Ukuqonda Umphumela Wecala Lesigebengu

Uhambo lokusuka ekuthunyweni kwecala ukuya enkantolo enqubeni yokugcina lumelela enye yezinqubo ezihlelwe kahle kakhulu nezihloliswe kakhulu esimisweni somthetho. Kubafundi bomthetho, umlando, nomphakathi, ukuqonda indlela icala lobugebengu elivela ngayo akubalulekile nje kuphela ukuze kuvikelwe ulwazi lwemfundo kodwa futhi nokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa, inqubo efanelekile, kanye nomthetho. Isigaba ngasinye (hhhhh ukusuka ekuhlolweni kokuqala ngokuqikelelwa umthetho ukuya enqumweni nasemlazweni () sisekela injongo ehlukile, ngesivikelo sezemfundo ehleliwe esiklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo amangalelwayo lapho kuqinisekiswa ukuphepha obala.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza indlela enegunya yokulandelana kwecala elivamile lobugebengu e-United States. Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zingahluka ngokwe-transivement (federal vs. State, felony v. predemeor), ukulandelana okuyinhloko kuhlala kuqinile. Ngokuhlola isigaba ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe, sihlose ukuqinisa imishini engokomthetho elawula ukwahlulela kobugebengu futhi iqokomise izilinganiso nezilinganiso ezigxekayo ezichaza isimiso.

Ukucwaninga: Ukwakha Isisekelo

Isigaba sokuhlola siyisiqalo samacala onke obugebengu. Kuqala lapho izinhlangano zokuqapha umthetho − amaphoyisa endaweni-wonke, i-heffript ’ iminyango, noma izindikimba zikahulumeni ezinjenge FBI/_imukela umbiko womsebenzi wobugebengu obusolwayo. Lesisigaba sibucayi ngoba izinga lokuphenya lilolonga ngokuqondile izinga lecala elizobekwa enkantolo.

Ukusabela Kokuqala Nobufakazi

Uma kubikwa ubugebengu, izikhulu zigcina indawo ukuze zilondoloze ubufakazi, bese zihlanganyela enqubweni ehleliwe yokuqoqa ukwaziswa. Isihluthulelo semisebenzi phakathi nalesi sigaba sihlanganisa:

  • [[INTP:0] Imibono ehambisana nofakazi nezisulu: izikhulu zithatha izitatimende eziningiliziwe ezingase zisetshenziswe kamuva enkantolo. Ukwethembeka koFakazi nokungaguquguquki kuvame ukuhlolwa phakathi nokuhlola okuphambanayo lapho kuqulwa.
  • Ukukhethwa kobufakazi obungokoqobo: Izinto ezinjengezikhali, iminwe, amasampula e-DNA, imishini yohlelo lwezinombolo, noma amabhukwana kubhalwe ngokucophelela, ama-compate, futhi kubhalwe ukuthi kugcinwe uchungechunge lwelungelo lokuhlala.
  • Ukuhlaziya kwe-Fensic: Ubufakazi buthunyelwa emalabocks zokuhlolwa kobugebengu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imibiko yeDNA ye-profilfil, ubuthi, ukuhlolwa kwemibhoshongo, noma i-actal forensics. Imiphumela ngokuvamile iba izicucu eziyisisekelo zobufakazi.
  • Ukuhlola nokuhlolwa kwemishini: Amaphoyisa angasebenzisa iCCTV panegage, amarekhodi ocingo, i-GPS ukulandelela, noma ukuhlinza kokufihla ukuze kwakhe isikhathi noma kubonakale okusolwayo.

Kulo lonke uphenyo, izikhulu kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwemingcele yeSichibiyelo sesine, esivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Ubufakazi obutholakala ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni esemthethweni noma ngaphandle kokuhlangana nemfuneko yogunyazo bungacishiwe lapho kuqulwa umthetho we-exclusion. Lesi simiso, esimiswe ezimweni ezinjenge- [[FLT:] Map v. Ohio, sisebenza njengesehlolo esinamandla empilweni etomini.

Amalungelo EMiranda Nokuhlangana Kwawo

Uma kutholakala umsolwa futhi efakwa ejele, umthetho ophoqelelwe kumelwe unikeze isixwayiso Miranda [ ngaphambi kokufaka izicelo zemvume. Imfuneko, ukusuka ku imanda v. , iqinisekisa ukuthi abasolayo bayaqaphela iSimemezelo sabo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuziphikisa kwabo kanye nesinqumo sabo seSithandathu sokulungisa. Ukuhluleka ukukhipha izinkulumo kungaphumela ekukhishweni ebufakazini.

[[IQULT:0] “ unelungelo lokuthula. Noma yini othi ingasetshenziswa kuwe futhi izakusetshenziswa enkantolo yomthetho. Unelungelo kummeli. Uma ungenamali yommeli, uzonikezwa enye.̵[[FL:1]

Ingxenye yokuhlola iphetha lapho umthetho ukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi unesizathu sokubopha umuntu osolwayo.

Ukuboshwa: Ukukhohliswa Ejele

Ukuboshwa kuphawula ushintsho olusuka ekuhloleni kuya ekubopheleleni okungokomthetho nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu.

  • enophawu lokubopha: Umahluleli unikeza isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwi-affidavit efungelwe ebonisa imbangela okungenzeka. Isivumelwano sisho umcabango nobugebengu obabuthiwe.
  • [ Ngaphandle kwemvume: izikhulu zingabopha ngaphandle koyedwa uma zibona ubugebengu busenziwa noma zinesizathu esingaba sikhona sokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buye benzekile futhi kudingekile ukuba kuthathwe isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Lapho eboshwa, umcabango uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa ukubhalisa. Lenqubo yokuphatha ihilela ukuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukuthatha izithombe neminwe, nokuphatha i-ekekisi yemuva. Okusolwayo khona - ke kubekwa engqamuzaneni elibambe inyathelo elilandelayo enqubeni.

Kuleliqophelo, umcabangeli u-’ unelungelo lokululeka ama-spectry. Uma umuntu engakwazi ukuthenga ummeli, umvikeli womphakathi noma ummeli omisiwe wenkantolo uzakubelwa enkantolo yokuqala.

Ukujezisa: Umshushisi ’ Isinqumo

Lapho isisolwane sesiboshiwe, ilulwane lidlulisa umthetho lisuka eqenjini lomthetho liye kumshushisi i̱ ihhovisi. Umshushisi u̱ indima iwukuhlola ubufakazi obuqoqwe phakathi nophenyo futhi linqume ukuthi kufanele yini lifake izimali ezingokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo sihilela ukuqashelwa okukhulu.

Izici Ezicatshangelwayo Ekukhandlekeni

  • Ubufakazi obuqinile: Bukhona ubufakazi obungakholeki bokufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo lapho kuqulwa?
  • Ububi becala: Ingabe ubugebengu babuyiphutha elincane (umz., ukweba okuncane) noma ukubulala okungathi sína (umz., ukubulala)?
  • [ Irekhodi lobugebengu eliyikhonzi: Isoni esiphindayo singabhekana nokumangalelwa okunzima noma izigwebo ezidluliselwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yezono esemthethweni.
  • Victim ’ ifaka kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi: Kwezinye izimo, isisulu i-’s ifisa noma isidingo sethonya lokunqanda izinqumo.

Icala lingasuka emacaleni angalungile (ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele) kuya emacaleni (ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, noma ngisho nokufa emacaleni okufa). Emacaleni angathi sína, asebe-mthetho abakhulu [ bangasetshenziswa ukunikeza icala eligunyaziwe − icala eligunyazwe yiqembu lezakhamuzi. Ezimweni ezingathi sína, umshushisi angafaka isikhalo esiwumthetho [[FLT]]]

Icala: Ukubonakala KweNkantolo Yokuqala

Icala i-’ ummangalelwa; iqala ukuvela phambi komahluleli. Kuyinqubekela phambili emfushane kodwa egxekayo. Phakathi nenkathi yokuqulwa icala, umahluleli:

  • [ Ifunda izikhalo ngokuzwakalayo ukuqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuthi uqonda lokho amangalelwa ngakho.
  • ucela ummangalelwa ukuba angene esicelweni: enecala, engeyena onecala, noma engekho umncintiswano (unolo imateriere). Isikhalazo somncintiswano asikona ukuvuma icala kodwa asikho ukuvuma isijeziso ngaphandle kokwamukela isijeziso; asikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengobufakazi esuthwini yomphakathi.
  • Ikheli noma izimo zokukhululwa: Umahluleli unquma ukuthi ummangalelwa uzokhululwa ngokwakhe, kudingeke ukuba abuye aqashelwe ngemva kwe-pargey, noma agcinwe elindele ukuqulwa kwecala. Izici zihlanganisa ingozi yokundiza, ingozi emphakathini, kanye nohlobo lomthetho.

Uma ummangalelwa enxusa ukuthi akanacala, njengoba kwenza iningi lomahluleli limisa umngcele wesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala langaphambi kwecala futhi labela icala emkhondoni wecala. Ukuze baqonde ngokujule kakhulu inguquko yebheyili kanye nomphumela wayo, abafundi bangahlola ukuhlaziywa kwe [ ACLU ngenguquko yebheyili [.

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambi Kwecala: Ukukhohlisa

Isigaba sangaphambi kokuhlolwa silapho inqubo yokulungisa i - adversari iqala khona ngempela. Zombili izinhlangothi zihileleka ekulungiseleleni kakhulu, ukushintshana ngokwaziswa nokuhlola izindlela zomthetho. Leliqophelo lihlanganisa:

Ukuthola

Ukuthola imvume iwukushintshana kobufakazi obubodwa phakathi kokushushiswa nokuzivikela. Ngaphansi kwemithetho yenqubo yobugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe adalule noma ibuphi ubufakazi (obokusekela ummangalelwa) ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland[. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuxoshweni noma ekuguqukeni ekudlulisweni. U-Discovery uhlanganisa:

  • Imibiko yamaphoyisa nezinkulumo zofakazi
  • Ubufakazi obungokoqobo nemibiko ehlasimulisayo
  • Amarekhodi ofakazi angaphambi kobugebengu
  • Noma iziphi izithembiso noma izisusa ezenziwayo kofakazi ngenxa yobufakazi babo

Umvikeli naye kumelwe aphawule izinto ezithile ezivikelayo, njenge - alibi noma ukusangana, futhi kungase kudingeke ukuze kwambulwe ofakazi abangochwepheshe.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Kokubili kuthatha amafayela ukulolonga ubukhulu bomkhakha wokwahlulela. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqunganisa ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi: Ama-Agues ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokungemthetho (umz., ngaphandle kwemvume) futhi kumelwe kukhishwe.
  • Ukuxosha: kusho ukuthi amacala ahluleka ukuveza ubugebengu noma ukuthi kunobufakazi obunganele.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuguqula indawo: kufuna ukunyakazisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngenxa yokudayiswa kwangaphambi kohlelo.
  • i-limine: icela isinqumo sokungabuboni ubufakazi obuthile ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Iningi kakhulu lamacala obugebengu eliye laxazululwa ngokufaka isicelo sokukhokhwa esikhundleni sokuqulwa kwecala. Esivumelwaneni, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala (kaningi uma ebekwa icala elincane) ukuze athole isigwebo esincishisiwe noma axoshwe amanye amacala. Umshushisi usiza ngokuthola isigwebo ngaphandle kwesikhathi nezindleko zecala. Ummangalelwa ugwema isigwebo esinzima.

Ukuze uthole incazelo eningiliziwe yendlela ukunxusa okuvumelana ngayo nezimiso zobulungisa, bheka le mibono evela eZinkantolo zase-U.S..

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Isipho Sobulungisa

Uma kungafinyelelwa sivumelwano, icala liqulwa icala futhi icala liyisigaba esingokomthetho nesisobala senqubo yobugebengu. Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala, futhi umshushisi uthwele umthwalo wokubonisa icala ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ezimweni lapho icala lejaji licelwa (ilungelo eliqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo Sesithupha), inkantolo ikhetha iqembu lezakhamuzi ezingakhethi. Inqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi iyingozi, ivumela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba zingabaze labo ababonakala benamajaji futhi zibekela inselele. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa izinselele [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] (izinhlangothi ezihlukanisayo ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, ukuphakama kwesilinganiso) kanye [FLT:] ne-[FLT] i-allssss zembangela [FLT] [FLT] [FLD:5] (ingenakukhetha izikhala).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Icala liqala ngezitatimende zokuqala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuqala, kunikeza ubufakazi abahlose ukubunikeza. Ukuvikela kunganikeza inkulumo yokuvula ngokushesha ngemva noma ukuyigcina kuze kube ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala i’ icala. Izinkulumo zokuvula zilandisa indaba eshukumisayo futhi zichaza indlela abahluleli okufanele babubheke ngayo ubufakazi.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi uveza icala lakhe ngokufakaza ngobufakazi nangokubukisa. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa ngokuqondile umshushisi, abese encishwa i-teast - project. Umgomo wokuhlola isiphambano ukwethembeka, ukudalula ukungavumelani, noma ukuthola amaqiniso alungile. Isivikelo sinethuba lokubiza ofakazi baso siqu futhi siveze ubufakazi ngemva kokuba umshushisi esephumile.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sebunikeze bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha impikiswano yokuphetha. Leli ithuba lokugcina lokuncenga abahluleli. Umshushisi ugcizelela indlela ubufakazi obuhlangabezana ngayo nendinganiso ebanzi edlulayo enengqondo, kuyilapho isivikelo siqokomisa ubuthakathaka nokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukumangalelwa kuvame ukukhuluma kuqala nokugcina, njengoba bethwele umthwalo wobufakazi.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuvala icala, ijaji lifunda iziqondiso zezenkohliso. Lemiyalo ichaza umthetho osebenza ecaleni, izici zamacala, nendinganiso yobufakazi. Khona - ke amajaji ahlehlela egumbini langasese azimele ngamabomu. Amajaji angathatha amahora, izinsuku, noma ngisho namasonto. Amajaji kumelwe afinyelele isinqumo esihlangene emacala obugebengu.

Isigwebo: Isahlulelo Sifinyelela

Isinqumo siwumvuthwandaba wecala. Umqondisi wejaji ufunda isinqumo enkantolo esobala.

  • Guilty:[ Ijaji lithole ukuthi umshushisi ufakazele zonke izici zecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Awunacala: Ijaji liphetha ngokuthi umshushisi wecala akawuhlangabezi umthwalo wakhe. Ukuvala icala kungukugcina, ummangalelwa akanakubuyiselwa icala elifanayo ngaphansi kokuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili (ISichibiyelo se-F5).
  • Icala: Icala liphela ngaphandle kwesinqumo ngenxa yejaji elilengiswe (elingenakufinyelela empilweni) noma iphutha le-procementicstrument. Icala elisha lingase liqulwe.

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala engenacala, bayakhululwa ngokushesha. Uma icala lihamba ukugweba. Ukuze siqonde intuthuko engokomlando yesimiso sabahluleli, i-National Paralegal College inikeza usizo oluwusizo[.

Ukujezisa: Imiphumela Enqumayo

Ukugwetshwa kuyisigaba sokugcina senqubo yokuqulwa kwecala. Umahluleli (noma ngezinye izikhathi ijaji, emacaleni abulalayo) ukhipha isijeziso. Ukugwetshwa kungavela ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo noma kuhlelwe emasontweni kamuva ukuze kuvunyelwe umbiko wophenyo . I-PSI, elungiselelwe isikhulu sezeluleko, ihlanganisa isizinda sommangalelwa i-̱, umlando wobugebengu, nanoma yiziphi izici zokuhlola.

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, iziphakamiso zemiphumela zingafundwa, zichaze ukulimala okubangelwa ubugebengu. Isivikelo singaveza ofakazi ababonisa izimpawu noma izimpikiswano zokungalawuleki. Inkantolo ifaka isigwebo phakathi kwezinhlu ezimiswe umthetho. Izinketho zihlanganisa:

  • [ Isijeziso sokujezisa nokubuyisela: Izijeziso zezentengo ezikhokhwa kuhulumeni noma ezisulwini.
  • Iprojekthi: Ikhululwe kakhulu ukukhululwa emphakathini okunezimo (umz., ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso, umthetho wokwehla kwezikhathi).
  • Ukuhlanganisa: IJail (kakhulu kuya ngonyaka) noma ijele (okungaphezu konyaka).
  • Isigwebo esi-Alternal:[ inkonzo yomphakathi, ukubopha indlu, noma izinhlelo zokulungisa isimo.

Kwezinye izifunda, imisho egunyaziwe elinganiselwe iyasebenza, ilinganisela ukukhetha kokwahlulela. Isigaba sokugweba sibangela futhi ummangalelwa i-’ ilungelo lokudlulisa icala. Ukuze uthole incazelo emfushane yeziqondiso zesigwebo zikahulumeni, vakashelani i- U.S. Selensing Commission[.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwenqubo

Uhambo lwecala lobugebengu ekuhlolweni ukuyonqunywa lungaphezu kakhulu kohlu lomthetho olugciniwe. Luwuphawu oluphilayo lwezimiso ezichaza umphakathi onobulungisa: ukubhekwa njengomsulwa, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, ukuvikelwa emandleni kahulumeni angenangqondo, nokuphishekela iqiniso ngokuhlola. Isigaba ngasinye siye sahlola `Austriaon, ukuboshwa, ukumangalela, ukuqulwa, ukuqulwa kwecala, isahlulelo, nokugwetshwa kwesimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo abantu.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lezi zigaba akunikezi nje kuphela isisekelo sokuhlaziya izindaba ezingokomlando kodwa nokuhlaziywa kokwahlulela kobugebengu kwanamuhla okuguqula izimpikiswano zomthetho. Njengoba isimiso sishintsha, uhambo oluyinhloko luhlala luyisibuko esinamandla sokubona ukudlula komthetho, umlando, namalungelo abantu.