Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nemithetho engokomthetho budala isisekelo esiqinile sokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. IMithetho-sisekelo ayidali nje izinhlangano zikahulumeni; ichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nomuntu, ibeka imingcele emandleni kahulumeni futhi iqinisekisa isithunzi esizuzwe ngefa sawo wonke umuntu. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabenzi bomthetho ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela lemiqondo emibili eqinisana ngayo ukuqonda kokubili isithembiso nengozi yezimiso zamalungelo asekelwe esemthethweni. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwamalungelo abantu, isivikelo somthetho wesisekelo, izinhlelo zabo, izimiso zabo zokulawula, izinqubo zokulinganisa, izilungiselelo ezihambelanayo, nezinselele zamanje.

Isisekelo Samalungelo Abantu

Amalungelo abantu ayizigunyazo zokuziphatha nezingokomthetho ezifanele wonke umuntu ngenxa yesizwe sawo. Azigunyazwe yizwe; kunalokho, zizalwa zingenamuntu, zingenakwehlulwa, futhi zikhona emhlabeni wonke. Isimiso samalungelo abantu sanamuhla savela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ebekwe eSivumelwaneni Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) esamukelwa yiNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene yeSishaya-Phondo. UDHR wamisa indinganiso efanayo yokufeza okufeziweyo kubo bonke abantu nezizwe, enikeza umbono wenkululeko, ubulungisa, nokuthula.

Ngobuhlakani, amalungelo abantu angena emasikweni emvelo, izihlakaniphi zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke noImmanuel Kant, kanye nezimemezelo zokuvukela kwekhulu le-18 (ngokuphawulekayo iSimemezelo senkululeko sase-U.S. kanye neSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu neseSizwe. Lezincwadi zagomela ukuthi amalungelo athile angaphambi kwezombangazwe, awancikile ekuthandweni ngababusi.

Izingxenye Zamalungelo Abantu

Amalungelo abantu ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana, ngasinye sinezici ezihlukile nezinqubo zokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu:

  • ICivil kanye namalungelo ezombangazwe: Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuphila, inkululeko ekuhlukunyezweni, inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana, ilungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala, nelungelo lokuhlanganyela kuhulumeni. Ngokuvamile zichazwa ngokuthi “isizukulwane sokuqala” amalungelo futhi ziwubulungisa, abantu bangawaphoqelela ezinkantolo.
  • Inzuzo, i-social, and Cultural Rights: Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lemfundo, lokunakekelwa kwempilo, izindlu ezanele, nokulondeka komphakathi. Kucatshangelwa “isizukulwane sesibili” samalungelo, zidinga isenzo esiqondile sombuso kanye nokuhlelwa kwemali, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuphoqelela nge-patimenti kuphela.
  • Ukuzinza noma u-Uniterarity Rights: Lezi zihlobene namaqembu kunabantu ngabanye futhi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuzinqumela, amalungelo abantu bomdabu, nelungelo lokuthuthukisa. Ngezinye izikhathi zaziwa ngokuthi “inkathi yesithathu” futhi zihlala ziyindaba yenkulumo - mpikiswano eqhubekayo engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe.

Zonke izigaba ezintathu ziqashelwa ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke njenge-International Common and Political Rights (ICCPR) ne-International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICECR). I-UDHR, kanye nalezi zivumelwano ezimbili, yakha i - International Bill of Human Rights.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Isiqinisekiso Esingokomthetho

Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo yilungelo nenkululeko ebekwe eqenjini lomthetho wesizwe eliphakeme kakhulu. Umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme kakhulu ezweni, ubopha bonke abadlali bakahulumeni futhi unikeza uhlelo lokusebenzisa amandla omphakathi. Isivikelo samalungelo ngomthetho-sisekelo sinikeza izinzuzo eziningana kumthetho womthetho womthetho: amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo agxilile, okusho ukuthi awakwazi ukulungiswa kalula noma ukuhlaziywa ngemithetho engokomthetho evamile; angaphansi kokubukezwa kwezehlulelo, avumele izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ephula umthetho; futhi anikeza indinganiso ecacile emelene nezenzo zikahulumeni ezilinganiswayo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

  • Ukungavumelani: Umthetho-sisekelo uyigunya eliphetheyo lomthetho. Noma yimuphi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni esiphikisana nawo siyize.
  • I-'Actrech':[ Ihlela umthetho ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi amalungelo ayisisekelo, ngokuvamile adinga ukuvelela kakhulu kusishaya-mthetho noma i-arentendum, ukuvikela amalungelo ezinguquko zezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi.
  • Ukubukeza okubalulekile:[ Izinkantolo zinamandla okuchaza umthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqinisekise isiqinisekiso sawo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekubekeni umphathi nendlu yomthetho ilandise.
  • Bhill of Rights: Umthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla ogcwele uhlanganisa uhlu olunikezelwe lwamalungelo ayisisekelo, ngokuvamile olufanekiswe ngezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iBhili yamalungelo abantu yase-U.S., i-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, ne-South African Bill of Rights.

Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo asifani emazweni. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo, njengaleyo yeJalimane, igcizelela kakhulu isithunzi somuntu futhi ihlanganisa nezinqubo eziqinile zokukhononda ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Eminye, njengaleyo yeUnited Kingdom, ayinayo incwadi eyodwa egunyaziwe kodwa ivikela amalungelo ngemithetho enjenge-Human Rights Act 1998, ehlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights ingene emthethweni wesizwe.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwamalungelo Abantu Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo buyimpoqo. Amalungelo abantu athola igunya lawo lokuziphatha ezimisweni zokuziphatha zokuhlonipheka nokulingana, kodwa afuna ukuba kubekwe umthetho ongokomthetho ophoqelelwe. Imithetho yezomthetho, nayo, ithola ukufaneleka ekubophekeni kwayo ekuvikeleni lamalungelo. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo, umthetho - sisekelo ubeka izingozi zokuba nje umthetho wenhlangano; ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa komthetho - sisekelo, amalungelo abantu ahlala ekhona ngezimemezelo ezifinyelelwe.

Lo mdlalo unezilinganiso eziningana:

  • [ Ukuhlanganiswa koMthetho wezizwe zonke: Umthetho-sisekelo omningi ufaka ngokucacile izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke emthethweni wasekhaya, kungaba ngokuqondile noma ngokugunyaza umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika udinga ukuba kuqashelwe izinkantolo zomthetho wezizwe zonke lapho kuchazwa iBill of Rights.
  • Isiqondiso esiphakanyiswayo: Izinkantolo zivame ukubheka emalungelweni abantu ezwe lonke nasezindaweni lapho zichaza amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., ngezinye izikhathi iye yacaphuna imithombo yangaphandle neyamazwe ngamacala anjenge Roper v. [2005] [kubulawa kwentsha.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kanye no Evolution: amalungelo omthetho womthetho awumi ndawonye. Njengoba amanani e-societation eguquka, izinkantolo zinweba izinga lesivikelo esikhona manje(ngokwesibonelo], ziqaphela ukushada-expandism njengelungelo elilinganayo ngaphansi kwemisho evikelayo, njengoba kuboniswa kuyi-U.S. ecaleni Obergecroll v. Hodges

Izimboni Zomthetho - sisekelo Eziqhathaniswayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezimbalwa ezivelele kwembula kokubili izimiso ezivamile nezikhethekile zezizwe ezihlukene.

E - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., nge-Bill of Rights kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo (ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane esifanelekile nezimiso ezilinganayo zezentengiselwano), unikeza isivikelo esiqinile kumalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe. Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuhlola kokwahlulela, asungulwe Marbury v. Madison [1803]), awenza ukunciphisa umthetho owephula inkululeko eyisisekelo. Nokho, uMthetho-Umthetho-Constitution awuwawawakhiphi ngokuqondile amalungelo ezomnotho nezenhlalo, futhi i-jajidiary ibingabaza ukuwathatha isibopho.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

UMthetho-siseko waseNingizimu Afrika ka-1996 ubhekwa kabanzi njengomunye wezehlakalo ezithuthuka kakhulu emhlabeni. ISigqebhezana sawo samaLungelo asihlanganisi amalungelo omphakathi nawobupolitiki kuphela kodwa futhi amalungelo amakhulu ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, namasiko, njengamalungelo endlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukudla, amanzi, nemfundo. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo iwaqhubele phambili lamalungelo ezinqumweni ezingokomlando njengaye Goverment of South Africa v. Grootboom [2000]) ekulungeni lokudla, ekulungeniseni izindlu, ukwamukela indinga ukubukezwa kobuphindukuhlulo olunengqondo.

eNdiya

Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uhlanganisa i-sticicablemental Rights (Ingxenye III) nezimiso ze-Principles ezinganyanzelekiyo ze-State Policy (Ingxenye IV). INkantolo ePhakathi yaseNdiya iye yandisa ngekhono amalungelo ayisisekelo ngencazelo yokwahlulela, ukufunda ilungelo lokuphila (i-Article 21) ukuze ihlanganise ilungelo lokuhlanganisa indawo ehlanzekile, impilo, kanye nokuphila. Isithakazelo somphakathi siye saba futhi ithuluzi elinamandla lokusebenzisa amalungelo.

EJalimane

ISici esiyinhloko soMthetho (Grundesetz) saseJalimane sibeka isithunzi somuntu esisemqoka, sithi asikholeki futhi kumelwe sihlonishwe yibo bonke abantu abanegunya. INkantolo yeFederal Constitutionalal inegunya elikhulu lokulalela izikhalo zomthetho-sisekelo kubantu ngabanye, futhi izinqumo zayo ziye zaklama izici ezinjengesivikelo semininingwane, inkululeko yokukhuluma, nelungelo lokukhosela.

Canada

I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) iqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo, amalungelo entando yeningi, amalungelo okuhamba, amalungelo angokomthetho, amalungelo okulingana, namalungelo olimi. Isici esihlukile “isigaba” (Ukuhlukanisa 1), esivumela imingcele enengqondo yamalungelo uma ivunyelwa ngokusemthethweni emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi. INkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada iye yasebenzisa lokhu ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nezithakazelo zabo zomphakathi, njengasendabeni R. Okes[FLD: 1] (1986).

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyimoto eyinhloko yokumisa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, kodwa ezinye izindlela zifeza izindima ezibalulekile.

Izinkantolo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezinkantolo Eziphakeme

Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-sisekelo (isibonelo, iJalimane, iNingizimu Afrika) noma izinkantolo eziphakeme (isib. i-United States, iNdiya) zinegunya lokuzwa amacala asho ukuthi aphulwa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zindikimba zingakhipha izahlulelo ezibophayo, zikhiphe imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho, futhi zihlele amakhambi anjengembuyiselo noma ukukhululeka okungalawuleki.

Izinhlangano Ezigunyaza Amalungelo Abantu Nezinhlangano Ezingalawuleki

Izinhlangano zesizwe zamalungelo abantu (iNHRIs) ziphelelisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela ngokuhlola izikhalo, ukubuza, ukukhuthaza ukuqapha nokutusa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iU.S.U.U.S. Active Opportunity Commission ne-South African Human Rights Commission. Nakuba izinqumo zazo ngokuvamile zingabopheki, zisiza ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano futhi zibambe ohulumeni ngokunxenxa nangokucindezela komphakathi.

Ukugada Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Lapho amakhambi asekhaya esephelile, abantu bangase badonse izikhalo ezindikimbeni zomhlaba wonke njenge - United Nations Human Rights Committee (ngaphansi kwe - ICCPR) noma izinkantolo zesifunda njenge - European Court of Human Rights.

Izinselele Zangaphambili Kumalungelo Abantu Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke emfundweni yamalungelo abantu noma ekutholeni amalungelo abantu.

Ukuwohloka Kwezinhlangano Zentando Yeningi Nokubusa Komthetho

Emazweni amaningana, ohulumeni abakhethiwe baye balulaza ukuzimela kokwahlulela, bahlasela abavikeli bamalungelo abantu, futhi balungisa imithetho-mthetho ukuze baqinise amandla abo. Ukubuyela emuva okunjalo (ngokuvamile) kubizwa ngokuthi “ukuthatha umthetho owenziwe ngentando yeningi” (_ukuthatha izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho ozimele""). Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo wase Hungary ezilinganisela ukulawula kweNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo nenguquko yePoland ephikisanayo.

Amalungelo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yolwazi

Ubuchwepheshe obusha bubekela inselele izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho okhona. Iqoqo elisakazekile lokwaziswa komuntu siqu ohulumeni nezinkampani liphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nelungelo lokuzimela, inkululeko yokukhuluma, nenkululeko yokuhlangana. Imithetho engokomthetho eminingi yabhalwa ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuchwepheshe, ifuna izinkantolo zichaze iziqinisekiso ezindala emongweni wenoveli. Schrems II [ isinqumo seNkantolo ye-European Court of Justice yisibonelo esiyinhloko sendlela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu achazwa ngayo kabusha.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Namalungelo Okusizungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta ngokuqondile ukujabulela amalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokuphila, impilo, ukudla, namanzi. Ngokuqhubekayo, abashicileli bacela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ukuba banyanzelise ohulumeni ukuba bamukele izimiso zesimo sezulu esiqinile. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark zihlanganisa Urgenda Foundation v. Izwe laseNetherlands [2029], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-Dashish ikholelwa khona ukuthi isimo sezulu sikahulumeni esinganele siphambene nelungelo lokuphila nokuphila kanye nokuphila komuntu siqu ngaphansi kwe-European Convention.

Ukusakaza Nezombangazwe Zamalungelo Abantu

Izinhlangano zePopulist zivame ukuhlanganisa amalungelo abantu njengezindawo ezikhethekile noma ezingaphandle, zifaka “abantu” ekumelaneni nejaji elingekho. Ukukhuluma okunjalo kungaholela ekuthatheni imithetho engekho ngokwezinqumo zenkantolo, iziphakamiso zenkantolo, nokuncishiswa kwesivikelo samalungelo abantu. Lokhu kuyabonakala ezingxabanweni zokufuduka, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nokulingana kwabesifazane.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Negebe Eliphakathi Kwamalungelo Nomuntu Ongokoqobo

Ngisho noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ekhona ephepheni, ukungalingani okukhulu kwezomnotho kungabenza bangabi nanjongo abantu abaningi. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile lisho okuncane uma umuntu engakwazi ukuthenga ummeli; ilungelo lempilo lisho okuncane uma izinkonzo zempilo zingafinyeleli. Ukusingatha leligebe akudingi ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nezimiso eziqinile zezenhlalo kanye nomphakathi okhuthele.

Ukuhlola Amacala: Amalungelo Abantu Omthetho - sisekelo Ayasebenza

Ukuhlola amacala akhethekile angokomthetho kubonisa indlela ukuhlobana phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo okusebenza ngayo.

Isifundo sendaba 1: Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (United States, 1954)

Lesi sinqumo esivelele seNkantolo Ephakeme sathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Uncile Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Sayichitha le mfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” futhi yaba yisici esishukumisayo emzabalazweni wamalungelo abantu. Icala libonisa indlela ukuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho okungathuthukisa ngayo amalungelo abantu ngisho nangemva kokuba umthetho-sisekelo usubhaliwe.

Isifundo sendaba 2: [[QUL:0] Shemubu v. State (I-Afrika eseNingizimu 2005)

INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika, endulo yecala enelungelo lokuhlala, yayala uhulumeni ukuba anikeze abantu usizo lwesikhashana abaxoshwa emakhaya abo. Isinqumo [ku- Mhelbu safuna ukuba umbuso uthathe imithetho enengqondo nezinye izinyathelo zokufinyelela ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kwelungelo lokuhlala ngokwanele, okubonisa amalungelo ezomnotho abekwe ngemva komthetho-sisekelo wezwe.

Isifundo secala 3: [[FLT: 0] Igunya lamaKhomishane esizwe esizwe emithetho yeSikhungo soMnyango weSizwe v.Union of India (Indiya, 2014)

INkantolo ePhakeme yaseNdiya yaqaphela abantu abathatha ipesenti njengeyesithathu besilisa nabesifazane futhi yaqinisekisa amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo ngokulingana, ukungaguquguquki, nokuzimela. Yancika ezigabeni 14, 15, 16, kanye nasezimisweni ze-Indiya. Lelicala ligcizelela indlela izinkantolo ezingandisa ngayo isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo emaqenjini ancishisiwe.

Isifundo sendaba 4: Obergefell v. Hodges (United States, 2015)

Ku obergefell, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ikholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sifuna ukuba zonke izifundazwe zivume imishado phakathi kwemibhangqwana ehlangeneyo engokobulili obufanayo futhi ziqaphele imishado enjalo eyenziwa kwezinye izifunda. Isinqumo sagunyaza ukulingana komshado ngelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada nesithakazelo senkululeko se-TIT Procescle Claus, ebonisa ukuziphendukela kwamalungelo omthetho-mgame ngokucabangela kokwahlulela.

Isiphetho Nendlela Engaphambili

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo busekelwe kakhulu futhi buthinta ngokunamandla. IMithetho - sisekelo inikeza izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zokuvikela amalungelo abantu, kodwa iphumelela njengezinhlangano eziwaphoqelelayo kanye nomphakathi owasekelayo. Amalungelo abantu nawo anikeza imithetho engokomthetho yokuziphatha nekhampasi yokuchaza.

Ukubheka phambili, kuvela izinto eziza kuqala. Okokuqala, imfundo eqhubekayo ngezimiso zamalungelo nomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje kuphela i-prigin. Abafundi nezakhamuzi kumelwe baqonde ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo abanawo kodwa ukuthi bangawafaka kanjani futhi bawavikele kanjani. Okwesibili, izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zivumelane nezinselele ezintsha “‘ ukuqapha, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa [1] ngaphandle kokudela inkululeko eyisisekelo. Okwesithathu, amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya kumelwe kuqhubeke kuqinisana, ikakhulukazi njengoba izinsongo ezibhekeneyo ezididayo. Ekugcineni, abashisekeli, abameli, abameli, nabafundisi kumelwe bahlale beqaphile ngokumelene nemizamo yokuhlola nokulinganisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo asiyona impi efezwa isikhathi esisodwa kodwa iwumzabalazo oqhubekayo. Ngokutadisha lobubuhlobo, sizihlomisela ukuba sihlanganyele ngokunenjongo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha ngokulunga, ngenkululeko, nangokulinganayo.