Imfundiso yobukhosi obubili ingenye yezimiso ezilandelanayo kodwa eziphikisana kakhulu ezinqubweni zobugebengu baseMelika. Iveza ukuhluka okukhulu esiqinisekisweni seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuthi akekho umuntu ozobekwa "ezingeni lokufafa noma enqabeni lokubusa. Ngokuvumela izinhlangano ezizimele ezihlukene (*kakhulu kakhulu uhulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni) ukumangalela umuntu oyedwa ngesenzo esifanayo, lemfundiso iveza ngokuqondile imingcele yezingozi eziphindwe kabili. Ukuqonda isisekelo sayo sobungako, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nezici eziwusizo kubalulekile kubaluleke kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma osebenza phakathi kwesimiso somthetho womthetho wobugebengu.

Isisekelo Sesivikelo Esikabili Sengozi

ISichibiyelo seNguqulo sesihlanu i-Bible Jeopardy Claus yaklanyelwa ukuvikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni, ekukhokhelweni, nasekucindezelekeni okungokomzwelo ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Sibopha icala lesibili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa, futhi senqabela izijeziso eziningi ngecala elifanayo. Lokhu kuvikela kubaluleke kakhulu ekubopheni kwesimiso somthetho waseMelika ekugcineni nokulunga.

Kodwa isigqebhezana asiphelele. Sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela ukuthi isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sisebenza phakathi "kombuso owodwa". Uma ohulumeni ababili abahlukene ngamunye benegunya lokuchaza nokujezisa ukuziphatha kobugebengu, ngamunye angasebenzisa amandla akhe ngaphandle kokwephula amagalelo omunye. Lesimiso, esaziwa njengemfundiso ehlangene, sivumela ukuquliswa ngokulandelana kwababusi abahlukene ngesenzo esifanayo.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Semfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Imfundiso yobukhosi obubili isekelwe embonweni oyinhloko: umbusi ngamunye uthola igunya lakhe emthonjeni ohlukile. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uthatha amandla awo kuMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S., kuyilapho uhulumeni ngamunye ekhipha amandla awo kumthetho - sisekelo wakhe siqu nakumandla angaphansi kwamaphoyisa. Ngenxa yokuthi igunya lawo lihlukile, ukuquliswa umuntu akakuvimbeli ukuquliswa omunye, ngisho noma bobabili besekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme yayiveza ngokucacile lendlela ecacile e eUnited States v. Lanza (1922): "Isenzo esilahlwa njengobugebengu kokubili ububusi besizwe nobezwe siyicala lokuthula nesithunzi sazo zombili, futhi singajeziswa yinye." INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi izingozi ezimbili azivimbeli ababusi ababili abahlukene ekuletheni icala labo, ngoba u-"ensens" umbango ohlukene ngokuphambene nohulumeni wombuso, omunye uhulumeni omelene nombuso.

Umlando Nezenzakalo Eziyinhloko

Isisekelo Sokuqala: Ikhulu Le - 19

Imvelaphi yemfundiso idlulela kumthetho kahulumeni nombuso waseMelika wasekuqaleni. Fox v.Ohio (1847), iNkantolo yaqale yasikisela ukuthi isenzo esifanayo singajeziswa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lomqondo wathola enye indawo [ku- Mootre v. Illinois[[ [1852], lapho iNkantolo yayithi inkantolo ingajezisa ubugebengu ngisho noma lesi senzo singaphula umthetho kahulumeni, ngoba ohulumeni ababili babenolwazi oluqhubekayo futhi beluhluliwe.

Lezi zimo zokuqala zabonisa isimo somthetho - sisekelo seUnited States, lapho uhulumeni wezwe nemibuso kuhlangana khona imibuso ehlukene. iSichibiyelo seTenth sigcine imibuso engaphathiswanga uhulumeni, futhi zombili lezi zigaba zikahulumeni sekuyisikhathi eside ziqondisa imisebenzi efanayo — kusukela ekuphangweni kwebhange kuya ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa ezibhamuleni amacala.

I-Landmark Case: United States v. Lanza (192)

ULanza useyisiqalo esiyisisekelo sanamuhla. Ummangalelwa wabekwa icala enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yokwephula umthetho weSizwe woMthendeleko, wabe esequliswa enkantolo yecala elifanayo, wathuthwa, wathuthwa, futhi waphuza utshwala. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuqulwa kwezinkantolo ezimbili, iphethe ukuthi ohulumeni ababili babeyizikhulu ezihlukene nokuthi inhlekelele ayizange ivimbele icala lesibili. IJaji uWilliam Taft wabhala ukuthi "iffenses ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-United States nangaphansi kwemithetho yezwe ihlukile emthethweni, futhi ingajeziswa ngokwehlukana."

I-Modern Doctrine: [[QUL:0] Gguedge v. United States (2029)

Gguedge v. United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa imfundiso embaxambili yobukhosi ngovoti 7. UTerance Gamble wabekwa icala enkantolo kahulumeni e-Alabama ngenxa yokuba nebhamu njengefeloni, futhi wabe esequliswa umthetho ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Waphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso kufanele igumbuqelwe, kodwa iNkantolo yanqaba, iphetha ukuthi le mfundiso isekelwe "eqinile" nokuthi iSishayamthetho secala cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Umbono kaSamuel Alito wagcizelela ukuthi inhlekelele ephindwe kabili yayiqondwa ngesikhathi sokusungula ukuba isebenze kuphela phakathi kwenkosi eyodwa.

Ukuhlaziya Lemfundiso Esetshenziswayo

Ukumangalelwa Okuhlukahlukene Nemiphumela Ehlukahlukene

Umphumela owusizo kakhulu wemfundiso yobukhosi obubili uwukuthi umuntu angase abhekane nokuqulwa okulandelanayo enkantolo kahulumeni nekahulumeni ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo. Lokhu kungaholela ezigwebeni ezinzima kakhulu, njengoba zombili izikhulu zingakhipha isijeziso esihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu obekwe icala lezidakamizwa enkantolo kahulumeni angase kamuva abekwe icala elifanayo lezidakamizwa enkantolo kahulumeni, abhekane nesigwebo esisha sejele esiqala ngemva kokuphela kwesigwebo sikahulumeni.

Ummangalelwa okholelwa ukuthi baye bakhululwa noma balahlwa enkantolo ethile ngeke athathe ukuthi le ndaba isiphelile. uhulumeni noma uhulumeni ungase unqume ukuziphendulela, ngezinye izikhathi eminyakeni kamuva, kuye ngokuthi umthetho ulinganiselwe yini noma umeluleki uphethe yini.

Ukuhlakanipha kokuphenya kanye no-"Thribili" Federalism

Lemfundiso futhi inika abashushisi amandla okungenela lokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi "umthetho-mthetho oqinile"""---shonomt arvement enikeza imithetho engcono kakhulu ye-procedment noma engaphansi. Abashushisi abaphethe i-Frederal bangangena lapho ukumangalelwa kukahulumeni kuveza isigwebo esiyekelelwe, noma uma icala likahulumeni lihluleka ngenxa yemithetho esobala. Ngokufanayo, abashushisi bakahulumeni bangaqhubeka ngemva kwe-areverse uma bekholelwa ukuthi umthetho wezwe unikeza ithuba elingcono lokuqiniseka.

Lokhu kuhlupha kuye kwathola ukugxeka okungagwegwesi kwabasekeli benkululeko yomphakathi, abaphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi ilulaza isiphetho esihloselwe i - Double Jeopardy Claus. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ivumela uhulumeni ukuba "alume ama - apula amabili" futhi abamangalelwa bancike kakhulu ekuqulweni kabuhlungu nasekulahlekelweni kwezinhlu eziningi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kobukhosi Besizwe Nohulumeni Abasabekayo

Imfundiso yokubusa ehlukene ayigcini ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kukahulumeni nombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yayisebenzisa futhi kohulumeni bomdabu bamaMelika nasehulumenini base-U.S. abanjengo-Puerto Rico nohulumeni wesifunda saseColumbia. United States v. Wheeler[[FLT]] [19788], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi i-Indiya ingamangalela ilungu lobugebengu nohulumeni wezwe futhi lingamangalela isenzo esifanayo, ngoba ubukhosi besizwe babungu "oherent" futhi behlukene negunya lombuso wombuso. Ngokufanayo, ohulumeni bezwe babhekwa njengabahosholo abahlukene ngezinjongo eziphindiweyo, isikhathi eside lapho igunya labo lithola ezindaweni zombuso wesibhisholo.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano

Ukusebenzisa Izingozi Ezimbaxa - mbili

Ukugxekwa okuyisisekelo kwemfundiso yokubusa okumbaxambili ukuthi iphikisana ngokuqondile nolimi olucacile nenjongo ye-Repardy Jeopardy Claus. I-games ivikela ekubeni "ingozi" ngenxa "yokungalungi". Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uma umuntu emangalelwa kabili ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, baye babekwa engozini ngokuphindiwe kabili, ngisho noma izinhlangano ezimbili zihlukene ngokwesiko. Imfundiso ithi, iphakamisa isimo esingokwesiko.

IJaji uRuth Bader Ginsburg, ephikisana , waveza lombono ngamandla: "Imfundiso ehlangene-yobushiqela iyinto engokomlando esekelwe ensumansulweni − ukuthi ababusi abahlukene bangabantu abahlukene, nokuthi ukujezisa omunye akukona ukona omunye." Waphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso kufanele iqedwe ngoba ivumela uhulumeni ukuba agweme izingozi ezimbili ngokusebenzisa indlela elula yokuba nabashushisi ababili.

Ithonya Elingefani Emiphakathini Engalingani

Ukucwaninga okungokwemizwa kusikisela ukuthi ukushushisana okubili kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa izinhlanga ezincane, ikakhulukazi abamangalelwa abamnyama nabaseLatino. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uvame ukuqungatha izikhalo ngemva kokumangalelwa kakhulu emacaleni kahulumeni ahilela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, amacala ezidakamizwa, nezibhamu zobugebengu − uma kubikwa ukuthi ukungalingani kobuhlanga ekuqashelweni. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhathazekeni ukuthi imfundiso echaza ukungalingani kwesimiso ngokuvumela uhulumeni ukuba "ishice" izikhalo nesigwebo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamangalelwa abangenamali enkulu bangase bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa izindleko zokuqasha amaqembu ahlukene angokomthetho, ukuhlelwa kwezinkantolo, kanye nokulimala okungokwengqondo kokuqulwa kwecala ngokuphindaphindiwe kwenza kube umthwalo onzima kwabampofu.

Ukungavumelani Nezimiso Zombuso Ezingahlangani

Ezinye izazi ziye zaveza ukuguquguquka okusobala: imfundiso yobukhosi ehlukene iphatha izigodlo njengezingameli ezihlukene ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili, kodwa iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ngokuvamile sibopha iziphakamiso ezimelene nezindawo zabantu ngabanye enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma imibuso ibusa ngempela, impikiswano iyaqhubeka, akufanele ithonywe yizigebengu zikahulumeni. Ngaleyondlela lemfundiso ibonakala ikhetha futhi ikhetha lapho izindaba zobukhosi, ikhonza ukunelisa umshushisi kunokuba ichaze umthetho osekelwe enqubweni.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nentuthuko Yamanje

I-Post- Ukubukeka kobuso bephepha

Kusukela ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [2019] e impikiswano , imfundiso embaxambili yobukhosi ihlala iqinile. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziyaqhubeka ziyisebenzisa emongweni omningi / kusukela ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa kuya ekukhipheni intela emacaleni amalungelo omphakathi. Nokho, imiqondo engu-7-2 iphikisana nezazi eziqhubekayo. Abanye abahlaziyi abasemthethweni baye bakhuthaza iSishaya-Ngqungquthela ukuba ibeke imingcele yalemfundiso ngomthetho, bephikisa ngokuthi i-Jeopardy Clausleace kufanele iqondwe ngokulandelana kwemicikosi yecala lomthetho enecala elihambisanayo.

Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe ambalwa aye amisa imithetho eyenqabela ukuquliswa kwecala likahulumeni ngemva kwesenzo esifanayo, kodwa lemithetho ayivamile futhi iwumthetho - sisekelo ongaqinisekile ngaphansi kweSupremacy Claus. cishe kuyodingeka umthetho kaFederal ukuze kufinyelelwe ushintsho oluhlelekile.

Imfundiso Ewukuwa Kwecala

Umthetho wanamuhla wobugebengu uhambisana nokwanda kwemithetho kahulumeni nezwe. UKhongolo-mthetho uye waphula umthetho imisebenzi eminingi ngokwesiko eyisifundazwe esikhethekile samazwe, njengokuphanga, ukuhlasela, nokubulala, − lokhu kuhlanganisa ezohwebo ezisezweni ezihlukene. Lomkhuba, uhlangene nemfundiso ehlangeneyo yobukhosi, usho ukuthi noma yibuphi ubugebengu obungathi sína manje bungamangalelwa kabili. Umphumela uyinqubo lapho usongo lokumangalelwa okuphindiwe kulokhu kusongela abamangalelwa.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ambalwa amanye amazwe avumela ukuqulwa kwezikhalo okulandelanayo ngemithetho ehlukene yokuziphatha okufanayo. Izimiso zikahulumeni eziningi, kuhlanganise iJalimane, iCanada, ne-Australia, zisebenzisa umthetho owe-odoli oyedwa: Uma umuntu esezanywe ukuba enze isenzo, ngeke ziphinde zizame isenzo esifanayo ngohulumeni othile ezweni elifanayo. I-United States ime yodwa phakathi kwamazwe abambelele emfundisweni ehlangeneyo. Lokhu kuncipha kwemithetho kuye kwaholela abanye ochwepheshe bomthetho wezizwe zonke ukuba batuse iUnited States ukuba iphinde icabange ngendlela yayo yokucabangela kabusha izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu zanamuhla, ngokuvamile enqabela ukulimala okuphindwe kabili kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni.

Ukunakekelwa Okungokoqobo Kochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Ukuvikela Izilwane Ezinenjini

Abameli bezempi kumelwe baxwayise amakhasimende ngethuba lokuqulwa kwecala kabili ezingeni lokuqala lecala. Uma ikhasimende libekwa icala enkantolo yombuso, kufanele lihlole ukuthi amacala kahulumeni kungenzeka yini, futhi uma kunjalo, uma kukhona, kungathathwa izinyathelo ezingokomthetho zokunciphisa igalelo lawo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukunxusa okukomunye umbuso kungahlanganisa isivumelwano sokungabulawa komunye umbusi, kodwa izivumelwano ezinjalo ziwukukhetha futhi aziqinisekisiwe.

Ama-athorney kufanele futhi aqaphele "icala eliphindiwe": imfundiso ehlukene ehlangene yobukhosi ayisebenzi lapho umshushisi wokuqala engowokona okuncane ongenakujeziswa ngokuboshwa, ngoba i-Rebible Jeopardy Claus ngokwayo ayisebenzi kulowomongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukushushisa okubili kungenxa yecala elifanayo ngempela ngaphansi kwe- i-imburger uvivinyo (lo olubuza ukuthi icala ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi beqiniso leqiniso elinye elingashongoli lutho), inkantolo ingase ithole ukwephulwa kabili, nakuba ubukhosi obubili buvame buyeqamba phansi lokho kuhlaziswe.

Kumacala

Abamangaleli kumelwe basebenzise ukuqapha lapho benquma ukuthi kufanele yini baphishekele ukumangalelwa ngemva komunye umbusi kakade sebeye bazama ukumangalela ummangalelwa. Nakuba lemfundiso ivumela ukuquliswa kweziqu ezimbili, ayifuni ukuba badinge. Amahhovisi amaningi e-Attorney ase-U.S. anezimiso zangaphakathi ezinqabela ukuletha amacala kahulumeni ngemva kwesiqinisekiso sikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba isijeziso sikahulumeni sasinganele noma icala lihilela izithakazelo eziphawulekayo zikahulumeni, njengokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi noma ukushushukiswa kwezidakamizwa okukhulu.

UMnyango Wezobulungisa wase-U.S. ufaka i-Pette inkambiso, ebizwa ngegama .[FLT] Pette v. United States [60], ngokuvamile ibopha uhulumeni ngokumangalelwa ngemva kwesenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokuba u-Attorney General noma umsizi omisiwe uyigunyaza. Lenkambiso inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile kodwa ayibosheli kubashushi bakahulumeni, abangase baqhubeke.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ububusi Nokulunga

Imfundiso yobukhosi obubili imelela ukukhetha ngamabomu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ukumisa uzibuse kanye negunya lamazinga amaningi kahulumeni phezu kwesithakazelo somuntu sokugcina. Ibonisa umbono wabenzi be-flamers wesimiso sikahulumeni lapho kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nezwe kunamagunya aqinile okuqinisekisa ukusebenza. Nokho lowombono ufika ngezindleko: imfundiso elawulwa abantu ngabanye ngethuba langempela lokuqulwa isigwebo esiphindaphindiwe, imilandu, kanye nemithwalo ehlobene nayo yokuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Njengoba isimiso somthetho wobugebengu baseMelika siqhubeka siguquka, imfundiso yobukhosi ehlukene cishe iyohlala iyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokulwa nobugebengu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mmangalelwa ophunyuka ebulungisani; abanye baphikisa ngokuthi kuyinsalela engenabulungisa elulaza isivikelo esiyisisekelo seRebible Jeopardy Clause. Okusobala ukuthi noma ufunda i-U.S. isimiso somthetho kumelwe siqonde lemfundiso kanye nezici zayo. Ikusasa lemfundiso lingasehloselwe ukuthi iNkanto eMthethweni ePhakathini, iSishaya - mthetho, noma imibuso inquma ukulinganisela ngempela ukulingana phakathi kwegunya lobukhosi nelungelo lomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuze ufunde, bheka umbono weNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT]]. Gquarg v. United States[[FLT]] [[2017]] [2017], icala lesibonakaliso [[FLT][[FLT]] United States v. [[[FLT][[FLT]][[FLT]][[FLT]][6] [[122]] [1922], kanye ne-Congression A Research umbiko [[FLT:][FLT][FLT] no-UM] IFLT][FLT][FLT][11]