Isifungo Sikamongameli Njengetshe Lentando Yeningi YaseMelika

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu komthetho-sisekelo. Siyisithembiso esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, esiwumphakathi, esiwuphawu oluqinile oluphawula ukuqala kwesimiso esisha sokuphatha futhi siqinisekisa ukuzinikela kwesizwe ekubuseni umthetho. Ngayo yonke iminyaka emine, izigidi zamaMelika nezilaleli zomhlaba wonke zibukela njengoba umongameli ephakamisa isandla, ubeka isandla encwadini, futhi ukhuluma amazwi aye asetshenziswa emakhulwini angaphezu kwambili. Kulokhu, okunzima, kuveza ukudluliswa okunokuthula kwamandla, ukukhuthazela kukahulumeni, kanye nezinzuzo ezihlanganyelwayo njengoba umongameli ehlanganisa isizwe esihlukene ndawonye. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwalesifungo kudinga ukuhlolwa kwaso, izimo zemikhosi, nendima yaso yesizwe.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nesimiso Somthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo sobumongameli sisekelwe ngokuqondile eSiphakamisweni II, iSiqendu 1, u-Claus 8, soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Abakhi be-flamers, abahlangana ePhiladelphia ngo-1787, baphikisana ngamazwi aqondile nenjongo yesifungo. Babefuna isithembiso esizobopha umphathi kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwaso, hhayi eqenjini, eqenjini, noma enkabeni yomuntu siqu. Ulimi lokugcina ("Impela") lufunga ukuthi ngizoyikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizoyivikela futhi ngivikele i-Constitution of United States""") futhi lungamukelekile ngokushintsha okuncane kwekomiti yokuqala. UGeorge Washington waba yiwo wokuqala ukulisho nge-April 30, 1789, eHlabhusayithi ye-Freast of United States, futhi kuzo zonke izibonelo zedolobha lomhlane.

UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela umongameli ukuba akhethe phakathi kokufunga (ukufungisa unkulunkulu) nokuqinisekisa (isifungo sezwe). Lendawo ibonakalisa ukuqaphela kwabakhi bemidanti ukuhlukahluka kwenkolo nokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isifungo siye sanikezwa nguMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba noma yimuphi umahluleli wezwe angase enze kanjalo ngokomthetho. Isikhathi esiqondile sesifungo yilokho okudluliselwa ngomthetho; kuze kukhulunywe lawomazwi, umongameli ophumayo uhlala ehhovisi. Lokhu kugcizelela umthetho njengesisekelo sokubusa kweMelika. IZinqolobane zezincwadi zezincwadi zemvelo ziphethe umbhalo wokuqala nemibhalo yonke imikhosi yokunikezelwa kwesakhiwo, inikeza umzila ocebile womlando ([FLD:]] [FLD]]

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, isifungo asizange silungiswe, nakuba amongameli beye banezela ngezikhathi ezithile amazwi afana nothi “ngisize kakhulu Nkulunkulu.” Washington kubikwa ukuthi wanezela lawo magama, kodwa ubufakazi obubhaliwe baqala ukuvela kuChester A. Arthur ngo-1881. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, cishe wonke umongameli uye wawasebenzisa, enza ukuba abe ingxenye yomkhosi. Nokho, umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo awushintshi, futhi akukho mfuneko engokomthetho ekhona nganoma yimuphi omunye. Lo mcimbi omncane ongokomlando ubonisa ukuhlanganisa okunamandla phakathi komthetho obhaliwe nomthetho nomthetho obhalweyo nomthetho osuhambisana nomthetho.

I - eromentia Njengomsebenzi Wempucuko

Lomkhosi wokuthuka inhlamba uye wakhula kusukela esenzweni esilula esingokomthetho saba yisiko eliyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwenzeka e-United States Capitol, ngokuyinhloko eNtshona Front kusukela ekuqalweni kukaRonald Reagan (kusukela kwenye indawo ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi) ngo 1981. Indawo ngokwayo ifanekisela igatsha le-Capitol, futhi ibhekene neSizwe sase-Washington Monument ihlanganisa umphathi nabantu kanye nezimiso zesizwe ezisunguliwe.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesiko

Izici eziningana ziye zaba cishe emhlabeni wonke, ngasinye sisho okujulile:

  • IBhayibheli noma umbhalo wenkolo – Nakuba bengakhethi, omongameli abaningi bekhetha iBhayibheli, ngokuvamile elinencazelo engokomlando. IWashington yasebenzisa iMasonic Bible; iBarack Obama yasebenzisa iLincoln Bible; uDonald Trump wasebenzisa kokubili iBhayibheli lakhe lobuntwana neLincoln Bible. Ukukhethwa kwencwadi kungaphawula ukholo lomuntu siqu, ukuqhubekeka komlando, noma ukubhalwa kwezombangazwe.
  • Isandla sokunene esiphakanyisiwe - Lesi senzo esisuselwa emasikweni asendulo athatha isifungo, sisho isicelo esiqotho kugunya eliphezulu. Kubonakala ukuthi sihlukanisa isikhathi nenkulumo yansuku zonke.
  • UMahluleli omkhulu – Njengenhloko yegatsha lokwahlulela, uMahluleli oyinhloko wenza isifungo, efanekisela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nendima yejaji ekusekeleni uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • INkosazana yokuqala nomndeni - Ukuba khona kwabo kwenza isenzakalo sibe ngumuntu futhi kugcizelela izigxobo zomuntu siqu zehhovisi.
  • Isichibiyeli esingamashumi amabili-ne-Sehluleke – Lenguquko (yagunyaziswa ngo- 1951) ilinganisela omongameli ngokwezimo ezimbili, yenza isifungo isikhashana sokuphela kokuqala nokwesokugcina komthetho-sisekelo.

Ngaphandle kwesifungo ngokwaso, lolu suku luhlanganisa ikheli lokuvula, elinikeza umongameli omusha indawo yokuhlela umbono. Umbukiso wokuqalisa kwesakhiwo, i-fenal distnency, namabhola okuvula izakhiwo ezisemcimbini wonke. Lezi zenzakalo azizona nje izenzakalo ezisezingeni eliphansi; ziwukuqinisekiswa futhi kombuso womhlaba, ngokuvamile ngemva komkhankaso obuhlungu. Ukuthunyelwa okunokuthula kwamandla kuboniswa ngokugcwele lapho abaholi bephuma futhi befika begibele ndawonye beya eCapitol·a isiko elingavamile kuphela, njengalapho uAndrew Johnson enqaba ukuya emkhosini we-Ulysses S. u-1869.

Uphawu Nesizwe Esiyiso

Isifungo sobumongameli sihlanganisa izindinganiso ezisemqoka zaseMelika: ukubusa ngentando yeningi, umthetho, nesinqumo sokuthula sengxabano yezombangazwe. Esizweni esinemibono ejulile ehlukene, isifungo sisebenza njengomzuzu wokuzinikela okuhlangene ekubuseni komthetho-sisekelo. Sikhumbuza izakhamuzi nabaholi ukuthi igunya lisuka kuMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ekuthatheni komuntu siqu noma ekufuneni izitha. Lokhu kunamandla ikakhulukazi ekushintsheni kweqembu ngalinye kusuka kwelinye kuya kwelinye. Uma umongameli olahlekelwe yivoti ewuthonyele noma awina kakhulu ukuncintiswa kwesinqumo esithandwayo, imikhosi iqinisa ukuthi isimiso siyaqhubeka sisebenza.

Isifungo siveza futhi ukubonakala kwesizwe kwamanye amazwe. Izikhulu zakwamanye amazwe ziyakhona, futhi imithombo yezindaba emhlabeni wonke isakaza lesi senzakalo. Umfanekiso wokudluliswa ngokuthula kwegunya uphambene nokugumbuqelwa kwemibuso kanye nezimpi zombango ezibonwa ezizweni eziningi. Kusebuningini obusha, ukunikezelwa kwezakhiwo zentando yeningi eU.S. kuyisibonelo. Ngaleyondlela ukubaluleka kwamasiko kungaphakathi nangaphandle: kufundisa izingane zaseMelika ngomsebenzi womphakathi kanye nezisizi zokuzinzisa.

Isifungo Somnatha Njengomkhuba Ohlanganisayo Ezikhathini Zenhlekelele

Izakhiwo eziningana ziye zenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile, zikhulisa isifungo sesibili salesifungo sokuhlanganisa. Ngo-1865 senzeka lapho iMpi Yombango iphela; ikheli lakhe labiza “impi ye-maliace ngakunoma yiyiphi” nesithi“intambo yabo bonke.” u-Franklin D. Roosevelt wamiswa ngo-1945, umkhosi omfushane weMpi Yezwe II, uthatha amasonto amabili ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol ka-Capitol. U-Lyndon B. Johnson wathatha isifungo emor Force One ngemva kukaJohn F. Kennedy, umkhosi oluhlaza nowethulile nowenziwe ngokuqhubekayo. UJoe Biden wango 201 wathatha ukuhlasela kwakhe i-Capitol, futhi wathatha isilinganiso esikhulu phakathi nonyaka waKhesal. “ul B.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi isifungo asisona nje inqubo. Siba isithako sesizwe, isimemezelo sokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka ngisho nalapho uvivinywa. I-Constitution Anestative[ inikeza isizinda esingokomthetho sokusetshenziswa kwesifungo kanye nendima yaso ekulandeleleni komthetho sisekelo.

Ukuhlukahluka, Ukuphikisana, Nokucwaninga Komphakathi

Naphezu kokumiswa kwayo okuqinile, isifungo siye sadala izimpikiswano. Impikiswano evame ukuvela yisikhathi nokulunga kwamagama. Umahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts wadumisa isifungo phakathi nokunikezelwa kokuqala kukaBarack Obama ngo- 2009, wabangela ukuba u-Obama aphinde amagama ngokungeyikho. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza, baphinde basifungele ngasese ngakusasa. Le nkinga yasobala yaveza izimpikiswano ngokuthi isifungo kumelwe yini ukuba siphelele nokuthi umongameli ngempela ube umongameli phakathi negebe lika-24. Izazi zezomthetho ziyavuma ukuthi ingubo zomuntu lapho ethatha ihhovisi, ngisho nangephutha elincane, kodwa isenzakalo sembula ukuhlonishwa kombhalo oqondile.

Enye impikiswano ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli. Nakuba amongameli abaningi besebenzisa omunye, abanye baye bakhetha ukungasebenzisi. UTheodore Roosevelt akazange asebenzise iBhayibheli phakathi no-101 lapho efunga ukuthi uthuka u- McKinley ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe; wamane waphakamisa isandla sakhe. John Quincy Adams wasebenzisa incwadi yomthetho, egcizelela ukukholelwa kwakhe emthethweni wezwe. Muva nje, amaqembu ezwe aye aphikisana nothi “ngakathi uNkulunkulu”, ephikisa isisho sokumiswa. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zalwa nezinselele ezinjalo, ziphethe ukuthi amazwi ayisikhumbuzo futhi awalona uvivinyo olungokwenkolo oluyisibopho. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT]] Ukucwaninga okuhlola kwezwelonke] kubhalile umbono obala kulendaba, kubonisa iningi lamaMelika.

Isifungo futhi sesiye saba isici esivelele sempikiswano mayelana nobuzibulo kanye nokungabi nanzuzo. Inkolelo yozungu ehlala njalo yathi uBarack Obama wayengeyena isakhamuzi esingokwemvelo, futhi abanye bafuna ukubona isitifiketi sakhe sokuzalwa ngaphambi kokwamukela isifungo sakhe. Lo “mzalo” uhamba, nakuba engenasisekelo, wabonisa indlela isifungo esingaba ngayo uvivinyo olungokomfanekiso lwelitroms yokuba semthethweni. Ukusekela komphakathi emagameni aqondile nasemibhalweni engokoqobo (IBhayibheli, isikhundla sesandla) kwembula isidingo esijulile somphakathi sokudluliswa kwamandla.

Umphumela Kumphakathi Nokuthenjwa Komphakathi

Isifungo sikamongameli simisa ukwethembana komphakathi ngezindlela ezimbili: sinikeza isikhathi sobunye besizwe, futhi sibeka indinganiso yokuhola ngokokuziphatha. Uma isifungo sithathwa ngesizotha nangokungathi sína, siqinisekisa izakhamuzi ukuthi umholi wazo uyakuhlonipha umthetho. Ngokuphambene, lapho isifungo sibonakala siphoqelekile, siphoqelelwe, noma singahlonipheki (njengalapho uRichard Nixon efunga ngemva kokwehla kwakhe, kungaba ukuphoqelela, okungaqinile), singanciphisa ukuqiniseka.

Imithombo yezindaba inendima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni ithonya lesiko. Izinhlelo zethelevishini zihlanganisa lesi senzakalo, ngokuvamile zinezincazelo ezingochwepheshe ngokubaluleka okungokomlando kweBhayibheli, indawo, namazwi okuqala ashiwo njengomongameli. Imithombo yezindaba ichaza yonke imininingwane, kusukela endleleni yokuqalisa yenkulumo eholela ekukhetheni abaculi. Lokhu kugcwalisa isiqiniseko sokuthi isifungo sifinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwaso ngisho nakulabo abangayinaki kangako kwezombangazwe.

Ngokwemfundo, isifungo sifundiswa ezikoleni njengengxenye yezifundo zomphakathi. Abafundi bathola ukuthi kuyisithembiso sikamongameli kubantu baseMelika, nokuthi ukusiphula kungaholela ekulahlekeni. Lokhu kuhlobana phakathi kwesifungo nokulandisa kuyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo wesimiso sonke. Iwebhusayithi yendlu emhlophe inikeza ingcebo efundisayo echaza isifungo nendawo yaso eMthethweni.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwembulunga Yonke Nezici Ezihlukile

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inezifungo eziphethe, kodwa inguqulo yase-U.S. icacile ngenxa yobufushane bayo, ukusekela kwayo umthetho-sisekelo, nomkhosi wayo oyinkimbinkimbi ozungeze i-. E-United Kingdom, umbusi ufunga isifungo sokuthweswa isifungo, kodwa undunankulu akafungeli sikhundla. EFrance, umongameli ufunga isifungo sokuvikela “nokuqinisa umthetho-sisekelo,” kodwa umkhosi awulinganiswanga kahle. ENdiya, umongameli ufunga phambi koMahluleli omkhulu waseNdiya emkhosini ongokomthetho eRashtrapati Bavan, kodwa isifungo sibanzi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nezithembiso zokuvikela isifunda sezwe nokusekela umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. I-U. I-US. Isifungo siyingqayizivele, cishe sigxile ekwahluleleni i-Rshraptatial noma umthetho wobuhulumeni wezwe, futhi sivikela izivumelwano ezinsukwini zehhovisi ezingokomthetho.

Lokhu kulula kubonisa ukungathembani komsunguli wegunya lokubusa, babengafuni isimemezelo somthetho ocacile, ophoqelelwe.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Esifungo

Isifungo sikamongameli asiyona nje insalela yomthetho-sisekelo; siyisiko eliphilayo elizivumelanisa nesizukulwane ngasinye kuyilapho silondoloza incazelo yaso eyisisekelo. Simelela ukuthuthwa ngokuthula kwamandla, ukuphakama koMthetho-sisekelo, kanye nethemba elihlangene lokuthi umholi omusha uzokhonza abantu ngobuqotho. Ukunikezelwa kweminye imifantu esekelwe emakhasethini angokwesiko, iBhayibheli elisha elikhethwe, isandla esisha, ikheli elisha elinikezelwe. Noma kunjalo, amazwi alokhu ehlanganisa umongameli ngamunye osuka eWashington kuze kube namuhla enxaxweni olusemthethweni.

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uhlukahluka futhi uhlukahluka ngokwengeziwe, indima yesifungo njengesiko elihlanganisayo ingase ibaluleke nakakhulu. Inikeza isikhathi lapho isizwe simisa, siqaphe, futhi sikhumbula ukuthi idemokrasi ixhomeke ezithembisweni ezigcinwe. Isenzo esilula sokufunga isifungo siba amazwi angokwesiko anamandla adlulela ngalé kwezombangazwe futhi avuselele isivumelwano somphakathi phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo.