Isingeniso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuhlanganyela kokhetho nokumelela kwezombangazwe kwakha isimiso esiyinhloko semizwa yentando yeningi yanamuhla yokubusa ngentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zivota, ziphawula okuthandayo, izithakazelo, nezindinganiso, zinikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile abameleli okumelwe bakuchaze futhi bakwenze. Nokho, izinga lalesi sibonakaliso nokwethembeka kokuhunyushwa kwayo emphakathini kuxhomeke ekuhlelekeni komphakathi kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe, ukuziphatha kwezombangazwe, nokusakazwa kwemithombo yengcebo emphakathini. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwale ukama obucayi, okuthatha imingcele ebanzi ukuze kuhlolwe isakhiwo, indlela yokusingisa, isimilo, nezici ezingokwenhlangano ezinqumayo ukuthi ukuhlanganyela ekuqondiseni ukufaneleka noma ukuqina kwezimiso ezikhona. Enkathini ephawuleka ngokuncishiswa kwethemba nokukhuphuka kwezindawo zezombangazwe, leli lungelo elibaluleke kakhulu kunezakhamuzi, futhi libaluleke kakhulu kunabamele ukusekela, abasekeli bezengamele ukubusa.

Ukuchaza Ukuhlaba Umxhwele Kokuhlanganyela

Ukuhlanganyela kobuphekula ngokuvamile kulinganiswa nesenzo sokuvota, kodwa idemokrasi ephambili incike kakhulu ezintweni eziphila ngokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubhalisa, ukuya emahholo edolobha nasemahholo, ukuzinikela ekubhikisheni, ukunikela ngezizathu zezombangazwe, nokuhlanganyela engxoxweni yezombangazwe engosini ye-intanethi kanye nangaphandle kolayini. Isenzo sokuvota siyisenzakalo esiphethe inqubo ende yokuhlola nokuhlobisa. Ukucwaninga njalo kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela kulemisebenzi yokuvota azina nje kuphela kodwa futhi zinolwazi oluthe xale ngezindaba kanye nezimpendulo, kuholela ekubeni zimelele kakhulu.

Isilinganiso Esiningi Sesivumelwano Se - covic

Ukuqonda ukuthatha iqhaza njengengxenye kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amanye amaqembu amanani abantu enethonya elingalinganiyo esimisweni sezombangazwe. Ngokuphawulekayo abantu abathola imali eningi basengozini yokunikela ngokwezimali emikhankasweni, banike iphimbo elikhulu lokukhetha nokuhlela. Izakhamuzi esezikhulile zithambekele kakhulu ukuba zibe khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi futhi zithintane nezikhulu zomphakathi. Lokhu kugxila kuphela ekuvoteleni kungafihla ukungalingani okujulile endleleni izakhamuzi eziwenza ngayo amazwi azo azwakale phakathi kokhetho. Ngakho isimiso sabameleli abaphilile akumelwe nje ukuba zithathe ijubane eliphezulu, kodwa ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zokuhlanganyela.

Isihluthulelo Sokuqonda Ukuziphatha

Kungani abantu bevota? Futhi kungani abaningi bekhetha ukuhlala ekhaya? Izimpendulo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinezici eziningi. Izimo zesayensi yezenhlalo zigcizelela indima yesimo sezenhlalo, imfundo, nezokuxhumana. Izibonelo zezengqondo zigxila ekutholeni iqembu, ukuphumelela kwezombangazwe, nomsebenzi womphakathi. Izimo zezinhlangano ziqokomisa ithonya lemithetho yokubhalisa, izindlela zokuvota, nohlelo lokukhetha. Ngokwemininingwane ye- [i-IDA Voter Tornout Isiseko somfashinizimu [[, amazwe anokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo nokuvota okuphoqelelwe, njengaseBelgium nase-Australia, athola amazinga angaphezulu kwama-80%, kuyilapho amazwe anezinqubo zokubhalisa okukhulu, njenge-United States, ebona ngokuphawulekayo futhi ephansi kakhulu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha i-tectivemodurali engo esemthethweni nje kuphela.

Umklamo Wokumelela Kwezombangazwe

Ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe kuyindlela echazwa ngayo izintando ezihlukahlukene futhi eziphikisanayo ze-votorate ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinegunya. Isazi sesayensi yezombangazwe uHanna Pitkin sanikeza isisekelo sokuqonda lo mbono, okungafani phakathi kwezici eziningana ezihlukene kodwa ezihlanekezelwe. Ukumelelwa kwemibhalo kubhekisela embonweni wokuthi abameleli kufanele bahlanganyele izici zenani labo, njengohlanga, ubulili, noma isigaba. I-galelo elingaphansi ligxile ukuthi abameleli bezezinzuzo zesimiso sabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banesizinda esifanayo yini. Lezi zibuye zibe nesizinda esimhlophe; ummeleli wesilisa omhlophe angase abe ummeleli oqinile wamalungelo abesifazane, nakuba ummeleli wesifazane ocebile angalinganangalingani ngokwezomnotho.

Umfuziselo Nobuciko

Ngaphandle kokumelelwa okungaqondakali futhi okuchazayo, uPitkin ukhomba futhi ukumelelwa okungokomfanekiso kanye nokungokomfuziselo. Ukumelela okungokomfanekiso kuveza ukuhlobana okungokomzwelo nokungokwengqondo phakathi kwabameleli kanye nabameleli. Ifulege lesizwe, indawo yokuhlala engokomthetho, noma umholi ohlanganisa izindinganiso ezihlukene kungaba isibonakaliso esinamandla. Ukudweba okungokomthetho kubhekisela kumalungiselelo enhlangano (ukuhlela), izimiso zokuziphendulela, kanye nokuvimbela komthetho-mthetho-mgaqo-siseko () okugunyaza abameleli ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Uhulumeni omeleleyo ungomunye lapho izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zamandla ziboshelwa khona imvume yokubuswa ngenkululeko, ngesihle, nangokhetho oluhle.

Okwenza Ukumelela Kube Yizindaba Zempilo Ebusayo

Ukumelela okuphumelelayo kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela kubantu. Uma izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi abameleli bazo balalela futhi basebenzela bona, cishe zingethemba isimiso, zivumelane nemithetho, futhi zihlanganyele ekuhlanganyeleni esikhathini esizayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho imithetho ilokhu isekela abacebile noma abaxhunyiwe kakhulu ngenxa yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano, kanti i-populism, i-spectism, nokuntengantengiswa kwezombangazwe. Isifundo se- Giles nePhepha ([14]]]) ku-U.S. ezombangazwe zaphetha ngokuthi izintando zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano nezentengiselwano ezihleliwe zinomthelo omkhulu, kanti izintando zezakhamuzi ezivamile azinanezeli ezizini ezizimele.

Ukuhlangana Nokubaluleka Kokumelela

Imfundo yemibala igcizelela kakhulu umqondo wokuhlangana kwesigaba. Izakhamuzi azinaso isici esisodwa; zinezimpawu eziningi ezilinganayo ezisekelwe kuhlanga, isigaba, ubulili, ubulili, kanye ne-jomeology. Owesifazane osebenzayo webala angathola ukuthi isithakazelo sakhe asimelelwa ngokugcwele ummeleli wesigaba sabesilisa esisebenzayo, ummeleli wesifazane ocebile, noma ummeleli wesilisa wemibala. Ukumelela okuphezulu kweze-yobuzwe kudinga ukuba isimiso sezombangazwe sithathe futhi siphendule kule misebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlangenwe yikho okuhlangenwe nakho okungakhomba kuphela okuchaza izici eziningi kodwa futhi okungameleli okungamele ukumelela okukhethekile kwemidathamo ekhethekile yokungamele ukuthatha i-mfakela noma ilungelo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuhlobana nokuhlobana okulula kweqembu lokuthatha isinyathelo esihambisana neqembu elihambisana neqembu elihlangene nezwi elinohulumeni.

Ukuhlobana Kwezinhlayiya: Indlela Okubonakala Ngayo Ukuhlanganyela

Inkolelo eyisisekelo ehlanganisa lemiqondo emibili icacile: ohlanganyelayo unquma ukuthi ubani omelelwayo, nokuthi yikuphi abameleli bezombangazwe abaza kuqala. Uma iqembu elithile livota ngamazinga aphakeme futhi likhuthele kwezombangazwe, abezombangazwe abanengqondo banezisusa ezinamandla zokunakekela izithakazelo zaleloqembu. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu avota ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu anganakiwe noma ancishiswe kakhulu enqubweni yesimiso. Le njongo enamandla idala isu elinamandla elingaqinisa noma linciphise ukulingana kwedemokrasi.

Igebe Lokuhlanganyela Nemiphumela Yalo

Igebe lokuthatha isinyathelo umehluko ohleliwe phakathi kwe-priving ne-gades ephakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ezenhlalo. E-United States, umvoti okhona phakathi kwamaphesenti aphezulu ayishumi namashumi amabili kuya ku-30 amaphesenti aphakeme kakhulu kunaphakathi kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwe-10%. Ukuthatha izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Lokhu kuwuphawu olucacile lwamanani ahlukene okuhlanganyela. Ukuhlaziya kwemithetho kuveza njalo ukuthi i-U.S. inetha lokuphepha lezenhlalo livulekele kakhulu abantu abadala ngenxa ye-Social Security neMedicare kunabasebancane noma abampofu. Lokhu kuwuphawu olucacile lwamanani ahlukene. Imithetho ehlukene, inqunyiwe emithethweni yentela ezindaweni zokuhlala, amademoni abunjwa amandla ezombangazwe ahlukene.

Iqembu Eliphakeme, Eliphakeme: Isibonelo SeNordic

Amazwe anendawo ephakeme engokomlando nelinganayo evotayo, njengeSweden, iDenmark, neNorway, anikeza isimo esingafani. Lamazwe ahlala ephezulu kakhulu emhlabeni ngemiphumela yezenhlalakahle yentando yeningi nezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Izimiso zawo ezihlelwa ngokwezigaba zikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kobunye obubanzi, futhi ukujika okukhulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo zezakhamuzi ezisebenzayo nezezezezezingenele eziphansi zimelelwe kahle enqubweni yenqubo. Ngenxa yalokho, lamazwe anezindawo zezenhlalakahle ezingenisa inzuzo eningi, ukuncipha kwenzuzo, nezingaphakeme kakhulu zemali engokwenhlalo. Nakuba ukubambisana kungenakukhuthaza ubudlelwane obuphakathi komphakathi, ukuthatha iqhaza nokusabela okuphambili, ukuthatha indiva, ukuvumelana kwezimiso ezikhona, imiphumela enikeza ubufakazi obunamandla bokubaluleka kokuhlanganyela kwengxenye ehambisana nayo.

Umjikelezo Oyingozi Wokuhlanganyela Nokungaphili Kakhulu

Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphansi akulona nje uphawu lokunganeliseki kwezombangazwe; kuyimbangela yokuzehlukanisa kakhulu. Uma izakhamuzi ezihlala emiphakathini ephansi zibona ukuthi ukuphambuka kwazo kuholela ezimisweni ezingazinaki izidingo zazo, zingase zizizwe zingashukunyiselwanga kakhulu ukuba zihlanganyele esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo onzima wokuzihlukanisa. Amaqembu ezombangazwe, afuna ukuchaza amathuba awo okuwina, asebenzise ingcebo ngokuhleleka, abhekise phambili imizamo yawo yokuthumela nokuhlongoza amaqembu aphansi aphambukile. Lokhu kunciphisa ngisho nemingcele yokuthatha izikhala ezinqamula imijikelezo eminingi yokukhetha. Ukuphula lomjikelezo akudingi nje isikhuthazo somuntu ngamunye kodwa kudinga ukuthatha kwakhe inguquko yesimiso okukwenza kube lula futhi kube nengqondo kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu.

Izici Zezinhlangano Ezithuthukisa Ubuhlobo

Amandla okuxhumana phakathi kokuhlanganyela nokumelela awanqunywanga. Imelelwa kakhulu imithetho yezinhlangano zemidlalo yezombangazwe. Izimiso zezikhulu zeqembu, izakhiwo zezinhlangano, nemithetho yezezimali yomkhankaso konke kunendima ekunqumeni ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi kuguqula ngokuphumelelayo yini ekubuseni okusabelayo.

Izimiso Zokumelela: Abagcini-zimemo

Isimiso sokhetho mhlawumbe siyinto ebaluleke kakhulu eguquguqukayo. Izimiso ze-Platurality noma zokuqala ze-step, ezisetshenziswa e-U.S., UK, nase Canada, zithambekele ekukhiqizeni izimiso ezimbili ezihlukene futhi zingahlela ngokulandelana ngaphansi kwesigaba seqembu elincane kanye nezithakazelo zezindawo ezihlukene. Ngokungafani, ukumelelwa ngokwenani (PR), okusetshenziswa ngaphesheya kweYurophu, ukwabela izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso esinzima ukuze kuvotelwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho namaqembu amancane amelela umbono othile noma amaqembu ezakhamuzi angawina izihlalo ezithile. Izimiso ze-PR zihlangene nezindikimba ezingaphezulu zevota nezingamele ezihlukahlukene. [[[FLT:] Ukucwaninga okungahluziwe [FLT] [FLT]

Indima Yezigigaba Zezombangazwe Nemali Yomkhankaso

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza njengeminxulumano phakathi kwabavoti nohulumeni. Strong, amaqembu ezinhlelo asekelwe emiphakathini ethile noma emibono angaveza izithakazelo futhi aqinisekise ukuthi uyalandisa. Nokho, uma amaqembu ebuthakathaka noma exhaswe ngokuyinhloko inani elincane labanikela ngeminikelo ecebile, ukuhlobana phakathi kokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nokumelelwa kwezakhamuzi kuyawohloka. Ukudlondlobala kwemali kwezombangazwe ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi kwenza izithakazelo ezicebile zilawule izinhloso, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa yizimo zokhetho olubanzi. Izinguquko ezihloselwe ukwandisa ukuphakama nokulinganisela kwethonya leminikelo emikhulu kugxeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli babo abavoti abavoti abavoti abavoti abakhokheli nje kuphela.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okuqondile Nezinhlangano Ezihlanganyelayo

Ngaphezu kwezinhlangano ezimelela imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yazama izimiso eziqondile zentando yeningi njengezikhombisi zentando yeningi, izinyathelo zomphakathi, nemihlangano engekho emthethweni. Lamathuluzi angaphelelisa ukuhlanganyela kwezezekhotho elingokwesiko ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ngokuqondile imibuzo yesimiso esithile noma zihileleke ekuhlonipheni ngokunemba kwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nakuba idemokratialism ingathuthukisa ukuthembisana ngentando yeningi, futhi iveza izingozi, njengamandla okuvota, ukuxhashazwa yizithakazelela izinzuzo zemali, kanye nobushiqela lezisebenzi eziningi. Izimiso eziningi eziphumelelayo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa abameleli bentando yeningi nokuqondisa izakhi zomphakathi zokuhlanganyela nokuqondisa izingxoxo zomphakathi, ukubusa okunengqondo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqinisa Ukuhlobana Phakathi Kokuhlanganyela Nokumelela

Uma kucatshangelwa ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kwalobu buhlobo, kuye kwahlongozwa futhi kwasetshenziswa izinhlobonhlobo zezinguquko ukuze kuqiniswe.

Ukusingatha Izithiyo Zokwakha Ekuhlanganyeleni

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuthuthukisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ukunciphisa imingcele yokuvota. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenza ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo (AVR), okuye kwaboniswa ngokuphawulekayo ukuthi kwandisa amazinga okubhalisa ngaphandle kokufuna umzamo owenziwe yizakhamuzi. Ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kweposi nokuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuqinisekisa inani elanele lezindawo zokuhlola emiphakathini egciniwe, kanye nokususa uSuku Lokhetho ukuya empelasonto, zonke izinyathelo eziwusizo eziye zakhuphuka ngokunenzuzo. Izizwe ezinjengeCanada neSweden zilondoloza ukuvuleka okuphezulu ngenxa yokuthi ziye zenza isenzo sokuvota esiwusizo kakhulu nesifinyelelekayo.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Esivamile

Ukushintsha kusukela ebuningini noma ezimisweni eziyinhloko kuya ezinhlotsheni zokumelela ngokwesilinganiso kuyinguquko eyisisekelo engaguqula ukuxhumana okuthatha isinyathelo. Izimiso ze-PR ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukwabiwa kwezihlalo zomfakela kuphumelela ngokuseduze ukuvumelana nengxenye yayo yokuvota okuthandwayo, ukunciphisa inkinga yokuvota okulahlwayo nokukhuthaza ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu. U-Rankided-choce (RCV) ulunye ushintsho oluthola inzuzo. RCV uqeda umphumela womphangi, uvumela abavoti ukuba baveze izintando zabo zeqiniso, futhi ungaholela ekuvezeni okuhle, ekuthatheni imikhankankani ebanzi. [[FLT:] FAirote[FLD:1] ukucwaninga okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni lezo zinguquko futhi zakhe ukuthatha i-parconstst.

Imfundo Yamacopulture Nokuhlelwa Komphakathi

Izinguquko zezinhlangano zibalulekile, kodwa kumelwe zipheleliswe ngemizamo yokwakha impucuko yokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Imfundo ephakeme yomphakathi ezikoleni ihlomisela intsha ngolwazi namakhono ewadingayo ukuze ihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlelwa komphakathi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibhoshongo yotshani, ikakhulukazi imizamo ehlasela amaqembu angaphansi kwe-intshiwe, ingakha amandla ezombangazwe kanye nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezisekela ukuhlanganyela esikhathini esithile. [EECD] umsebenzi wokwabelana ngezivumelwano zomphakathi [[ uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokubusa komphakathi nokuxoxa komphakathi ngokokwakhela nokwakha imiphumela ethuthukisa inqubo. Izinhlangano zaleyo nyaka zisebenza ngokubambisana ukuze zihlangane, kunokuba nje emasontweni okugcina ukuvota, zibaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni ukubusa kwentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuntengantenga Obusebenza Ngokubonisa Intando Yeningi

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi amasha okulungisa igebe phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo. Ama-opera e-Online anganikeza ukwaziswa okucace gca, okufinyelelekayo ngendlela abavoti abavota ngayo, abakhokhela imikhankaso yabo, nendlela izimiso ezihlelwa ngayo. Amathuluzi amanani angasiza futhi ekususeni imiphakathi emincane, lapho izakhamuzi ezikhethelwe ngokuzenzakalela zihlangana khona ukuze zifunde futhi zifunde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, ziveze ukutusa okunengqondo. I-techniclecleate ingasetshenziswa ngokunakekela; ingasetshenziswa ukusakaza udaba olungaqondile, ukuguqula uvota, nokwandisa i-Provota, ukuhlanganisa i-massing. Ukusebenzisa i-micibili eqinile, ukuzimisela ukufinyelela ngendlela elingana.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuhlanganyela kokhetho nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe abukho obungaguquguquki noma obuzenzakalelayo. Buyinqubo enamandla, enikeza impendulo engaqinisa impilo yentando yeningi noma ibangele ukwehla kwayo. Ukuthatha uhlangothi olulinganayo kuveza ukusabela, okuhlanganisa, okukhuthaza ukwethembana, ukuthembisana, nokuhlanganyela okwengeziwe. I-Narrow, ukuhlanganyela ngokungafani kuholela ekufaneni, ukukhucululwa kwenqubo, kanye nomjikelezo ononya wokuzehlukanisa nokuhoxa.

Ubufakazi bucacile: umklamo wezinhlangano zezombangazwe ngokunamandla. Izimiso zomkhankaso wezezimali, imithetho yezezimali, nezinqubo zokuvota aziyona imininingwane yokuphatha engathathi hlangothi; ziyisisekelo esilawulayo esithatha uhlangothi futhi esimelelwayo. Ukuqinisa ukuhlobana phakathi kokuhlanganyela nokumelelwa kudinga ngenhloso, umzamo oqhubekayo. Kufuna izinguquko zokuthi imingcele ephansi yokuvota, ukudala izimiso zezezimali ezihlukene, ukunciphisa ukubusa kwemali kwezombangazwe, futhi ukwakha impucuko ephambili yesivumelwano somphakathi. Kubantu, kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi izwi labo aliyona nje ivoti kodwa ukufakwa okubalulekile esimisweni okumelwe silondolozwe njalo futhi sithuthukiswe. Impilo yanoma iziphi izimiso zokubusa zentando yeningi, inciphisa ukubusa kwemizwa kwentando yabantu nezenzo zikahulumeni wabo.