Ukuqonda Uhulumeni: I - Constitution Foundation

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bendawo buyisici esichazayo sesimiso sezombangazwe sase-United States. Sisekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla kwaziwa ngokuthi i-constance. I-Framers yaklama isimiso lapho uhulumeni wezwe ephathiswe khona amagunya kuyilapho imibuso igcina wonke amandla anganikezwanga ngokuqondile uhulumeni kahulumeni noma aphiwe wona. Lomklamo ugunya ugunyazwe enziwa elungiselelweni eliyinhloko: Isimiso Semithetho Ehlela Imithetho Yomthetho-Creaste; Isigaba VI siqukethe i-Suprecy Clace, simisa umthetho wezwe njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe; futhi iSiphendulo seshumi sigcine wonke amandla angagunyazwangawe ezwe noma abantu. Ukuqonda lo hlelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni imingcele engokomthetho nesebenzayo yemibuso yezwe nezwe.

Amandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ugunyaza izigaba ezintathu zemibuso: ebalayo, esikiselayo, futhi ehambisanayo. Isigaba ngasinye sichaza izinga nemingcele yethonya likahulumeni emazweni nasezindaweni.

Amandla Atholakele

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza i-Congress iqoqo lamagunya adwetshiwe ku- Article I, Ingxenye 8. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zamazwe angaphandle, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo, ukumisa impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokulungiselela inhlalakahle evamile. Ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yalezi zindawo yi-Centernational Clauslease, enikeza igunya lokulawula ezohwebo "phakathi kwezifunda ezimbalwa zezentengiselwano,"" ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lomthetho unikeza uhulumeni incazelo kabanzi, ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ulawule imisebenzi eminingi yezentengo yezentengiselwano noma ithinta kakhulu intengo yezentengo.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo NoKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

I-Active and Seant Claus − futhi eSiphakamisisweni I, i-Gartics 8(1819) uKhongolose wamandla okwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha amandla ayo adwetshiwe. Lelilungiselelo laliyisisekelo semibuso eshiwoyo, okokuqala yaqiniswa iNkantolo Ephakeme Mclulloch v. Maryland [1819] [FLT] [iNkakhulu] [iNkakhulu]. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi i-Callsborrea ikhoma ibhange ibhange ibhange ibhange ibhange ngisho noma i-Constition yayingagunyaza ngokuqondile, ngoba ibhange laliyindlela efanelekile yokuthwala iziNgqungquthela zendlu zemali. I-Calaine i-face isebenzise kusukela ngo-ith faced , kusukela ekumiseni kwemisebenzi ye-ommente yombuso, ekumiseni imisebenzi yezentente.

Amandla Amanje No - Claus Oweqisayo

Amagunya akhona ahlanganyelwa yibo bobabili ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, ukwakha imigwaqo, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Lapho imithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni iphikisana, i-Supremacy Claus iyala ukuba umthetho kahulumeni usebenze. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke kudlulise umthetho ovumelanisa ngokuqondile imithetho noma imithetho ye-gue, ngisho noma indaba ingeyogunya elihlanganyelwe. Imfundiso yokukhulula i-astrition / producess iveza noma isho ukuthi i-chezukisa ngalesi sigidi ezindaweni lapho uMkhandlu ukhethele ukuba uphethe insimu.

Indlela Igunya Eliwumphakathi Elilinga Ngayo Isenzo Sikahulumeni

Isihlengo yindlela umthetho kahulumeni owephula ngayo umthetho wezwe noma umthetho wendawo. Kungenzeka ngokucacile ngolimi lwe-statory noma ngokuphelele uma umthetho kahulumeni ubanzi kangangokuthi awushiyi thuba lokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela izinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu zokukhulula: ukucindezela okuqhubekayo [, lapho uMkhandlu unquma ngokuqondile ukubeka kwawo umthetho wezwe; ushiya impoqolo , okuvela lapho umthetho wombuso ugcwele indawo ezungezile; futhi [FLT] ukhipha icebo lokuzifihla [FLT], lapho umthetho usenza ukuba ungakwazi ukuvumelana nemingcele yemithetho yezindawo ezithile. Izindawo ezingoko kuvela futhi kuvela isivikelo, futhi kuvela khona njalo, ukuvikelwa kwezindawo ezisezindaweni ezizungezile, futhi kuvela isilinganiso esimweni sokuhweba.

Ukungena ngokujule kakhulu enkantolo ePhakeme yokuhlola ukukhulula, bhekisela ku- LGEal Information Institute yemfundiso yokucazululwa [[[FLT: 1].

Amandla Okusebenzisa Imali Nesimiso Sokusebenzela Imali

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ezindaweni nezindawo yi- i-Claus [, enika uMkhandlu amandla okukhokha intela futhi uyisebenzisele inhlalakahle evamile. Uhulumeni usebenzisa leligunya ukunikeza izakhiwo ezinikeza imvume, ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izimo ezifuna ukuvumelana nezimiso zikahulumeni. Lomkhuba, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi "umthetho - sisekelo," uvumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ulungise ukuziphatha ezindaweni lapho ungeke ube negunya lokuqondisa.

Izikhombo ezingokomfanekiso.

Imali enikezwayo ivela ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo zilinganiselwe ezinjongweni ezithile, njengezezokuhamba noma imfundo kubafundi abathola imali ephansi. Lokhu kunikeza uhulumeni ophethe ukuthi izimali zisetshenziswa kanjani. iziphakamiso ezithintwe , ngokungafani, nikeza iziphakamiso ezibanzi zokwaba imali endaweni yesimiso, njengentuthuko yomphakathi noma izinkonzo zomphakathi.

Izimo Zosizo Nemingcele Yamandla Kahulumeni

Iziphakamiso zivame ukuhlobanisa izimo zikahulumeni ukuze akhuthaze ukuvumelana nemithetho yesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izimali zomgwaqo omkhulu zikhona ezifundeni ezinyusela iminyaka enciphileyo yokuphuza ku-21 futhi zimise isilinganiso sotshwala obuyisilinganiso somthamo wegazi ngamaphesenti angu 0.0.08. INkantolo Ephakeme isekela lezi zimo uma nje zicacile, ezihlobene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni kuhlelo, futhi zingahambisani nemali. NFIB v. Sebelius (20:1) , iNkantolo yashaya ilungiselelo lelungiselelo le Affordcable Carect ephethe eyayingeke isekele ukuxhasa kwezwezwe elisenqaba ukuhlanganiswa. INkantolo yathi isithi le ngxenye enkulu yemali ehlelelwe ekusebenziseni kwayo, ukugqeqedlwqe.

I - Claus Yezentengiselwano: I - strum yomlando

I - Commerce Claus iye yaba umthombo onamandla kakhulu wombuso onamandla phezu kwezifunda nezindawo.

Ukwanda Kwesikhathi Esisha

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1930, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayinombono omncane ngamandla ezentengiselwano oMkhandlu, ilinganisela ukuhanjiswa kwezimpahla ezigqekezweni. Ukwehla Kwezomnotho Okukhulu kwabangela ukwanda okuphawulekayo. Ezimweni ezinjenge Wickard v. Filburn (1942),[FL:1], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi iNkantolo ingakwazi ukulawula ngisho nomsebenzi wendawo, ongewona umlimi okhulayo ukuze asebenzisele umuntu siqu ukolweni. [ezimo ezingathi] umsebenzi owenziwa e-aglegated ingathinta kakhulu ukuhwebelana kwezentengiselwano. Le ncazelo ebanzi yanikeza uhulumeni eseduze-plenaywo zomnotho.

Ukuvukela KweNkantolo KaRehnquist

Kusukela ngawo-1990, iNkantolo yeRehnquist yaqala ukubeka imingcele engathi sína eMthethweni kaChwetheli ka Claus. ku-United States v. Lopez (1995] , iNkantolo yashaya iSishaya iGun-Free School Soners Act, iphethe ukuthi ukuphatha isibhamu eduze kwesikole kwakungewona umsebenzi wezezimali futhi akuzange kuthinte kakhulu ukuhwebelana kwezentengiselwano. United States v.Morion [2000:3] yalandela izintambo, elahla izingxenye zeDolphil Act Act Act. Lezi zinqumo eziphawulwe ukushintshwa okuphawulekayo, ukumiswa kwemithetho engokomhlaba wonke ezindaweni ezingekho ze-ongongongongongozweni.

Imfundiso KaClaus Yezentengiselwano Yanamuhla

Umthetho we-post-Lopez ufuna ukuba iSishaya-mthetho siqondise umsebenzi ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus, umsebenzi okumelwe uhlanganise iziteshi zezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, noma imisebenzi ehlobene kakhulu nezohwebo lwamazwe ahlukene. Nakuba uhulumeni uphethe igunya elikhulu ezindabeni zezomnotho, iNkantolo ibonise ukuthi iyophonsa imingcele lapho uMkhandlu ufinyelela ezindaweni ngokwesiko, njengomthetho wobugebengu, imfundo, kanye nobudlelwane bomkhaya. Ukuhlaziywa kwezentengo zamuva zezentengiselwano zeCelas Clausleas, kuhlanganise [[FLT:] Gonzas v. Raich (2005] [FLT]][FLD]]]]) futhi isekela igunya lomphakathi lokuvimbela insangu ezindaweni lapho ingekho emthethweni [Foctive Projectives Projectives of Courtments of Suptions of:[3]

Amandla Kahulumeni NeSichibiyelo Seshumi

ISichibiyelo seshumi sisebenza njengesisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokubusa kukahulumeni, sinikeza ukuthi "imibuso engaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, igcinelwe i-United States, noma abantu." Lendawo yemibuso iye yachazwa ukuvikela igunya lombuso elikhulu ezindabeni zendawo.

Amaphoyisa Nemfundiso Engasakhohliwe

Amandla omshado ayigunya eliyifa lezwe lokulawula impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zazo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu: umthetho wempilo yomphakathi, ukuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo, ukuvimbela ochwepheshe, imithetho yomshado, umthetho wobugebengu, nemfundo. Uhulumeni wezwe uvame ukuhlonipha lombuso ongokwesiko, nakuba ungazithonya ngokusebenzisa noma ukuhlenga. Umqedazwe wamaphoyisa, njengoba akhipha iziyalezo zokuhlala ekhaya, izifihla imfuno, nemithetho yezebhizinisi ngaphansi kwegunya labo eliphuthumayo.

Imfundiso Emelene Nemithetho

Isivikelo esibucayi sokubusa kukahulumeni yimfundiso elawulayo evimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba ufune izishayamthetho zikahulumeni noma izikhulu eziphetheyo ukuba zinikeze izinhlelo zoburhulumente. Lesi simiso samiswa New York v. United States (1992)[FLT] [FLT]] [3], lapho iNkantolo yashaya umthetho kahulumeni owawufuna ukuba kuthathwe isiqu somthetho wezomthetho wezobumo-ompondo, futhi iqinisekiswe kumthetho womthetho owe-Gawulayo) owe-onqabela ukumiswa kwezimiso ze-Promotence. [United States (1997])[FLT], eyayingagunyaza ukuthi izikhulu zomthetho azikwazi ukuqondisa isizinda somthetho ngaphansi kwe-Active Active. I-Actergingle i-sssss eqinisekisa ukuthi i-ovencelgne i-octive i-octive i-octive i-motional i-octal i-

Ukubusa kuka-Dillon neGunya likaHulumeni wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo − amabala, amadolobha, namadolobha akhethekile — okungashiwo lutho kuMthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphansi Umthetho we-Dillon [, ohulumeni bendawo banawo kuphela lawomandla agunya agunyazwe ngokuqondiswe umthetho-mthetho wezwe noma imithetho, kanye namandla athathwa yileyo miyalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amadolobha nabaliwa yizidalwa zikahulumeni, ezingaphansi kokubusa ngaphandle kokuba umthetho wezwe unikeze umthetho wezwe ukubusa kwezwe . Ezindaweni zokubusa zasekhaya, zinemithetho emikhulu kakhulu yokudlulisa imithetho nokuphatha izindaba zendawo ngaphandle kokufuna imvume ekhethekile yemithetho. Ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo buhluka kakhulu ezweni, kanye namanye amazwe anikeza igunya elinamandla.

Izimpi Zokulwela Uhulumeni Ezikhona

Izimpikiswano eziningana ezikhona manje ezingokwesimiso zibonisa ukulwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nelikahulumeni.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Nomthetho Wesizwe

Naphezu kokunqatshelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ukuba insangu isetshenziswe ngaphansi kwe-Guipted Substances Act, izifunda eziningi ziye zabhalisa ama-cannabis ukuze zisebenzise ukwelashwa noma ukuzilibazisa. Lokhu kwakha ukuphikisana okuqondile phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wathatha indlela yokuthatha imvume ngokuqondisa okukhishwa nguMnyango woMahluleli, kodwa ukucindezeleka okungokomthetho kusalokhu. Ukusebenza kwezindawo ezisemthethweni zokudayisa amaphoyisa, amabhangendeki asebenza emabhizinisini e-cannabis, nezisebenzi ezisebenzisa insangu konke okungawuphula umthetho kahulumeni. IRehractor Refeed Refectionedsting inqabela uMnyango wezongalayezo ezokusetshenziswa ukuze kungaphazamisa ukuchitha imali embusweni yezokwelapha imfiva, kodwa lesivikelo kumelwe sivuselelwe njalo ngonyaka futhi singanwebi ukusetshenziswa ekuzisebenziseni.

Umphakathi Ozimele

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa ngokwesiko siyindawo kahulumeni, kodwa amazwe aseya ngokuya esebenza kulendawo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuba umthetho wendawo usebenze neziphathimandla zezwe ezithutha abantu, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zamukela "izimiso ezilinganisela ukubambisana. iNkantolo Ephakeme idla imingcele kahulumeni ezama ukulawula ngokuqondile ukufuduka, njengaku Arizona v. United States (202), eyalulaza amalungiselelo amaningana e-Arizonac. 1070. Nokho, isho ukuthi inegunya eliphawulekayo ngomsebenzi wabafuduki, ukufinyelela izinzuzo zomphakathi, ukuphumelela kwelayiselayisela amalayisense, ukuhola kwemithetho ye-layisense ye-e-rayisense, ukuhola i-mthetho ye-ommundmental.

Ukuqondiswa Kwendawo Ezungezile Negunya Lombuso

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile ungomunye wezindawo lapho igunya likahulumeni nombuso lihlangene khona. I-Cease Air Act, Cecter Water Act, nezinye izimiso ezinkulu zendawo ezungezile zimisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni kodwa ngokuvamile ziphathisa ukumiswa kwemithetho ngesibonelo sombuso we-communism. Amazwe angathatha futhi imithetho eqinile kunemithetho eqinile, njengoba iCalifornia iye yenza ngezindinganiso zemoto ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act. Leligunya lezenter liye laba indawo ebanzi, uhulumeni wombuso ofuna ukuqeda ukuchitha i-California no-California i-consivalect. Umba lwayo phakathi kokukhishwa kwemisebe ne-ohulumeni. Ngokunokwenzeka ukucindezela okuphakathi kwe-athonsi yemoto ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act nokuhlolwa kwe-mouse kuqhubeke njengezimiso zesimo sezulu.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

I-AFfordicuttable Care Act yabangela ukushintshwa kwemithetho ye-affordd: i-constimulation, ikakhulukazi NFIB v. Sebelius. Ngalé kwempikiswano yokwanda kweMedicaid, i-ACA yakha uhlelo lapho izigaba zinezindlela zokukhetha: zingasebenzisa khona imishuwalense yempilo yazo siqu noma zithembele engxoxweni kahulumeni; zingandisa i-Medicaid noma zehle ukwenza kanjalo (njengoba amazwe amaningi akuqala ayenza). Lendlela "indlela yokuqala" ibonisa ukuthambekela ekuhleleni imithetho enikeza ushintsho lapho kugcinwa izinselele zesizwe. Inguquko engokomthetho esemthethweni ekuhloleni i-A kanye ne-mongombuso iyaqhubeka inguquko yempilo eqhubekayo ukuze ihlole imingcele yamandla ezwe.

Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Esimisweni Esinamandla

Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nemibuso akuyona into ekhona. Ishintsha ekusabeleni ezinguquko zezombangazwe, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, kanye nokushaqeka kwangaphandle okunjengobhadane noma izinkinga zezomnotho. Ukuqonda lokhu ketshezi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekubuseni, ekulawuleni, ekulawuleni, noma enkambisweni yomphakathi.

Amandla ezombangazwe afeza indima enkulu. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili iKhongolo kanye nobumongameli, amandla kahulumeni athambekele ekunyukeni njengoba izikhundla ezinkulu zesizwe zimisa izinqubo ezibanzi. Uhulumeni ohlukene phakathi noma ukuphikiswa kwezwe kungaholela ekuvuleni igunya likahulumeni. Ukumiswa kwezokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme, kungaguqula ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ukumiswa kwamajaji asekela ubukhosi noma amandla ezwe kunganciphisa ukulingana ezicaleni ezibucayi.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi nazo ziyashintsha. Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yango-1960 yathembela emandleni kahulumeni okunqoba ukuhlukaniswa kwezwe. Muva nje, izinhlangano zokugunyaza insangu, ukulingana komshado, kanye nokuvikela indawo ezungezile ziye zasebenzisa kokubili izindlela zombuso nombuso ukuze zifeze imigomo yazo. Ikhono lemibuso lokusebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi" livumela ukuhlolwa okungazisa isimiso sombuso kamuva.

Ukuze iqonde ngokugcwele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukahulumeni, i- National Conference of State Legislatures inikeza i-FAQ eningiliziwe kuhulumeni elandela intuthuko yamanje ebuhlotsheni bombuso.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezifunda nezindawo buyisici esiyinhloko nesihlala njalo sokubusa kweMelika. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphethe amandla aphawulekayo ngokubala, okusikisela, kanye nokubusa okuhlangene, asetshenziswa ngokunamandla kakhulu nge-Cernty Claus, i-Pallace, ne-Suprematy Claus. Nokho imfundiso yeSichibiyelo seshumi nesiyalo esimelene nomthetho ivikela uhulumeni oqinile, ikakhulukazi emagunyeni amaphoyisa kanye nasebusweni bendawo. Izingxoxo eziqhubekayo phakathi kwala mabutho (a) agunyazwe, i-asebenza ngomthetho, i-ligconation, i-sced projectivesstionssssss, nessmondmentismism. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene izinselele ezintsha, kusukela ekushintsheni isimo sobuchwepheshe kuya ekushintsheni isimo sempilo, ukuthuthukisa imibuso yezwe phakathi kwezwe phakathi kwezwe nesimiso somthetho womthetho womthetho wezwe wonke.