Table of Contents

Ukuqonda UJim Crow Story: Ukuhlolwa Okungokomlando Okunengxenye

Imithetho kaJim Crow yayiyimithetho engokomthetho futhi yasendaweni eyamiswa e-Southern United States ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ku-20 leminyaka eyaphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga. Lemithetho yobandlululo yayimelela esinye sezahluko ezimnyama kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, idala isimiso sokucindezela esibanzi esathinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabamnyama baseMelika. Ngaphezu kwemithetho engokomthetho elula, uJim Crow wamisa uhlelo oluphelele lwezenhlalo olwakhelwe esisekelweni sobukhulu obumhlophe nesigaba sesigaba esiphakeme sohlanga.

Ithonya lalemithetho ladlulela ngalé kwe-Melika eseNingizimu, lithonya izimo zezinhlanga nemikhuba kulo lonke izwe. Ukuqonda umsuka, ukusetshenziswa, nokuqedwa komthetho kaJim Crow ekugcineni kubalulekile ekuqondeni umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana kwezinhlanga eUnited States. Lokhu kuhlola okunzulu kuhlola indlela lemithetho eyavela ngayo, indlela uhulumeni wamazwe angaphandle owahluleka ngayo ukuvikela izakhamuzi zabaNsundu, nendlela ukuthatha isinyathelo okuqhubekayo ekugcineni okwaholela ngayo ekungeneleni okunenjongo kwezwelo.

Umlando: Ukusuka Ebugqilini Kuya Ekuhlanganeni

Ukuphela Kobugqila Nesithembiso Sokuphinde Kuvuselelwe

Isiphetho seMpi Yombango ngo-1865 saqeda ubugqila obungokomthetho e-United States. Uhulumeni waphethe uchungechunge lwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezazihloselwe ukunwebela amalungelo nezakhamuzi ukukhululwa kwezigqila − iSichibiyelo se 13 se-1865) esivinjelwe, iSichibiyelo se 14 sanwetshwa kubo bonke abantu abazalwe e-United States futhi saqinisekiswa ukuthi imithetho ivikeleke ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, neSiphendulo se-15 (1870) savikela izakhamuzi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zibophi ubugqizi besizwe noma izinhlanga.

Phakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa kabusha, uhulumeni wakhona wadlulisa i-Popultion Rights Bill ka-18666, eyayiwumthetho wokuqala kahulumeni owachaza futhi wavikela bonke abantu baseMelika kungakhathaliseki uhlanga lwabo. Lenkathi yamelela isikhashana sethemba nentuthuko kwabaNsundu base-Black America ababesanda kukhululeka. AmaRepublican, ngokusekela kwe-United States Army ne-Freedmen’s Bureau, ahola umzamo wokudlulisa nokumisa imithetho eyaqinisekisa ukuba abantu abansundu babe yizakhamuzi zesigaba sokuqala.

Kusukela ekupheleni kwempi, izikhungo zezempi zazibekwe kulo lonke elaseNingizimu ukuze zinikeze usizo, zihleleke, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi zinamathele ezinzisweni zokulungisa kabusha ezazisanda kumiswa. La mabutho kahulumeni afeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezakhamuzi eziNsundu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe aseNingizimu ayehambisana nezimfuneko ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukudilizwa Nokukhushulwa Kokukhululwa

Isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo sazibonakalisa sisesaphila kabuhlungu. Nokho, inkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo yahluleka ukufinyelela umgomo wayo wokwakha nokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi kubantu baseAfrika. Njengoba umnotho wehla futhi izingxabano zezombangazwe eningizimu ziphakama, amaDemocrat aseNingizimu athatha umbuso ezindaweni zaseningizimu nohulumeni. Basebenzisa amandla abo ukuvimbela nokuguqula inzuzo yamalungelo omphakathi kubantu abamnyama abakhululekile nabake bagqilazwa.

Nokho, ngemva kuka-1877, nokhetho lukaRepublican Rutherford B.Hayes, eningizimu nasemngceleni kwaqala ukulinganisela inkululeko yabantu abansundu. Ukuhoxa kwamabutho kahulumeni eNingizimu kwaphawula inkathi yoshintsho. Ngawo-1870, amaDemocrat aphinde athola amandla emaqenjini aseNingizimu njengeqembu lamabutho alwayo anobudlova, njengeKlux Klan, White League, neRed Shirts aphazamisa uhlelo lweRepublican Republica abalawuli bedolobha, futhi ama-lynback asebenza njengecebo lokuvimbela amavoti amnyama.

Imithetho yaseNingizimu yamiswa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezimhlophe ezilawulwayo (Izinga) ukuze zilahle futhi zisuse inzuzo yezombangazwe nezomnotho eyenziwa ama-Afrikaan aseMelika phakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa. Lemithetho ebizwa kanjalo "Reeder" yohulumeni yafuna ukubuyisela ubukhulu obumhlophe nokuveza uhlelo lwenhlalo lwe-antebellum ngokomthetho.

Umsuka Nokubaluleka Kuka - "Jim Crow"

I - minstral Ibonisa Uphawu

UJim Crow kwakuyigama lenqubo yeminstry (embala uJuk Jim Crow) elaqala ngo-1828 ngombhali wayo, uThomas Dartmouth (uPapa) Rice, futhi ngabalingisi abaningi, kuhlanganise nomdlali wemidlalo uJoseph Jefferson. Lombala wamelela enye yezimo ezicwebezelayo ezithandwayo zamaMelika amnyama.

"Jim Crow Laws" thola igama lawo kuhlobo lwe-odoli olwadalwa futhi lwenziwa ngu-"baba we-mistry" Thomas D. Rice ku-1830s. Rice wathi "Jim Crow" wayefanekiswe ngesigqila esimnyama esikhubazekile esasicula futhi sidansana. Ukuthola izingoma namahlaya, wathenga izingubo encekwini ukuze abe "engokoqobo" emfanekisweni wakhe futhi wamukela ingoma evamile ethi "Jump Jim Crow," eyayiculwa yizigqila, ngenxa yesenzo sakhe. URice wayecula nge-blackface, efaka ubhontshisi esikhumba sakhe ku-Blackture.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le - 19, leli gama lase lisuselwa ekuzijabuliseni laphenduka lafana nethuluzi elingokomthetho lokucindezela abantu ngokohlanga.

Ukusuka Ezokuzijabulisa Kuya Ekucindezeleni Okungokomthetho

Ukushintsha kwaleli gama kusuka emfanekisweni wesiteji kuya ekubeni isigaba seqembu elihlelwe ngokuhleliwe lobandlululo olungokomthetho kubonisa indlela isimo sengqondo sobandlululo olunobandlululo esasigxile ngayo esikweni laseMelika.

UJim Crow kwakuyigama lesimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngokuyinhloko, kodwa hhayi kuphela emazweni aseningizimu nasemngceleni, phakathi kuka-1877 kanye naphakathi kwawo-1960. UJim Crow wayengaphezu kochungechunge lwemithetho eqinile elwa nobumnyama. Kwakuyindlela yokuphila. Ngaphansi kukaJim Crow, ama-Afrikaan aseMelika abekwa esimweni sezakhamuzi zesigaba sesibili.

Isimo Esithakazelisayo SikaJim Crow Servant

Ukuba Nohlanga Ezindaweni Zomphakathi

Kwakudingeka amagumbi okulinda ahlukanisiwe eziteshini zamabhasi nezitimela, izindlu zokungena, amakheshi, amakheshi, amangcwaba ngisho namafasitela akhokhelwayo emapakini okuzilibazisa. Ukusakazeka kwalemithetho kwakusho ukuthi amaBlack America angakwazi ukudlula ezindaweni zomphakathi ngaphandle kwezikhumbuzo ezihlala njalo zesikhundla sawo.

Ukuhlangana kwaphoqelelwa ukuba kwenziwe amadamu omphakathi, amadokodo, izibhedlela, izikhungo zezifo zengqondo, amajele namakhaya okuhlala abantu asebekhulile nabantu abakhubazekile. Akukho sici sokuphila kwansuku zonke esalokhu singathintwa imithetho ehlukanisa abantu. Ngisho nemisebenzi eminingi yansuku zonke yaseMelika emnyama yayidinga ukuba isebenzise imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi eklanyelwe ukuphoqelela abaphathi bezinhlanga ukuba baphoqelele ukuba baphakele.

ENingizimu Carolina, izisebenzi zendwangu ezimnyama nezimhlophe zazingakwazi ukusebenza ekamelweni elifanayo, ukungena ngomnyango ofanayo, noma ukulunguza ngefasitela elifanayo. Lemingcele ebanzi yembula isimo esiguquguqukayo sobuzwe kanye nomzamo abamhlophe abafuna ukulingana kwezinhlanga abangenza ngawo ukuze bavimbele noma yikuphi ukulingana kwezinhlanga.

Imingcele Elula

Eminye imithetho kaJim Crow yafinyelela amazinga akhethekile abonakala engenakuqondwa namuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1935, i-Oklahoma yenqabela abantu abansundu nabamhlophe ukuba bahambe ngesikebhe ndawonye. Ukuhamba ngesikebhe kwakusho ukulingana kwezenhlalo. Ngo-1930, iBirmingham, i-Alabama, kwenza ukuba kube okungekho emthethweni ngabantu abansundu nabamhlophe ukuba badlale ndawonye.

Lemithetho idlulela cishe kuzo zonke izibopho zomphakathi. Akukho mcabathi wezinwele ozoba umgundi wamantombazane amhlophe (ku) noma abesifazane (eGeorgia). Isikhulu esiphethe akumelwe singcwabe, noma sivumele ukuba kungcwatshwe, noma imuphi umdwebi obekwe phansi noma osetshenziselwa ukungcwatshwa kwabamhlophe (eGeorgia). Ngisho nalapho efile, i-frigad yaqhubeka.

Ukukhetha Imfundo Nokungalingani

Mhlawumbe akukho lapho ukungafani kukaJim Crow kwakusobala kakhulu kunemfundo. Nakuba izikole zomphakathi zazisungulwe okokuqala ngqá izishaya - mthetho zokulungisa ezindaweni eziningi zaseNingizimu, lezo zezingane ezinsundu zazincishiswa njalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezikole zezingane ezimhlophe, ngisho nalapho zicatshangelwa ezimalini ezintengantengayo zaseNingizimu yangemva kwempi lapho intengo yezolimo yanciphisa khona umnotho wezolimo.

Njengezikole, imitapo yomphakathi yabansundu yayingenamtapo, uma yayikhona, futhi yayivame ukugcwala izincwadi ezidala nezinye imithombo. Lezi zakhiwo zazingasungulwanga ama-Afrika aseNingizimu aseMelika kuze kube seshumini lokuqala lekhulu lama-20. Kuyo yonke inkathi kaJim Crow, imitapo yayitholakala ngokungavamile. Lokhu kuncishwa kwemithombo yemfundo kwaba nemiphumela esukela ezizukulwaneni, ilinganisela amathuba ama-Black America ukuba athuthuke ngokwezomnotho nangokwezenhlalo.

Ukudumazeka Nokuqothulwa Kwezombangazwe

UJim Crow waphumelela kakhulu ekuphuceni ama-Black America amandla awo ezombangazwe. Abantu abamnyama bancishwa ilungelo lokuvota ngentela yokuvota (izifebe ezibekwa abantu abampofu abansundu), ama-primpritary amhlophe (kuphela amaDemocrat ayevota, kuphela abantu abamhlophe abangaba amaDemocrats), kanye nokuhlola ukufunda ("ngoba bonke abaPhakathi beMaongameli nabaPhakathi kweNkathi yeNkantolo eMelika).

Ukuphumelela kwalamacebo okulahla kwakumangalisa. Ngo-1896, iLouisiana yaba nabavoti abansundu abangu-1 130 334 ababhalisiwe. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kamuva, amaphesenti angu-1342, 1 kuphela, ayengayidlulisa imithetho emisha kahulumeni. Kusukela ngo-1896-1904, kwakungekho mvoti obhaliwe oBlack eNyakatho Carolina.

Labo ababengenakuvota babengafanelekela ukukhonza emahhovisi abasizi bejaji futhi babengakwazi ukubalekela amahhovisi endawo. Banyamalala ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni kwezombangazwe, ngoba babengenakuthonya izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni, futhi izithakazelo zabo zanganakwa. Lokhu kukhishwa kwezombangazwe kwabangela umjikelezo omubi lapho amaBlack America ayengenazwi khona kuwo kanye ohulumeni ababewacindezela.

Ukwehluleka kokuqala kukahulumeni woMasipala

INkantolo Ephakeme Ivumela Ukuba Kube Nobandlululo

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, wafeza indima ebalulekile ekumiseni uJim Crow Confusion. Ngo-1875 uKhomishane wakhipha uMthetho we-Civil Rights owavikela ukutholakala kwezindawo zomphakathi ngokulinganayo, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ayivumelani nemithetho eCases of Civil Rights (18883), iphikisa ngokuthi nakuba imibuso ingenakukwazi ukuthatha inyathelo lokukhipha icala lomthetho, umthetho wazama ngokungeyiphutha ukulawula izenzo zangasese.

Igalelo elibhubhisa kakhulu lafika ngo-1896. Isimiso sokuhlukanisa sabekwa emazingeni endawo nasesifundazweni futhi sadume kakhulu ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme 'ehlukene kodwa elinganayo' ePlesty v. Ferguson (1896). EPeby, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasho ukuthi isikhathi eside kangaka lapho ohulumeni benikeza abantu abamnyama inqubo engokomthetho nenkululeko engokomthetho, elingana naleyo yabamhlophe, babengagcina izinhlangano ezihlukene ukuze basekele lamalungelo. INkantolo, ngevoti engu-7-2, isekela umthetho waseLouisiana, imemezela ukuthi ukwahlukana ngokwezinhlanga kwakungasho ukulingana okusemthethweni.

Empeleni, uPasley wayemelela ukumiswa kwezinhlangano ezimbili: enye yabamhlophe, futhi yazuza; enye, yabansundu, edinga usizo nedelelwayo.

Inganekwane "Yezinga Kodwa Lilingana"

Imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" ivumela izakhiwo ezihlukene, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuthi lezo zakhiwo zazilingana. Nokho, lokhu kulingana okucatshangelwayo akuzange kuqale ngokoqobo. Nokho, ngokwesiko, izakhiwo nezinkonzo zama-“ai ” namaMelika amnyama zazingalingani, futhi zazingalingani, futhi njalo zazingaphansi futhi zihlala zingaphansi, uma zazikhona ngisho nokukhona.

Nakuba ngokwenkolelo imfundiso "elinganayo" yokwahlukanisa eyayilawula izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nezinto zokuhamba, izakhiwo zaseMelika abaNsundu zaziphansi futhi zincishisiwe njalo uma ziqhathaniswa nezindawo zaseMelika emhlophe; ngezinye izikhathi, zazingekho izakhiwo zomphakathi wabansundu. Imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" yayiyinganekwane engokomthetho eyayinikeza isembozo somthetho-mthetho-mthethweni sokungalingani okuhleliwe.

Ukungezwani Nokusabela

Ukwehluleka kukahulumeni ukuvikela izakhamuzi ezimnyama kwadlulela ngalé kwejaji. Woodrow Wilson wahlanganisa ukwahlukaniswa kwesizwe enkonzweni kahulumeni. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, iSithili saseColumbia sase sahlukaniswa ngokuphelele. Ngisho nenhlokodolobha yesizwe, ngaphansi kokulawulwa nguhulumeni, yaba yidolobha laseJim Crow.

Ngo - 1914 wonke amadolobha aseningizimu nasenyakatho ayenemithetho kaJim Crow eyayibandlulula abantu abansundu baseMelika. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 20, uJim Crow wayesewumthetho omisiwe kulo lonke izwe, uhulumeni kahulumeni enikeza ukumelana okuncane futhi ngokuvamile esekela ukuhlukana.

Ubudlova Nonya Njengemishini Ephoqelelwayo

Ukuhlaselwa Ngemizimba Nesiyaluyalu Sobuhlanga

Imithetho kaJim Crow yaphoqelelwa hhayi nje kuphela ngezimiso zomthetho kodwa futhi nangobudlova obuhleliwe nokwesaba. labo ababezama ukuphula imithetho kaJim Crow babevame ukuboshwa, ukuhlawuliswa amafa, izigwebo zasejele, ubudlova nokufa.

Okungenani abantu abansundu abangu - 161 babulawa ngo-1892, cishe inani eliphakeme kunawo wonke ngonyaka owodwa. lokhu kubulawa komphakathi kwaba izixwayiso ezinonya kumaBlack America ayengase aphikise ukuhleleka kobuhlanga. Ubudlova beqembu leNkukhu kanye neqembu lemizwa yama - lynch bavimbela abansundu abaningi ukuba baphikise noma bamelane nemithetho kaJim Crow.

IKlux Klan yabuye yavuka kakhulu phakathi nenkathi kaJim Crow. IKlux Klan yayinamalungu ayizigidi ezintathu phakathi nosuku lwayo lwasekuqaleni konyaka ka-1920. Cishe ingxenye yamalungu ayo ayehlala ezindaweni ezinkulu, futhi nakuba ayesekelwa kakhulu eNingizimu, iKlan yayinamandla kakhulu eMidwast nase-Southwest. Lokhu kusekela okukhulu kobuphekula obumhlophe be-supremacist kwabonisa indlela inkolelo yobuhlanga eyayigxile ngayo emphakathini waseMelika.

Ukulawula Ingqondo Nomphakathi

UJim Crow wayemelela ukubekwa kwemithetho yokucwasana kwezinhlanga ezimnyama. Izikhonzi eziningi zobuKristu nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo zafundisa ukuthi abamhlophe babengabantu abakhethiwe, abansundu babeqalekiswa ukuba babe yizinceku, futhi uNkulunkulu wasekela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga. Izinhlangano zenkolo zanikeza izaba zokulunga ngokokuziphatha ngokukhetha, zenza kubonakale sengathi kumiswe ngokwaphezulu kunesimiso esimiswe umuntu sokucindezela.

Izazi zesayensi yesayensi, izazi zesayensi yemvelo, izazi zezifo zengqondo, nesayensi kaDarwin yezenhlalo, kuzo zonke izinga lemfundo, zaqinisa inkolelo yokuthi abantu abansundu bazalwa bengaphansi kwabantu abamhlophe ngokwengqondo nangokwesiko.

Ukumelana Nezimo Ezinsundu Nezakhiwo Zomphakathi

Abathathi - mkhosi Nabaholi Bezokuzijabulisa Bakuqala

Njengoba inkathi kaJim Crow yayicindezela, kwakuyisikhathi futhi lapho abantu abaningi baseMelika abaNsundu kulo lonke izwe baqhubekela phambili ezindima zokuhola ukuze bamelane ngokuqinile nemithetho. Naphezu kokubhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu, abaNsundu baseMelika abazange bamukele isikhundla sabo esingaphansi futhi bawalwele njalo amalungelo abo.

Intatheli yeMemphis nothisha uIda B. Wells waba umshisekeli ovelele omelene nemithetho kaJim Crow ngemva kokwenqaba ukushiya isitimela samakilasi okuqala esiqondiswe abamhlophe kuphela. Umkhandi wamkhipha ngenkani, futhi waphumelela ekumangaleleni isitimela, nakuba lesosinqumo kamuva sashintshwa inkantolo ephakeme. UIda B. Wells waqala ukubhala izihloko nokufaka umkhankaso ngokumelene nokuvinjelwa. Iphephandaba lakhe elinesibindi ladalulaza ubudlova bobuhlanga futhi labekela inselele ukulandisa okwakusetshenziswa ekubuthetheleleni.

ISouls of Black Folk nguW.B. u-Du Bois wanyatheliswa. NgokweManing Mable, umlobi wendaba ephila e-Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk "wasiza ekusunguleni impikiswano engokwengqondo yenkululeko yabamnyama ngekhulu lamashumi amabili. Imisebenzi ka-Du Bois yanikeza uhlelo olunamandla lwengqondo lokuqonda nokucindezela kwezinhlanga okungavumelani.

Ukumelana Nenhlangano

INhlangano yeSizwe yeNegro yahlangana eNew York City futhi yasungula iNhlangano yeSizwe yeNkathi Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu Abanombala (NAACP). INhlangano yesizwe Yentuthuko Yabantu Abanombala, eyaziwa kangcono njenge NAACP, yasungulwa ngo - 1909 futhi iGreat Extration yamisa inkundla yeNguquko yeHarlem – inhlangano enethonya elikhulu engokwesiko, ezenhlalo, nezobuciko.

INAACP yayiyoba inhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu yamalungelo omphakathi yekhulu lama-20, isebenzisa izinselele zomthetho nomthetho wokujezisa umphakathi ukuze iqedwe ezindaweni ezingokomthetho zikaJim Crow. Isu labo lokuhlasela izinkantolo ngokuhlukanisa abantu ekugcineni lalizothela izithelo ngawo-1950 nawo - 1960.

Intuthuko Enkulu Yokufuduka Nempucuko

EGreat Hugration, abantu abamnyama basemaphandleni bathuthela emadolobheni asenyakatho, eNtshonalanga nasemadolobheni aseningizimu. Phakathi kuka-1915 no-1920, abayizigidi ezingu - 500 000 kuya kwezingu - 500 000 bathuthela eNyakatho; abanye abayizigidi ezingu - 700 000 kuya kwezingu - 1 bathuthela eNyakatho neNtshonalanga ngawo-1920. Imithetho kaJim Crow yaba izici ezaholela eGreat Migration phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka. Ngenxa yokuthi amathuba omsebenzi ayelinganiselwe kakhulu emaphandleni aseNingizimu, ama-Afrika-Afrika yathuthela emadolobheni amaningi eNyakatho - mpumalanga, e-Mpumalanga, naseNtshonalanga, ezwe entshonalanga ukuze afune ukuphila okungcono.

Lolushintsho olukhulu lokuzalana kwabantu lwaguqula umphakathi waseMelika futhi lwasungula izikhungo ezintsha zemibuso yezombangazwe nempucuko. iHarlem Renaissance yasinika abaculi abavuthayo abanjengoDuke Ellington noJelly Roll Morton, abalobi abadumile njengoZora Neale Hurston noLangston Loulsers, abadlali nabaculi, njengentombi yokuqala uJosephine Baker, kanye nezazi ezibalulekile nezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu njengoW.B.B.

Ukuqala Kokungenela Kwesifunda

IMpi Yezwe II Nesenzo Sokuqondisa

IMpi Yezwe II yakha ukucindezela okusha kokulingana kwezinhlanga. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhipha i-Edvice Order 8802, eyaqeda ukucwaswa kwezisebenzi zezokuvikela futhi yamisa i-Fair Accouls Commission. Ukuphendula, abaholi abansundu, kuhlanganise no-A. Philip Randolph, basusa udwendwe oluhleliwe eWashington. Lokhu kwamelela esinye sezenzo zokuqala ezivelele zikahulumeni ngokumelene nobandlululo kusukela eReconvolution.

Impi yaqokomisa ukuphikisana phakathi kokulwa ubufascism kwelinye izwe kuyilapho ilondoloza ukucindezela kobuhlanga ekhaya. UJesse Owens waba umMelika wokuqala ukuwina izimendlela ezine zegolide kwenye i-Olympic. Impumelelo yakhe yokugijima yayiwukuphikisa ngokuqondile umqondo ka-Adolph Hitler wokuphakama kwama-Aryan. Iminikelo yabaNsundu baseMelika emzamweni wempi yaqinisa ukuzisholo kwabo ngokokuziphatha ukuze baqinise amalungelo abo ezakhamuzi.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo: I-Legic Foundation Crumbles

Ukungenela okubaluleke kakhulu kukahulumeni kwavela eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1944. NgoMay 17, 1954, emini ebandayo, amaJaji ayisishiyagalolunye eNkantolo Ephakeme amemezela isinqumo sawo esivumelanayo kulamacala amane, manje ahlanganiswe njengeBrown v. ibhodi lemfundo. Bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga zezingane ezikoleni zomphakathi, ngisho nasezikoleni ezilinganayo, kulimaza izingane ezimbalwa. "Izikhungo zemfundo eziphansi azilingani ngokwemvelo." Lomkhuba waphula umthetho we-Gcilo-ath'smement ment futhi kumelwe ume.

Ngo-1944, ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zomphakathi (isifunda samazwe) kwamenyezelwa ngokungemthetho yiNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ecaleni eliyingqophamlando iBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka. Lesi sinqumo sayigumbuqela ngokuqondile imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ePlesby v. Ferguson futhi sashaya egunjini elingokomthetho likaJim Crow.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwesinqumo kwabonakala kuyinselele. Kwezinye izifundazwe, kwathatha iminyaka eminingi ukufeza lesi sinqumo, kuyilapho iNkantolo iWarren Crow yaqhubeka ibusa ngokumelene nomthetho kaJim Crow kwezinye izenzakalo ezinjenge Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964). Ukumelana nokususwa kwenkululeko eNingizimu kuphela kwabonisa ukuthi ukunqoba okungokomthetho kwakunganele ukuqeda uJim Crow.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nesenzo Esivunayo

Amabutho Alwela Ukuthatha Imithetho

Ngawo-1950 nango-1960 kwaba nokwanda kwezenzo zotshani ezaphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo esibanzi ngokumelene noJim Crow. Futhi, u-1960 Greensboro wahlala-ngaphakathi waphikisa ukulahlwa kwemali yokudla kwasemini ngokuhlala e-F. W. Woolworth Company phakathi kwama-past - backs. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva phakathi kuka-200 000 no-300,000 ababekhona beza eWashington D.C.

Lokhu kubhikisha, kanye nabanye abaningi kulo lonke elaseNingizimu, kwabangela inhlekelele yokuziphatha uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe, okwakungeke kusayishalazela. Ukubhalisa kwethelevishini ababhikishi abanokuthula abahlaselwa amaphoyisa ngezinja nangamapayipi omlilo kwashaqisa isizwe nezwe, kwadala ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokungenela kukahulumeni. Izinhlangano ezinjenge NAACP[FLP], i-Southern Christian Leadership, kanye ne-Studentives Nonbig Coordinating Corining Com Committee Committee Com Com Committee Comment Commoridee Comment zahlela imikhankanti eyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi eyahlanganisa izinseleleni yeze izinselele zomthetho, isenzo esiqondile, nezombangazwe.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Ngokuvamile, imithetho esele kaJim Crow yayiphazanyiswa yi - Civil Rights Act ka - 1964 ne - Voing Rights Act ka - 1965. I - Civil Rights Act yayimelela umthetho wesizwe obanzi kunayo yonke kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha.

UMthetho We - Civil Rights ka - 1964 wavimbela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini noma emzalweni ongokwemvelo, njengokucwaswa emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomphakathi, nokuvota.

Lo mthetho wanikeza abashushisi abambalwa izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu ayengekho ngaphambili, wanikeza uhulumeni amathuluzi okulwa nobandlululo esikhundleni sokumane nje uthi aluhambisani nemithetho engokomthetho yamalungelo abantu.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

IVoing Rights Act ka-1965, yanikeza ukusekelwa okwengeziwe okungokomthetho ekulungiseni izivumelwano ze - 14 ne - 15 ngokunqabela uhulumeni nohulumeni ukuba bamise imithetho yokuvota ecwasa ngokungadingekile amaqenjana.

IVoing Rights Act yabonakala iphumelela kakhulu ngoba yayihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuphathwa kokhetho ezikhundleni zokhetho kanye nemibango yokucwasa. Lokhu kungenela okuqondile kukahulumeni kwaqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe aseNingizimu awasoze amane asungule izindlela ezintsha zokulahla lezo eziye zavinjelwa. Imfuneko yomthetho yangaphambili yasho ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zazingathola ukuvunyelwa kukahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba ashintshe izinqubo zokuvota.

Izenzo Ezihlukile Zomphakathi

Imithetho emelene ne-discine ewumbuso waseNingizimu yagumbuqelwa kakhulu endabeni kaLoving v. Virginia ngo-1967. Lesi sinqumo salahla imithetho enqabela ukushada kwezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, sisusa enye yezigaba zokugcina zemithetho kaJim Crow.

Congress udlulisa i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, iVoing Rights Act ka-1965, ne-Fair House Act ka-1965. Ku-Loving House Act ka-1967 iNkantolo imemezela imithetho engekho mthethweni. Le ntuthuko iqeda ngokuphumelelayo inkathi kaJim Crow. Ndawonye, lemithetho yachitha isimiso esingokomthetho sokuhlukanisa i-Black America cishe iminyaka eyikhulu.

Ifa Eliqhubekayo LikaJim Crow

Umehluko Oqhubekayo Wezinhlanga

Nokho, intuthuko yawo - 1950 nawo - 1960, ayizange yanele ukuqeda ukwehluleka kwenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo noma ukucwaswa kwenkathi kaJim Crow. Abansundu baseMelika abathuthukanga kakhulu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka ngemva kobugqila, kuyilapho beqhubeka belandela amaMelika amhlophe, futhi intuthuko kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yehla kancane kakhulu ngenxa yezimpawu eziningi zezenhlalo nezomnotho.

Ikhulu leminyaka likaJim Crow ladala igebe elikhulu lengcebo, ukwahlukana kwezemfundo, nokungalingani kwezenhlalo okungenakususwa nje ngokushintsha kwemithetho. Phakathi nalelikhulu leminyaka, kwakuyintuthuko engenakuqhathaniswa yezenhlalo nezomnotho kwabamhlophe, kuhlanganise nemikhaya eminingi ezalwa yizakhamuzi zababaleki ngemva kweMpi Yombango. iG.I. Bill, iFederal Howale Authority, nezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinikeza usizo oluqinile lokunikeza izakhamuzi imfundo, izakhamuzi, izakhiwo zomphakathi, izimali nemali ezibolekwayo, ukukhubazeka nokukhokha ibhizinisi, ukukhuphulela abamhlophe abaningi ukuba bangene esigabeni esiphakathi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lezi zinhlelo zazingatholakali eziqinile ezingokomthetho zokungena ezintshovwini, umshuwashini, izinkonzo, imisebenzi, nezindawo zomphakathi ezihlala abantu abansundu.

Ukuqhubeka Nezinselele Ekutholeni Amalungelo

Ngisho noMthetho weSivumelwano samaHlathi eVoting Rights ubhekene nezinselele eminyakeni yamuva. Ngo-2013, iNkantolo kaRoberts, eShelby County v. UHoker, wayisusa imfuneko eyamiswa yi-Voting Rights Act eyayidinga imvume yamazwe aseNingizimu yokuvumela izinguquko ezimisweni zokuvota. Ngokushesha izifundazwe eziningi zashintsha imithetho yazo eyayivimbela ukuvota. Lesi sinqumo sanciphisa elinye lamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota futhi sabonisa ukuthi ukulwela ukufinyelela i-bolot kuyaqhubeka.

Ubandlululo Olulawulwa Isimiso SaseMelika Yanamuhla

Ifa likaJim Crow lidlulela ngalé kwemithetho ecacile yokuhlukanisa izinhlanga. Umehluko wezinhlanga uyaqhubeka emfundweni, futhi izikole ezisezindaweni ezigcwele abaNsundu ngokuvamile zithola imali encane nengcebo kunalezo ezisezindaweni ezimhlophe. Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sibonisa ukucwasana okukhulu kwezinhlanga ekuboshweni, izinkolelo, nokugwetshwa. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuhlala kujule kakhulu, imikhaya yabansundu inengcebo encane kakhulu kunemikhaya yabamhlophe ngokwesilinganiso.

Ukwahlukaniswa kwezindlu kuyaqhubeka emadolobheni amaningi aseMelika, hhayi ngemithetho ecacile kaJim Crow kodwa ngezici zezomnotho, imikhuba yokubolekisa ngobandlululo, nemiphumela ehlala njalo yokuguqula ngokomlando. Lezindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwabantu abahlalayo zinezela ekuhlukanini kwemfundo nangokomnotho okuqhubekayo, njengoba indawo ezungezile ithinta ukufinyelela izikole eziphambili, imisebenzi, namanye amathuba.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Umlando

Ukuqonda umlando kaJim Crow nohulumeni kahulumeni kubalulekile ekusingatheni ukungalingani kwezinhlanga kwamanje. Isimo esihleliwe sikaJim Crow, ubudlova obusetshenziselwa ukubuphoqelela, nokuhlanganyela kukahulumeni isikhathi eside ekubulondolozeni kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ubandlululo lwezinhlanga luqhubeka ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ngemva kwe-Civil Rights Movement.

Umzabalazo wokuchitha uJim Crow unikeza nezifundo ezibalulekile ngoshintsho lwezenhlalo. Kubonisa ukuthi ukunqoba okungokomthetho, nakuba kudingekile, akwanele ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo nokuphoqelelwa. Kubonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlelwa kwezimpande zotshani kanye nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Futhi kwembula indlela ukungenela kukahulumeni, uma kuklanywe kahle futhi kuphoqelelwe ngamandla, okungaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

Izifundo Zemizamo Yamalungelo Omphakathi Yangesikhathi Esidlule

Ukudingeka Kwesibopho Sombuso

Umlando kaJim Crow ubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe nowendawo ngeke uthembeke ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze uvikele amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezimbalwa. Ukungenela kwe-Federal kwabonakala kubalulekile ekususeni ukwahlukana, futhi ukuqondisa okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni kusemqoka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubuyela emuva. Ubuthakathaka bemiyalo yangaphambi kwe-Voting Rights Act nemithetho yokuvota elandelwayo kwezinye iveza lokho okungenzeka uma umthetho uncishisiwe.

Amandla Okuthatha Isenzo Esiqinile

I-Civil Rights Movement yaphumelela hhayi ngomzuzu owodwa ophawulekayo kodwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka yokuhlela, izinselele zomthetho, kanye nesenzo esiqondile. Kusukela ekusebenziseni kwe-NAACP engokomthetho ebeke isineke kuya ekuvivinyeni kotshani be-1960, abashisekeli balondoloza ukucindezela kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni kuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Lokhu kuphikelela kunikeza isibonelo sezinhlangano zanamuhla ezifuna ushintsho lwezenhlalo.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bokufinyelela Ukulingana Kwangempela

Ukuphikelela kokungalingani kohlanga naphezu kokuphela kokwahlukaniswa okungokomthetho kubonisa ukuthi ukufinyelela ukulingana kweqiniso kudinga okungaphezu nje kokususa imithetho ehlukanisayo. Kudinga ukuxazulula izinkinga eziqoqiwe ezibangelwa ukucindezelwa kwamakhulu eminyaka, kusukela ezindaweni zengcebo kuya ekuhlukaneni kwezemfundo kuya ekungalinganini kwempilo. Lokhu kuqonda kufanele kwazise izimpikiswano zamanje mayelana nezenzo zokuvuma, ukuhlukanisa, nokutshala imali emiphakathini empofu engokomlando.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Olungenazinkathazo

Indaba yemithetho kaJim Crow nempendulo kahulumeni kahulumeni imele isiqephu esimnyama kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika futhi imelela amandla aqhubekayo ezenzo zokuzimela ukuze kufinyelelwe ushintsho lwezenhlalo. Cishe ikhulu leminyaka, ohulumeni bezwe nezindawo kulo lonke elaseNingizimu, ngokuhlanganyela kukahulumeni kahulumeni, kwalondoloza isimiso esibanzi sokucindezelwa kobuhlanga esasithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwabamnyama.

Ukusabela kokuqala kukahulumeni kuJim Crow kwaphawulwa ngokunganaki ekusekeleni okungcono kakhulu nokunenkuthalo kakhulu. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezicatshangelweni ezinjenge-Pleby v. Ferguson wanikeza isembozo somthetho-mfantu sokwahlukanisa, kuyilapho amongameli noMkhandlu bashalazela kakhulu ukwephulwa okuhleliwe kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abaMnyama baseMelika. Lokhu kwehluleka kwavumela uJim Crow ukuba agxile kakhulu emphakathini waseMelika, abangele izindlela zokungalingani eziqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.

Kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobuqhawe zamaBlack America kanye namanxusa awo ukuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba uthathe isinyathelo esinengqondo. Icebo lomthetho likaNaACP, izinyuko ezihlela i-Civil Rights Movement, kanye nobufakazi obungokokuziphatha babantu abangenakubalwa abafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini ukuze baphikise ukuhlukana kohlanga ekugcineni kwadala izimo zezombangazwe ukuze uhulumeni ungenele. I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, iVoting Rights Act ka-6565, futhi ekugcineni umthetho ohlobene nayo wasusa uhlelo olungokomthetho lukaJim Crow.

Nokho, ifa likaJim Crow liyaqhubeka lilolonga umphakathi waseMelika. Umehluko wezinhlanga engcebweni, emfundweni, empilweni nasebugebengwini ubonisa izinkinga ezinqwabelene ezabangelwa ukucindezelwa okuhleliwe kwekhulu leminyaka. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuxazulula ukungalingani kwezinhlanga kwamanje. Kwembula indlela ubandlululo oluye lwagxila ngayo ezinhlanganweni zaseMelika futhi kungani amakhambi akha phezulu engenele ukulingana kwangempela.

Ukulwa noJim Crow kunikeza ithemba nezifundo eziwusizo kubashisekeli bamanje. Kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nezimiso ezigxile kakhulu zokucindezela zingabekelwa inselele futhi zishintshwe ngezenzo eziqinile, ezisemqoka. Kubonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa izinselele ezingokomthetho nezimpande ezimile ezihlelayo nezithatha isinyathelo esiqondile. Futhi kwembula ukuthi ukungenela kukahulumeni, uma kuklanywe kahle futhi kuphoqelelwe ngamandla, kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi nokuthuthukisa ukulingana.

Njengoba siqhubeka silwisana nefa likaJim Crow kanye nokungalingani kohlanga okuqhubekayo, kumelwe sikhumbule kokubili izigigaba zaleyo nkathi kanye nesibindi salabo abalwa nayo. Ukulwa kwabo kusikhumbuza ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka kodwa akunakugwenywa, ukuthi amalungelo ake awina kumelwe avikelwe ngokuqapha, futhi umsebenzi wokwakha intengo elingana ngempela neyobulungisa emphakathini uhlale ungaphelele. Ukuze kufike ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo yokusingatha ukulingana kwezinhlanga, vakashela iNgqungqungquthela ye-Polity Confection on Civial and Human Rights [FLT:]] kanye noMthetho wobuhlwe noMthetho wobuhlwe waseNingizimu [FLT]].

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukahulumeni kusuka kumphathi wokwahlukanisa ukuphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi ukuthatha uguqulo oluyisisekelo ekubuseni kwe-Melika. Nokho lolushintsho luhlala lungaphelele, njengoba izinselele zamuva zokuvota amalungelo nokwehlukana okuqhubekayo kohlanga zibonisa. Ukuqonda umlando ogcwele kaJim Crows, imvelaphi yayo ebanzi, ubudlova obusetshenziswa ukubuphoqelela, futhi umzabalazo othatha isikhathi eside ukubuqeda kunoma ubani ozimisele ukuqeda umsebenzi ongapheli wokufinyelela ukulingana kwezinhlanga eMelika.