Umlando Ohlala Njalo Wenkululeko: Umlando Wokuhlukana Kwamandla

Umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ungenye yezindlela zokwakha eziqinile nezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wokubusa. Yisimiso sokuthi igunya likahulumeni kufanele lihlukaniswe phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, azimele − umqondisi ozimele, umlawuli wendlu yomthetho, nejaji elilawulayo, − ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa. Lo hlelo alusona nje isakhiwo esinemiklamo engcono kakhulu; luyisisekelo semiphakathi yanamuhla yedemokrati, esiklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nobushiqela. Emahlwini ephalamendeni asendulo kuya ekuhleleni imithetho yemithetho yemithetho yanamuhla, uhambo lwalo luyindaba ecebile yempi yokuhlakanipha, ukuhlola kwezombangazwe, nokulandelana kwabantu okungapheli kokulandisa uhulumeni. Ukuqonda umlando wemibuso yanamuhla kuqondwa kakhulu ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Inkinga Yamandla Aphelele

Ngaphambi kokuhlelwa kwalesimiso, inselele eyisisekelo yokubusa yavunywa emhlabeni wonke: amandla onakalise. Ababusi basendulo, kusukela kuFaro kuya kubabusi, bathonya ngokuphelele, befaka umthetho, abaphethe, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ibe yintando eyodwa, engangaqiniseki. Umlando wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso uqala njengempendulo eqondile kulomlando we-absolutism. Umbuzo oyinhloko owehlela izazi ezikhanyiselwe wawungekona nje ukubusa, kodwa indlela yokulawula ababusi. Impendulo bafika emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, yahlolwa ukuba kusungulwe isimiso sikahulumeni ngokucophelela kangangokuba ukuvelela kwakuzokwenziwa ukuba kunciphene.

Abatholakala Ezweni Lasendulo

Nakuba imfundiso yanamuhla iwumkhiqizo weSikhanyiso, imbewu yayo yatshalwa esikhathini eside ngaphambili. Izwe lasendulo lazama uhulumeni oxubile nophenya, linikeza izibonelo zokuqala, ezingaphelele, zamandla ahlukene.

Izikhulu ZamaGreki Nethonya Likahulumeni Oxubile

E-Greece yasendulo, ikakhulukazi e-Athene, umkhuba wokubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile wahilela izinga elithile lokuhlukana okusebenzayo. Nakuba kungeyona inqubo yokuhlukanisa ngokusemthethweni amagunya, isimiso sase-Athene sahlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kwe-Assene (ekklesia), i-Council of 500 (boule), nezinkantolo ezidumile (dikasteria),. Isazi sefilosofi Aristut[[[FLT]]], emsebenzini wakhe [[FLT:]] uPolitics [[FLT], incazelo emithathu yanoma yimuphi umthetho-sigracyriciom, isigaba somthetho, i-maggnicision, ne-ast. Lento yaveza ukuthi imfuthombo ebanzi imfutho, i-ogculphene, idinga ingxube yalezi ziciso, futhi incazelo zemibono eminingi.

IRome Republic Nezinhlayiya Zomkhuba

IRome Republic yanikeza isibonelo esiwusizo kakhulu nenethonya. Umthetho - sisekelo wayo oyinkimbinkimbi wasakaza amandla phakathi kwezindikimba eziningi: iSigele (isigungu esibusayo esisebukhosini), iNgqungquthela (imelela abantu), neConsuls (izimantshi zokubulala). iRepublic yaveza amahhovisi akhethekile aklanyelwe ukuhlola amandla, njengamandla [iSigele]] [inyanga eyisithupha], eyayingakwazi ukuthatha izenzo zeSihlalo somthetho nezinye izimantshi, kanye [[FLT] ne [FLT] [FLT] [ig.[2] [indlela ephakathi kwengxenye ehlukene yale hlelo olunamandla, lapho kutholakala khona noma isiphi isimiso sombuso esiqinile sombuso (izinyanga eziyisithupha eziyisithupha eziyisithupha). [ikhulu] isiGreki sekhulu lesiGreki [FFFFT] [FFF], igcwele isigaba esivamile salogo sihlangene saso sonke, lapho kuleso sinye isigaba sombuso saseRoma esiqinile, lapho sikhona, lapho sikhona sikhona khona, lapho si

Ukukhanyiselwa: Umsuka Wemfundiso

Imfundiso engokomthetho yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yasungulwa ngesimiso sengqondo sekhulu le - 17 nele - 18 leminyaka. IMpi Yomphakathi YamaNgisi, iNguquko Ekhazimulayo, nokuvela kobuGlorius, eYurophu yezwekazi kwanikeza isimo sezombangazwe ukuhlaziya kabusha ubukhosi nenkululeko.

UJohn Locke Nokweqa Abantu Imithetho

Isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi uJohn Locke wabeka isisekelo esibalulekile evumelwaneni yakhe SECOND Treasurence of Govern [1689]. Ukusabela kumthetho wobubusi, uLocke waveza ukuthi uhulumeni wawuyithemba, wadalwa ukuvunyelwa kokuvikela amalungelo abo angokwemvelo okuphila, inkululeko, nempahla. Waveza izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene zamandla: [[FLT:] ukuhlasela [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [5] [ukuthi] [izi] [iizindawo ezinamandla], kodwa isilinganiso samandla azenza isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu, njengoba isilinganiso samandla asenza isilinganiso somthetho [Foct:] [Foct] [Foct] [5] isilinganiso esingaphezulu sombuso samandla aso sonke, singenza isilinganiso somthetho samandla aso sonke sombuso samazwe ayesanye, njengoba sisenza isithi, futhi siveza isilinganiso somthetho,

UMontesquieu: Umklami Wesibonelo Sanamuhla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuye kwavela kumbusi ophethe nomfundi wefilosofi waseFrance [[FLT: 0] uBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe omkhulu ka 1748], Umoya woMthetho [, uMontesquieu waqhuba isifundo esibanzi sohulumeni kuwo wonke umlando. Wathonywa kakhulu ukufunda kwakhe iRome Republic nemibono yakhe yeSingisi, ayibona njengesibonelo sikahulumeni olinganiselwe. Encwadini XI, isahluko 6, somsebenzi wakhe, wamemezela isimiso esasiyokwakha izwe lanamuhla: [FLD:] lapho ehlangene khona namandla akhe, noma embusweni ye-odwa, futhi emunye, emenjini efanayo, engenakubonwa njengesibonelo sikahulumeni.[FF]

Isibonelo sikaMontesquieu sasicacile futhi siqinile kune-Locke. Wagcizelela amandla ahlukile njengohlobo lwegatsha elilinganayo, ephikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele abe yisici esifanayo "umlomo omemezela amazwi omthetho.] Akazange asekele ukuhlukana okuqinile; waqonda ukuthi amagatsha azakuhlangana futhi abe nekhono lokuhlolana. Izazi zakhe zazingavumelani nalokhu kuhlukana njengokungasebenzi kodwa njengokungavumelani okubalulekile nenkululeko yezombangazwe. Umoya woMthetho woMthetho [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] waba yisisekelo sesisekelo sombhalo wokusungula nokuguqula kweYurophu, futhi ungayiniki imithetho yokuhlakanipha, kodwa ingekho imithetho elawulayo.

Umzamo WaseMelika: Isimiso Sezimiso Sisusiwe

Ukusetshenziswa kwemibono kaMontesquieu okunethonya kakhulu futhi okunethonya kakhulu kwenzeka ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic. Abasunguli baseMelika, belwe impi bebhekene nalokho ababekubona njengokuhlangana kombuso ononya eSikhungweni sombuso saseBrithani nasePhalamende, babezimisele ukwakha uhulumeni omusha ozovimbela ukuxhashazwa okunjalo. Umlando wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso uba yisiqhathaniso, kusukela ngo-1787 kuqhubeke, kusukela ngendaba yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.

UMhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo Namaphepha Abahleli

Izihambeli eSivumelwaneni sasePhiladelphia ngo-1787 zafakwa emabhukwini e-Montesquieu. Icebo lokuqala, i-Virginia Plan, yahlongoza uhulumeni wezwe onamandla onomthetho ohlukene, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. Impikiswano yayingadluli ukuthi kufanele ihlukane yini, kodwa ukuthi ingenza kanjani ngokuphumelelayo lapho isakha uhulumeni wezwe osebenzayo. Ukuvikela kokugcina komthetho-sisekelo kwangena ku-Master Papers, ikakhulukazi ku-[FLT:] Fideralist No.[, 48], no-51]

UMadison wakhuluma ngokuqondile ngecala lokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuzange unikeze ukuhlukana okuphelele kwemibuso ngenxa yesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela (umzk., umongameli we-veto, ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho). Ku-Federali uNo. 47, waphikisa ngokuthi iMontesquieu ngokwayo ayifuni "ukuhlukana okuphelele" kodwa kunalokho ukuthi akukho gatsha kufanele libe "nolawulo oluqondile" phezu kwenye. [umk.[Federalist No. 51], uMadine wanikeza ukulunga okungokwengqondo nokungokwezombangazwe kwesimiso: "" Imfutho kumelwe yenziwe ukuba iqhaza lokulwa kwesifiso sokudloba. Isithakazelo somuntu kumelwe sihlanganiswe namalungelo omthetho wendawo. [FLD] [FY:1] [10]

Ukwakhiwa KoMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States

UMthetho - sisekelo umisa amagatsha amathathu ezihlokweni zawo ezintathu zokuqala, wenza ukuhlukana okusobala:

  • [[FLT: 0] Article I: IGafa Lecala (Ikhorati). Imangalela ngokwenza imithetho, ukulawula isikhwama semali, nokumemezela impi. Indlu neSigele zihlolana (i-bidaralism).
  • Article II: Igatsha eliphethe (umphathi). limangalelwe ngokumisa imithetho, ukuyala kwezempi, nokuphatha inkambiso yangaphandle.
  • [ Article III: Igatsha lokwahlulela (Amakhotha). Limangalelwe ngokuchaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo.

Ikhono lesimiso saseMelika lisezinhlolweni ezihambelanayo ezivimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla. UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo mthetho. UMongameli umisa amajaji nezikhulu, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinise. INkantolo ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho (ukubukeza okungokomthetho, okumiswe ku [marbury v. Madison] ngo-1803), kodwa iSishayamthetho singaguqula i-aultlette, futhi uMongameli umisa amajaji. Lomshini oyinkimbinkimbi uye waqinisekisa ngokuphawulekayo, nakuba uyena umthombo wempi yezombangazwe eqhubekayo.

Ukuhluka Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuhluka Kwako

Impumelelo yesibonelo saseMelika, kanye nethonya lemibono leNguquko yaseFrance, yabangela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso engxenyeni yomhlaba. Isimemezelo samalungelo abantu neseSintu (1789) samemezela ukuthi "noma yimuphi umphakathi okungaqinisekwa kuwo ngesiqinisekiso samalungelo, noma ukwahlukana kwemibuso akunawo uMthetho-sisekelo."

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zePhalamende

Ukusetshenziswa kwalesimiso kuye kwaholela ezifanekisweni ezimbili eziyinhloko zokubusa kwentando yeningi:

  • Pressidential Systems (umz., United States, ingxenye enkulu ye-Latin America). Lezizimiso zibonisa ukuhlukana okunamandla phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nomthetho. Umongameli ukhethwa ngaphandle kwesishayamthetho futhi ufeza igama elimisiwe. Lokhu kudala ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwamandla nokulandisa kodwa kuphethe ingozi enkulu ye-grid lodwebo.
  • Imithetho yemithetho ehlangeneyo (umz. United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, India]). Lapha, umphathi (uNdunankulu noMphathi) udwetshwa futhi ubekelwe icala kumphathi wendlu yomthetho (iphalamende). Lokhu kudala ukuhlangana kwemibuso, hhayi ukwahlukana okuqinile. Indlu yomthetho ingasusa umphathi omkhulu ngevoti yokungathembi. Abaxhasi baphikisa lokhu bavumela uhulumeni ophumelela kakhulu nosabelayo, kuyilapho abagxeki bethi igxilisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu kumphathi omkhulu, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu elilodwa liphethe iningi. Nokho, izinhlelo eziningi zephalamende, zilondoloza isimiso esiqinile futhi ezizimeleyo.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwemikhuba

Amazwe ahlukene futhi asungule izinhlangano ezikhethekile ukuze zifanelane namasiko awo ezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe aneNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo enemibuso emikhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona i-fulethi eyodwa; iyisimiso okumelwe sivumelaniswe nezimo ezithile ezingokomlando nezenhlalo yesizwe ngasinye, ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenjongo yokuvimbela ukubusa okuphelele kwanoma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa. Ukubukeka okujulile, [FT:2]

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokucindezeleka Okuhlala Kukhona

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezivivinya ukuqina kwalesi simiso esiyisisekelo.

Ukuphakama Kwamandla Okuqondisa NoMbuso Ophethe

Enye yezinsolo eziphikelela kakhulu zokubusa kwanamuhla ukukhula kwamandla aphethe. Ubunkimbinkimbi bokuphila kwanamuhla buye baholela izishaya - mthetho ukuba zinikeze igunya elibalulekile lokumisa izinhlangano eziphetheyo, zakha lokho ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi "isimo sobudlelwano. I-Activations enjenge-Environmental Protection Agency noma i-Exchangementing System isebenzisa umthetho (ukwenza i-gugaviment), isikhulu (umthetho), kanye nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi phakathi kwenhlangano eyodwa kuhlala ngokushukuma okujulile ngenxa yokuhlukanisa kwemibuso. I-Provingssionations, evumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise umthetho ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, aphakamise ngokufanayo ukukhuphucuka kwegunya lemithetho. Ukukhathalela phakathi kwesidingo esisebenzayo, ukulawulwa kwekhono nemfuno ye-bukhomu lamandla, ukubekwa kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho yomthetho wanamuhla. [Uption:[0][5]

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwakuklanyelwe ukudala icebo lokuzicabangela nokuvimbela isenzo sokuxhamazela, abagxeki bayo baphikisa ngokuthi manje kubangela ukuwohloka kwemizwa okulimazayo. Endaweni ehlukene kakhulu, ihlola ukuthi igatsha ngalinye linesinye kunesinye − njengeSigele se-Relivebuster noma umongameli iveto / isetshenziswa njengesivikelo sokulwa nonya, kodwa njengesikhali senqubo sokuvimbela ukunqanda ukunqanda. Lokhu kungaholela kuhulumeni ongakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga zezwe, kusukela ezinkingeni ezisezingeni ezingokompilo zomphakathi. Isimiso esihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olungenziwa ngaphandle kokuvumelana okubanzi, enkathini ehlukene, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olungenziwa. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubizeni ushintsho, kodwa ukushintsha isimiso somthetho wezwe sishintsha isimo esiyisisekelo sinzima kakhulu.

Ukungenela Ngokweqile Kokwahlulela Nokuthenjwa Umphakathi

Indima yejaji iye yaba futhi iphuzu elikhulu lokuphikisana. Amandla okwahlulela, kuyilapho eyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, amisa amandla amakhulu ezandleni zabahluleli abangakhethwanga. Ama-Critique e "judicial mentiviism" aphikisa ukuthi izinkantolo ziye zaqa indima yazo yokuchaza futhi zaqala ukuhlukanisa ebhentshini, zisusa amagunya egatsha lomthetho. Inqubo yokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi eUnited States, iye yaba inqubo ephakeme nehlukanisayo. Ukulondoloza ukuthemba komphakathi engosini ezimeleni okubonakala njengokungakhethi ngokuqhubekayo kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Umlobi ukwakheka [[FL:] njengeNCM.[5]

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okusheshayo

Umlando wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso awuyona insumansumane yekhambi eliphelele elitholakele, kodwa indaba engapheli neqhubekayo yesimiso esihambisana nokuzicindezela okungapheliyo ngamaqiniso amandla. Kusukela kuhulumeni abaxubeneyo basendulo kuya ekuhloleni okuyinkimbinkimbi koMthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwawo kwembulunga yonke, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kuhlala kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili: ukugxiliswa kwamandla kuyisitha senkululeko. Izimiso ezihlongoze [iMonteusquieu futhi kucwe i-ison] [ison] [ison] [ison]] [ison] [imperkuhleleka] akwenziwangamandla amandla, kodwa okuzilungisayo isilinganiso esiqinile. Isimiso esikhona esikhona esingekhona esimweni sokusebenza esiqinile, njengoba singekhona esimweni sokusebenza esikhona, njengoba sinjalo, njengoba sinjalo ukuthi isizukulwane esinguwodwa njalo.