khona.

Ukulandisa futhi kusebenza ngenqubo yokukhetha, kodwa okhetho kuphela alwanele. Phakathi nokhetho, izikhulu kumelwe ziphendule kwezinye izinhlangano ezinegunya nesikhuthazo sokubuza izenzo zazo. Lokhu kuqondisa okuqhubekayo kwakha isimilo sokulunga, lapho abadlali bakahulumeni kumelwe bachaze futhi bavikele khona izinqumo zabo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lelisiko liqinisa umthetho wokuthi amandla anemibandela futhi ahlolwe, okuyisisekelo sobugunya bentando yeningi.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukuqonda indlela ukuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo kudinga ukuhlola izimiso ezithile nezindlela eziye zasetshenziswa kuzo kuwo wonke umlando wentando yeningi.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho Kwesikhulu

Igunya lesishaya - mthetho lokuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe lingenye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu embusweni womongameli. Amakomiti eSishaya-mthetho anganikeza amacala, akhiphe izihloko eziphansi, futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi begatsha abaphethe. Leligunya lobubonisi lidlulela cishe kuzo zonke izici zemisebenzi kahulumeni, kusukela emikhakheni yezempi kuya ekuqondiseni umthetho wezomthetho wakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuhlola okukhulu kuthonye umlando wezombangazwe zaseMelika. Izindlebe zeWatergate kuma 1970 zaveza ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okwaholela ekuhoxisweni kukamongameli. Ukuhlola kwe-Iran-Contra kwadalula ukuthengiswa kwezikhali eziyimfihlo nokuxhaswa kwamaqembu ahlubukayo. Muva nje, ukuhlola kwenhlangano kuye kwahlola imisebenzi yobuhlakani, ukungenela kokhetho, nokusabela okuwumshayabhuqe. Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa amandla egatsha le-propatition afuna ukuba i-operalton kanye nokulandisa komphathi, ngisho nalapho iqembu elifanayo lilawula womagatsha omabili.

Ukwengamela umthetho kusebenza futhi ngamandla esikhwama semali. UKhongolo-kahulumeni ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali futhi ungaphika ukuxhaswa kwemali yezinhlelo ezimelene nayo. Lokhu kunikeza i-pactional isebenzise kakhulu kunezinto eziza kuqala eziphethe. Omongameli bangase bahlose ukuba kuhlelwe izimali nezinhlelo, kodwa uMkhandlu unquma ukuthi uzoxhasa yini. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi izifiso zezikhulu zihlala zikhona uma zivunyelwana nemvume yomthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Amandla ezinkantolo okubukeza ubunjalo bomthetho-mthetho wemithetho nezenzo zobuphathi ayisisekelo sezindlela zokuhlola nokulinganisela. E-United States, leligunya lamiswa ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Marbury v. Madison (1803] [183], eliqinisekisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingagawula imithetho ephula umthetho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukubukezwa komthetho kuye kwasetshenziswa ukulahla imithetho ehlukanisayo, ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota, nokulinganisela igunya lokuvalelwa kwezikhulu.

Ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela kusebenza njenge-sehlo kokubili amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ophula amalungelo avikelwe, izinkantolo zingawumemezela ubuze. Uma umongameli ekhipha iziyalezo ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalo ezivimbela lezo zenzo. Lamandla okwahlulela alinganiselwe ngemfuneko yokuthi amacala kumelwe abe yizimpikiswano ezingokoqobo ezilethwa amaqembu, kodwa kuleyomingcele, izinkantolo zisebenzisa igunya eliqinile ukuchaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni.

Inqubo yokumisa abahluleli ngokwabo ibonisa ukuhlola nokulinganisela. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, umongameli umisa amajaji, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuzwa lapho abaqondisi bebhekene nemibuzo ngefilosofi yabo yokwahlulela nangemithetho yangaphambili. Imfuneko yokuvunyelwa kweSigele iqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kokwahlulela okuhlala isikhathi eside kuhlolwa ngokucophelela futhi akunakuhlolwa ngaphandle kokubekwa kamuva.

Ukubusa Kwe - Veto Nemithetho Kuyidlangile

Umongameli we-veto ukuhlolwa okuqondile egatsheni lemithetho. Uma i-Congress idlulisa isikweleti, umongameli angasithumela, asibuyisele ngokuphikisa. Khona - ke uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa ngenani eliphindwe kathathu emagumbini amabili, kodwa lo mnyango ophakeme wenza kube yivelakancane. Usongo nje lwe-veto ementationings, njengoba izivumelwano zobungcweti zingaqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa kukamongameli noma ukumiswa kwetshe elikhulu lokusekela ukudlula i-veto.

Lamandla anamandla avumelana phakathi kwamagatsha. Umongameli akanakwenza umthetho ngaphandle komKhongolo, futhi iSishaya-mthetho asinakumisa isimiso esiwukuzimisela sokuphikiswa kukamongameli ngaphandle kwezikhulu ezingavamile. Ngaleyondlela iveto isebenza njengebhuleki ekuthatheni isinyathelo somthetho, ifuna amagatsha amabili ukuba axoxe futhi athole indawo efanayo. Nakuba lokhu kungaveza i-grack, futhi kuvimbela noma igatsha ngalinye ukuba lingafaki intando yalo ngaphandle kokuzihlela.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwezigele Ngokumisa Izinqumo

Imfuneko yokuba iSigele siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli ehhovisi lejaji, eminyangweni ephethe, nasemahhovisi azimele inye inqubo enzima. Lo mbuso uqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akakwazi ukusebenza kuhulumeni ngaphandle kokukhuluma futhi kumelwe athole ukusekela kweningi labaphathi be-Istance. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuhlola okusekelwe esizindeni, ukuqulwa kwekomiti, kanye nokuvota okungahlolwa umphakathi.

Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaqala ukuphikisana emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba ukuhlanganisa izifundazwe kwamazwe kuye kwaqinisa izimpi zokuqinisekisa. Abanye abameleli babhekana nokulibala okuthatha isikhathi eside noma ukulahlwa okuqondile, okuholela ekubeni nezindawo ezithinta ukusebenza kukahulumeni. Nakuba lezi zimpi zinganciphisa inqubo yokumiswa, babonisa futhi ukungathi sína kwamandla okuqinisekisa nokuqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo ohlangene phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezomthetho.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Okumelwe Zivivinywe Futhi Zilinganiswe

Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde ubuwula balesi simiso nomsebenzi odingekayo ukuze silondolozwe, naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu embusweni wanamuhla.

Ukwenziwa Kwelanga Ne - Gridlock Ephakathi

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezinhlangano kuye kwaphazamisa izinqubo zokuhlola nokulinganisela. Uma amaqembu ezombangazwe eqala ukuhlangana futhi ephikisa, izisusa zokubambisana komphakathi zingantengantenga. IziKhomishane zinganqaba ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu noma ukubekwa kwecala ngenxa yenzuzo yezombangazwe. Omongameli bangasebenzisa iziyalezo eziphethe ukuze bagweme ukumelana nemithetho. Izinkantolo zingadonselwa ezimpini ezikhubaza umphakathi ezilulaza ukuthembela ekungakhethi kwazo.

Lokhu kuhlukana kwakha isimo esiyindida lapho ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvimbela khona kokubili ukuxhashazwa nokulawulwa okuphumelelayo. Uma ukusebenzelana ngakunye phakathi kwamagatsha kuba impi elwayo, isimiso singamisa. Imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokuhlela, ukumisa, nokuguqula inqubo ivele inciphe kakhulu empini engokwemvelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhungatheka komphakathi nge-radbock kungadala isidingo sesenzo esingcono sokulawula, okusongela isimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Aphethe

Umongameli wanamuhla uye wahlanganisa imibuso emikhulu enweba umklamo wokuqala womthetho-sisekelo. Ukwanda kwezwe lokulondeka, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokulawula ukwenza inqubo, nokwanda kwezinhlangano zokuphatha konke kuye kwashintsha amandla egatsheni eliphethe. Omongameli bawo womabili lamaqembu baye baba nengxenye kulomkhuba, bathola ukuthi isenzo esingahlolwanga sinikeza indlela evimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Iziqondiso zabaqondisi abaphethe, nakuba zivunyelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho, ziye zasetshenziselwa ukufinyelela imigomo yesimiso ngokuvamile eyofuna umthetho. Lokhu kufiphaza umehluko phakathi kokusetshenziswa kweziphathimandla nezakhiwo zomthetho. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kwezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ezinegunya lokubusa kuye kwadala igatsha lesine likahulumeni elisebenza ngokuzimela okukhulu ekukhetheni. Lezizenzakalo zivivinya amandla emishini engokwesiko ukuze kubekwe amandla ombuso.

Indima Yokwahlulela Nokuqondisa

Ijaji libhekene nenselele engokomthetho ovela eziqondisweni eziningi. Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba izimpi ezinkulu ezilwayo ezihlukanisayo, futhi abaqondisi bahlolwa ngokuyinhloko ezindleleni zabo zokuvota ezilindelekile kunezimfanelo zabo noma ubuqotho. Lokhu kubekwa kwenqubo yokumisa kusongela ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo njengabavikeli abangathathi hlangothi bezimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo zibhekene nokugxekwa ngokuthatha isinyathelo nokuzibamba. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji adlula indima yawo ngokumisa imithetho yedemokrasi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji azithoba kalula kakhulu emandleni okulawula, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukulinganisela ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokuziphendulela kuseyinselele eqhubekayo, futhi ukucubungula komthetho kuxhomeke ekuboneni komphakathi ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzisa umthetho kunokuba zifake imithetho ethandwayo.

Ukudideka Komphakathi Nokuncipha Kwemizwa YaseNorms

Izinhlolo nokulinganisela kuxhomeke hhayi kuphela emithethweni ehleliwe kodwa ezimisweni ezingekho emthethweni nemikhuba elawula indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzelana ngayo. Uma lezimiso ziwohloka, lesi simiso siwohloka ngisho noma imithetho ebhaliwe ingakasheshi. Ama-norming medicial, i-democracy, nokuzibamba kuye kwawohloka ebuhlotsheni obubodwa obusebuthweni obuzimele, obuthathelwe indawo igatsha ngalinye elifuna inzuzo enkulu.

Ukudilizwa komphakathi kuhlanganisa lenkinga. Uma izakhamuzi zingaqondi ukuthi zisebenza kanjani futhi zilinganisene kanjani noma kungani zibalulekile, azinamathuba okuzivikela lapho zihlaselwa. Ukuzimela ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi kuye kwehla, futhi ulwazi lwezinqubo zikahulumeni eziyisisekelo luhlala luphansi. Umphakathi ongenalwazi uthambekele ekunxuseni okuthembisa ukuphumelela ngokulahlekelwa yizikhungo zomphakathi, ukuhweba ngenkululeko yesikhathi eside ngenzuzo emfushane.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wezakhamuzi Ekuvikeleni Isivikelo Sentando Yeningi

Ukusinda kwemishini nokulinganisela ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekuthembiselweni kwezakhamuzi ezivamile. Izinkonzo zizodwa azikwazi ukuzivikela; zidinga ukusekelwa ngenkuthalo abantu ezibakhonzayo. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokusekela isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esivikela inkululeko yazo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngolwazi Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuqamba kuseyisenzo esiyisisekelo sobuzwe bentando yeningi. Ukukhetha kunquma ukuthi ubani ozothatha amahhovisi asebenzisa amandla kahulumeni, futhi abavoti banethuba lokuvuza noma ukujezisa abazobhapathizwa ngenxa yokuzinikela kwabo ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukunikeza izicelo ezihlonipha imingcele yezinhlangano futhi ziqonde ukubaluleka kokuhlola nokulinganisela kuwuhlu lokuqala lwesivikelo ekukhukhulekeni kwempoqo.

Ulwazi luyisisekelo sokuvota okuphumelelayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda isimo sikahulumeni, imibuso yegatsha ngalinye, nomlando wokuhlola nokulinganisela zingakhipha izahlulelo ezingcono ngabazobhapathizwa nangezimiso. Imithombo yezindaba ethembekile, izinhlelo zemfundo yomphakathi, nempikiswano yomphakathi konke kunengxenye ekukhetheni okunganikeza izikhulu izikhulu isibopho sokulandisa.

Ukuhileleka Eceleni Kwale Ndawo

Ukuya emihlanganweni yasehholo, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuyohlola umphakathi, zonke izindlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngazo ezinqubweni zikahulumeni. Le misebenzi yenza izikhulu zihlale zisabela futhi izikhumbuza ukuthi zikhonza ngenjabulo yabantu.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ishekethiso nokulinganisela. Amaqembu angenanzuzo, izinhlangano zezezimali, kanye nezinhlangano ezingochwepheshe ziqondisa umsebenzi kahulumeni, ukumangalela ukulwa kokuxhashazwa kwemithetho, futhi zifundisa umphakathi ngezinsongo zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukusekela lezinhlangano kuqinisa isimo sendawo sokuziphendulela okusekela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Ukuvikela Izinhlangano Zokuzimela

Izinkantolo ezizimele, imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile, nezinkonzo zobuchwepheshe zibalulekile ekuhlolweni nasekulinganiseni. Uma noma iziphi lezizinhlangano zihlaselwa, izakhamuzi kumelwe zizivikele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela komphakathi ukuze kutholakale uzimele kokwahlulela, kusiza ukuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nokuphindisela. Ngokufanayo, ukuvikela inkululeko yezindaba kuqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli zingahlola futhi zibike ngemisebenzi kahulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela.

Izakhamuzi zingavikela lezizinhlangano ngokukhuluma ngokumelene nezinsongo, ngokusekela izinhlangano ezisekela inkululeko yezinhlangano, nokwenqaba ukulandisa kwezombangazwe okululaza izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, noma izisebenzi zikahulumeni.

Imfundo Nokudluliselwa Kolwazi Oluhlangene

Ukuqonda izinhlolo nokulinganisela akukona okungokwemvelo; kumelwe kufundwe. imfundo yeSigqi seSikole ezikoleni, emikhayeni, nasemiphakathini iqinisekisa ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye siqonda izimiso zomthetho sisekelo ezivikela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukudlulisa ulwazi phakathi kwesizukulwane kuhilela nokulingisa ukuziphatha kwentando yeningi.

Ikusasa Lokubhekana Nokulinganisela Ekubuseni Kwentando Yeningi

Amasheke nama - alceria awafinyeleli; aguquka ngenxa yezimo nezinselele ezishintshayo. Ikusasa lokubusa kwentando yeningi lixhomeke emandleni emiphakathini ukuvumelanisa lezizinqubo namaqiniso amasha kuyilapho ilondoloza umsebenzi wawo obalulekile wokucindezela.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba kanye nezinsongo zokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amathuluzi emishini angathuthukisa ukubonakala, avule amathuba okwengamela izakhamuzi, futhi enze kube lula ukuthatha isinyathelo. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe busiza nokuhlola, ukukhipha, nokusebenzisa izinto ezingase zilulaze izinqubo zentando yeningi. Ama-socience kumelwe athuthukise ukusabela okusha kulezinselele, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokwaziswa zokuveza izisekelo, nezinga lokuvikela amalungelo emishini.

Ukuncintisana kwembulunga yonke kuhlola futhi kuhlolwa ukulinganisela okungokwesiko. Izinqumo eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zenziwa yizinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe abasebenza ngaphandle kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo wanoma yisiphi isizwe. Ukulungisa leligebe kudinga izindlela ezintsha zokuziphendulela ngokomthetho wezizwe ezihlanganisa ukulinganisela nokulinganisela okungadluli kwemingcele yesizwe.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukuhluzeka okuyisisekelo kokuhlola nokulinganisela kusewusizo kunanini ngaphambili. Ukufakwa kwamandla, kungaba egatsheni elilodwa likahulumeni, eqenjini elilodwa lezombangazwe, noma kumuntu oyedwa, kusongela inkululeko nokulandisa. Amasu avimbela ukugxilisa ingqondo okunjalo kungase kudingeke ukuba aphenduke, kodwa isimiso sokuthi amandla kufanele anikezwe futhi aqiniswe asiphelelwa isikhathi.

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States wamisa uhlelo lwezinhlolo nezilinganiso eziye zaphefumlela izimiso zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. [Iphepha lomthetho wobuFederal's lisalokhu libalulekile ukufunda ukuze liqonde indlela yokucabanga ngalendlela yokuklama. Izakhiwo ezinikezelwe ukuvikela izinhlangano zentando yeningi [[ ziyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wokuvikela lezizimiso esikhathini sanamuhla.

Amasheke nama-aspecter akusona isiqinisekiso sokumelana nokubusa okubi, kodwa kuyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu sokumelana nobushiqela esisungulwe yizinhlangano zentando yeningi. Zinciphisa ukwenza izinqumo, ukuphoqa, futhi zidala amaphuzu amaningi okulandisa. Ukulondoloza lezizivikelo kudinga ukuqapha njalo nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele, kodwa okunye kuyizwe lapho amandla engenamingcele namalungelo. Kulokho kuveza ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwe-checks kanye nezilinganiso zokubusa kwentando yeningi.