Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nezinhlangano zikahulumeni buyinsika eyisisekelo yokubusa kwaseMelika, esekelwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi ehlelwe amakhulu eminyaka edingekile. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo umisa imibuso ebanzi kuhulumeni wezwe futhi ugcine okusele kuhulumeni, iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Amazwe asebenza njengezimiso ezizimele ngemithetho-mthetho yawo siqu, izishaya-mthetho zomthetho, nezinkantolo, nokho kumelwe ahlalisane nemisebenzi enamandla yezwe egunyazwe elisebenza ngokumisa imithetho nezindinganiso zesizwe. Lokhu kudala ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwe-Iscromast kanye ne-jognome, ukubambisana nokuphikisana. Ukuqonda okubalulekile kunoma ubani owenzisa umthetho womphakathi, umthetho wezomthetho, noma izivumelwano zomphakathi eUnited States. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindima ezihlukene zombuso nezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zesizwe, izinselele ezibusa izinhlangano zawo, izinselele, izingxoxo ezibhekene, ukubambisana nokubambisana kwazo.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza ipulani yemithetho kahulumeni. u-Claus [U-Artle VI, Claus 2) umisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, okusho ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho ayinakuphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni noma umthetho ngokwawo. Nokho, ISimemezelo se-TYTY [[[ ibekela wonke amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni wezwe noma abantu. Lokhu kuthinteka komthetho kuphakamisa isimiso lapho kokubili amazinga kahulumeni enziwa khona futhi ngezinye izikhathi evuna imithwalo yemfanelo ephikisanayo.

Izinhlangano ze-Federal zithola igunya kuzo ngezenzo zeMikhandlu neziqondiso eziphethe. Zisebenza ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe futhi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa, ukuphoqelela, nokuqondisa izinhlelo zesizwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ohulumeni boMbuso bathola igunya labo kumthetho-mthetho kahulumeni futhi banamandla amakhulu amaphoyisa okuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, kanye nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zabo. Le nqubo ayihlanzekile ngaso sonke isikhathi; izindawo eziningi zesimiso zisebenza njengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nezokuthutha zihlanganyela noma zisebenzisane.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ohulumeni BoMbuso

Isifunda ngasinye sezifunda ezingu-50 sisebenza njengendawo yokuhlola idemokrasi ezimele. Ohulumeni boMbuso banezabo siqu eziphethe, izishaya-mthetho, nezingalo zokwahlulela. Imithwalo yabo yemfanelo mikhulu futhi ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke:

  • Imfundo:[ Izwe liphethe izikole zomphakathi K-12, limise izindinganiso zohlelo, futhi lengamele amayunivesithi omphakathi namakolishi omphakathi. Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza izimali zokusekela imali kodwa awuqhubeki ezikoleni.
  • Itrakethi:[ amaZwe ayiziqu futhi agcine ingxenye enkulu yemigwaqo, amabhuloho, nemigwaqo emikhulu. Ilawula futhi ezentengiselwano zezwe nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi.
  • Ukuvikela:[ Izwe liqondisa izinhlelo ze-Medicaid ngaphansi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni, lilawula izimakethe zempilo yomshuwalense, kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo.
  • Ukuphepha kobuPublic: Amaphoyisa kahulumeni, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu.
  • I-Revolution yezentengiselwano: Izwe limisa imithetho yezenkampani, izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezivikelo eziningi zabathengi.
  • Izwe elisetshenziswayo nemithombo yemvelo: amazwe alawula izwe asebenzisa uhlelo, amalungelo amanzi, nezimiso eziningi zendawo ezungezile emingceleni yawo.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo

Izinhlangano ze-freational zihlelwe ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe futhi zinomthwalo wemfanelo ezindabeni ezithinta isizwe sonke. Igunya lazo lihlanganisa imithombo kahulumeni noma izimali ezibalulekile zesizwe. Izinhlangano eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Environal Protection Agency (EPA) - - ulawula umoya nomgangatho wamanzi, udoti oyingozi, kanye nokuphepha kwamakhemikhali ezweni lonke. Ufunda okwengeziwe nge-EPA[.
  • AmaCententer for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – anikeza iziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi, ukuqubuka kwezifo, nezinhlelo zemali zezombuso. CDC.
  • Izindawo zezokuthutha [DOT] - - yengamela imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe, izindiza, izitimela, nokuphepha kwasolwandle.
  • Indawo ye Homeland Security (DHS) – ilawula ukufuduka, ukuvikelwa emngceleni, nokusabela ngenhlekelele nge-FEMA.
  • ISikhundla semfundo[ – isakaza izimali zikahulumeni zesikole futhi iphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi emfundweni kodwa ayimiseli isikole sesikole.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[FDA:1] - - ilawula ukuphepha kokudla, imithi, nemishini yezokwelapha.

Izinhlangano ze-Federal zivame ukusebenza ngamahhovisi esifunda nangamashadi nombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe zingasebenzisa izinhlelo ze-EPA ezamukelekayo zendawo ezungezile noma ziphoqelele izindinganiso zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ngaphansi koMnyango wezisebenzi.

Izibonelo Zobuhlobo Bendawonye Behulumeni

Indlela ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni abasebenzelana ngayo iye yavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ubumbano Lwama - Dual

Ngokuvamile uma kuqhathaniswa nekhekhe, amaphaphu amabili e-unist posit abusayo nohulumeni abasebenza ezimbulungani ezihlukene nezingalingani. Lesibonelo sasivelele ekhulwini le-19, lapho uhulumeni wezwe ugxila ngokuyinhloko ekuvikeleni izwe, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, nakwezohwebo zezwe, kuyilapho imibuso yasingatha izindaba eziningi ezingokwezekhaya. Izinhlelo zeNew Deal ne-guant ezilandelayo zifiphaza lemigqa, kodwa lomqondo usathinta izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene namalungelo emibuso.

Ukubambisana

Kusukela ngawo-1930, ubukhomanisi obubambisanayo bavela njengesibonelo esihlangene kakhulu, ngokuvamile esichazwa njengekhekhe lemabula. Kulendlela, womabili amazinga kahulumeni abambisana emigomweni enye. Umbuso unikeza izinhlelo ze-aid, izinhlelo ezihlangeneyo zokuxhasa izimali, kanye nokubambisana komthetho wobukhombane ziyiziphawu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Eat Air Act ivumela iziphakamiso zokuziklama kwazo siqu uma nje zihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zikahulumeni.

UbuFederalism

I-Fiscal uhulumeni uchaza ubuhlobo bezimali phakathi kwezifundazwe nohulumeni kahulumeni. Uhulumeni uqoqa imali eningi yentela nemali ethunyelwayo ngezimali zentela, ngosizo oluphelele, nangeziphakamiso ezivimbelayo. Izimo ezihlangene nokuxhaswa kwemali kahulumeni zingathonya isimiso sikahulumeni esiza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni kahulumeni wafuna ukuba imibuso iphakamise ukuphuza okungokomthetho ineminyaka engu-21 noma ilahlekelwe yizimali zomgwaqo. Le mali iyithuluzi elinamandla lenkambiso yezwe, kodwa futhi ibangela ukucindezeleka lapho izifunda.

Ubumbano Olusha

Kusukela kuma 1980, amongameli abaningana baye basekela ubuzwe obusha , behlose ukubuyisela amandla emibuso emuva. Izinyathelo ezifana nokuguqula inhlalakahle (i-Preference and Work Opportunity Act ka-1996) zanikeza izimo ezivumelanisa nezimo ezinkulu ekuklameni izinhlelo zosizo. Lesibonelo sigcizelela ukuhlola kombuso futhi sinciphise ukuqondisa kukahulumeni, nakuba kulokhu kusebenza ngokungafanele kwezinye izindawo zezimiso.

Izindawo Eziyisihluthulelo Zokungenela

Imfundo

Imfundo ngokuyinhloko iyimisebenzi kahulumeni neyomphakathi, kodwa uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ngokuxhasa ngemali nangokulandisa izimfuneko. Wonke umfundi ungene phambili (ESSA)[FLT] [2015] (20) esikhundleni sika-Ayikho Child Lend Behind no negunya elibalulekile lokunquma kuyilapho ukulondoloza uhulumeni ngenxa yokungalingani nezindinganiso. Amazwe manje aklama izimiso zawo siqu zokuziphendulela, ukuhlola okusesilinganisweni, kanye namasu elungiselelwe isikole, ukuze avunyelwe yizwe. Isihloko Izimali engixhasa izikole ezithola imali eziphansi ne-Averensivery Edult Act (IA) iyizinhlelo eziyinhloko ze-ogatementsment ezithiwe yizimiso zikahulumeni eziqondisa.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile siyisibonelo sokubambisana nokulwa. Ngo-EPA, uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa izindinganiso zesizwe zezinga lomoya namanzi. Nokho, imibuso ngokuvamile inikwa igunya lokuphoqelela lezindinganiso ngaphansi kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kukahulumeni. ICalifornia isendaweni ekhethekile: ingacela abaphangi abasuka e-EPA ukuba bamise isilinganiso esiqinile sezimoto ezikhipha umoya ngaphansi kwe-Ceaoc Air Act. Amanye amazwe amaningana aye akhetha ukulandela ukuhola kweCalifornia, akha umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wezimiso. Lesimiso esimbaxa siholele ezimpini ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi emagatsheni e-EPA e-opera e-opatersss.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

I-Affordlable Care Act ka-2010 (ACA) yanda ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo ngesikhathi kugcinwa izindima zikahulumeni. Amazwe asebenzisa iMedicaid nemali ehambelanayo kahulumeni, kanti i-ACA ikhuthaza amazwe ukuba andise i-Medicaid enziligible. Ngonyaka ka-2024, amazwe angu-40 ne-Fourtrict of Colugate yaseColumbia aye andisa uMdicaid, kuyilapho amazwe ayishumi engakaze asho, asho ukuthi izindleko nezimiso zikahulumeni zikhona zikhona. Uhulumeni wezwe uphethe futhi i-Healkhonishuwancermment Mediach Medual, kodwa uphethe ukuphepha kwezidakamizwa izidakamizwa, kodwa usho ukuthi izibhedregi zalebhulabhu. I-CHOD aqokomisa lokhu kucindezela ukuhlasela nokugoma kwe-droma kwe-CDC.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezinkulu ezibonelela imigwaqo emikhulu yase-Australia, amabhuloho, kanye nemisebenzi yokuthutha nge- Isebe sezokuthutha ne[FLT] Fateral Highway Administration [. Amazwe ayazisekela futhi agcine le migwaqo, ngokuvamile nemali kahulumeni ehlanganisa ingxenye yezindleko. Uhulumeni ubeka futhi izinga lokuphepha (umz.g., iziqondiso zemali, izindinganiso zezentengo yezomnotho) kuyilapho epholisa imithetho yezimoto futhi elawula ukugcinwa komgwaqo. [[FLT] izivumelwano zomthetho nomthetho womthetho womthetho [FLT] [FLT] izakhiwo ze-RGB] ezingaphezulu kakhulu [enjiwe-R1] zemigwaqo, izakhiwo ezibanzi, izinhlangano ezisebenza kakhulu, amandla, futhi ububanzi beze izigaba zezezezezezeze izimo.

Ukulawula Okuphuthumayo

Ukusabela kwenhlekelele kuyisibonelo esivelele sokubambisana kohulumeni. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Disaster Relation and Emergency Act inika i-Federal Emergency Management Agency Agency amandla (FEMA) ukuhlanganisa usizo lukahulumeni lapho umbusi wezwe ememezela inhlekelele. Amazwe alondoloza izinhlangano zawo siqu zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo (umzz., Cal OES eCalifornia) ezisingatha nokucela usizo lokuqala lwempahla uma isithi ikhubazekile. I-CHOVID nobhadayo no-19 kaKatrinat wembula kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka kulomcimbiza.

Izinselele Ebuhlotsheni

Naphezu kwezinqubo zokubambisana, ubuhlobo bombuso nohulumeni bubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingaholela ekungaphumelelini, ekuvimbeleni umthetho, nasekudidekeni komphakathi.

Ukuzilawula Ngokukhulu Futhi Ukulwa

Uma imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho kahulumeni ingafani, ukuthobela imithetho kuba umthwalo kumabhizinisi nasezakhamuzini. Ngokwesibonelo, insangu ihlala ingekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kodwa amazwe angaphezu kuka-20 asemthethweni ayayisebenzisa ngokusemthethweni indlela yokuzilibazisa. Lokhu kwenza amabhange, abaqashi, nokugcinwa komthetho kuvumelane nemithetho.

Ukusekela Umehluko Nezintambo

Imali enikezwayo ngokuvamile iza nezimo okumelwe izikhulu zivume. Lokhu kungaphoqelela ukuba kusetshenziswe izimali zazo kuhulumeni oza kuqala, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zezidingo zendawo. IMandadades Engakhanyisiwe [ [1995]] Ingase ilahle imithombo engasiza izakhamuzi zabo.

Uvivinyo Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungakhulula umthetho kahulumeni ezindaweni lapho iSishaya-mthetho sithathe khona inkundla. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma emacaleni amaningi ibekela imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, kusukela ekubekeni imingcele yokufuduka (ku-Arizona v. United States) kuya ekunakekeleni impilo (NFIB v. Sebelius). Lamacala ngokuvamile axhomeke [ku- Commerce Claus kanye neSichimende seshumi. Ukulinganisa kwamandla kuncitshiswa ukulawulwa kwecala ngalinye neNkampathi yeNkantolo Ephakeme, okwenza kube nokungaqiniseki.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Njengoba izombangazwe zesizwe zikhula ngokwehlukana, izingxabano zikahulumeni ziye zakhula. Izwe nezikhulu zezombangazwe eziphikisayo lingase limelane ngokunamandla nezimiso zikahulumeni, njengoba kuboniswa "amadolobha aphambili" ekufudukeni kwabantu noma ezindaweni ezibekela imithetho yendawo ezungezile inselele. Lokhu kungaholela ekubekeleni imithetho engokomthetho enciphisa ukumiswa kwezimiso zomthetho futhi iqede ukwethenjelwa komphakathi.

Igebe Lokukhulumisana Nokubambisana

Izikhulu ezinkulu zivame ukuhlushwa ukukhulumisana okungathandeki. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zingamisa imithetho ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokwanele izisekelo zikahulumeni, okuholela ekusebenziseni isikhathi esingaqondakali noma ezithinteni zendawo ezingalindelekile. Ngokuhlukile, izifundazwe zingase zihluleke ukubika imininingwane ngokuphumelelayo, zivimbele ukuqondisa kukahulumeni. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 waveza lezi zikhawu lapho amazwe encintisana ngokuthola ukudla nesiqondiso sikahulumeni.

Ukuhlola Icala

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ukusabela Kwe - COVID - 19

Lo mqedazwe wahlola ukuhlolwa kobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni njengesenzakalo esikhona kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. Uhulumeni wamazwe, nge CDC kanye nokwezezinkonzo zobungane , wakhipha iziqondiso zokuhlola, ukuvala, nokugoma. Imibuso, yayinegunya eliyinhloko ezilinganisweni zempilo yomphakathi: yakhipha izifihla-makamelo ezisemakhaya, futhi yakwazi ukusakaza izitoma. Amanye amazwe alandela eduze kakhulu; amanye alahla. Izimiso zemithetho zadala ukudideka kodwa futhi zavumela ukuvumelana nendawo yendawo. Uhulumeni wanikeza futhi izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali yosizo ngosizo oluvela [[FLT:] [FLD] [F:3] futhi [FFFF:] no-Plavelms.[5] Izingxabano ezihlukene, kodwa izingxabano zavela futhi ezikamelelweni zombili.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo Zendaba 2: Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile — ICalifornia Izindinganiso Zokuyeka Kwemvelo

ICalifornia sekuyisikhathi eside ingumholi wemithetho yendawo ezungezile, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kwezimoto. Ngaphansi kwe-Ceara Air Act, i-EPA inganika i-California umluleki ukuba abeke izindinganiso eziqinile kune-baseline kahulumeni. Amanye amazwe angakhetha ukwamukela izindinganiso zeCalifornia. Phakathi nomphathi weTrump, i-EPA yazincisha amandla okubekela inselele igunya layo lokubeka imithetho yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, iholele ekumangaleni. Icala le-Biden labuyisela i-raviver, ivumela i-California ukuba iqhubeke nokuhola kwayo. Lokhu kugcizelela amandla angokomthetho nezombangazwe ezindawo ezizungezile zikahulumeni, nendima yemithetho yezomthetho njengezokuzimboni zokuzisungulela ukulwa kwezenteko.

Ikusasa LikaHulumeni Nobuhlobo Obuphakathi

Uma ubheka phambili, izimo eziningana zizothonya indlela ohulumeni bombuso nezinhlangano zikahulumeni abasebenzelana ngayo.

Ukuzisebenzela Kwezinombolo Nezobuchwepheshe Kwanda Kukahulumeni

Amazwe angena ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni uhulumeni kahulumeni ongakabhekisi izintambo eziphelele, njenge-aspecial data (i-California’s CCPA), ukuqondisa kobuhlakani okungeyondawo, nokungathathi-hlangothi kwenetha. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe budlula umthetho kahulumeni, busho ukuthi abalawuli abachaphazelekayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekubeni indawo ehlukene ebekwe kuyo, kodwa futhi nasengxoxweni yesizwe egcina iveza izindinganiso zikahulumeni.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintsha Kwamandla

Lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni ezimisele ukufinyelela imigomo yesimo sezulu esinesifiso, izifunda zika baluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwamandla, imisebenzi evuselelwayo, nezakhiwo ezingokwezisekelo. I-gree New Deal i-statuss ezithatha izinyathelo ezithatha inyathelo eziqondene nesilinganiso sikahulumeni (umzk. California, New York, Washington) ingasebenza njengezibonelo noma ibangele ukuxabana uma imithetho kahulumeni ibhekwa njengemisuka phambili kakhulu.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nezinguquko Zempilo Yomphakathi

Lomqedazwe wadalula isidingo sezimiso zezempilo zomphakathi ezinamandla kuwo wonke amazinga. Ukutshala imali eminyangweni yezempilo kahulumeni nasemfundweni wezokuxhumana kunokwenzeka. Nokho, izimpikiswano ngekusasa le-ACA, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi kadokotela, nezimfuneko zomsebenzi we-Medicaid zizoqhubeka zivivinya ubuhlobo. Amazwe azoqhubekisela phambili ukuze avumelane ngokwengeziwe, kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe uzoba nezintambo zezikhwama.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Ukuthutha kuseyindawo ebanzi. Igunya lika Federal lokufuduka licacile, kodwa izifundazwe ziye zazama ukumisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho enjenge-SB 1070 ye-Arizona noma “ngezimiso”. INkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka ikhipha imingcele, futhi ukugcinwa kwemithetho yegatsha kuthinta ngokuqondile izimali zombuso kanye nobudlelwane bomthetho.

Ukuchazwa KweNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo yamanje ePhakeme kakhulu, neningi layo elidla ngoludala, iye yabonisa ukuzimisela ukulinganisela umbuso kahulumeni kwezinye izindawo (umz., West Virginia v. EPA) futhi isekela ubukhosi bukahulumeni kwezinye. Ukubusa kwesikhathi esizayo kuyimfundiso kahulumeni ewumbuzo [ kanye nezwe lokuphatha kunganciphisa kakhulu ukufinyelela kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi kunikeza indawo eyengeziwe yokwenza. Ngokuphikisana nomthetho, ukukhipha okunweba amandla embulwa amandla esizwe ezindaweni ezinjengezentengiselwano noma amalungelo esizwe kunganqabela ukuhlelwa kwesivumelwano.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nezinhlangano zikahulumeni abukho obuqinile; yisimiso esiphilayo, sokuphefumula esizivumelanisa nezinguquko zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo, nezezobuchwepheshe. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo, izenzakalo zesikhathi sakusasa zihlanganisa ukuxoxisana njalo, ukubambisana, nokuxabana ngezikhathi ezithile. Amazwe asebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga ukusungula inqubo, kuyilapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa izindinganiso zesizwe futhi zinikeze imithombo yamandla. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo lapho womabili amazinga ehlonipha akhona futhi elondoloza izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile. Izakhamuzi, ukuqonda lesi senzakalo sibalulekile ekuhilelekeni njalo, indlela esetshenziswa ngayo intela, nendlela izinkonzo zomphakathi ezinikezwa ngayo. Njengoba iMelika ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha. Ukushintsha isimo sezulu kuya ekushintsheni impilo yomphakathi kuya empumelelweni kwesimiso somphakathi kuxhomeke ekwazini nasebusweni kwezinhlangano ezimele izinhlangano ezinhlanganweni ezinhlanganweni ze-obhusayine.