I - Constitution Foundation of Federal Arnactive Dictrial

ISichibiyelo sesine eSivumelwaneni soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa isimiso sokuthi izakhamuzi zonke zinelungelo lokuvinjelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Nokho, lesisivikelo asiphelele, sivumela ukungenela kukahulumeni lapho sigunyazwe ngokufanele ngesizathu esimisiwe, sisekelwe ngokufungisana noma ukuqinisekisa, futhi ikakhulukazi sichaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto okufanele zibanjwe. Izinkantolo zesifunda zichaza lezimfuneko ngokunemba oluqinile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano akuzona nje izivumelwano kodwa zilondekile eziqotho ezimelene nesenzo sombuso esiwumthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imfuneko yomthetho isebenza njengendawo yokuhlola imvume phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda okujulile kombhalo wesi - 4 nomlando, ukuhlola [FLC:0] i-Clellll, i-Arective Informationation of Trectoration [FF1]

Kumthetho, imvume ikhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi noma umahluleli wesigodi ngemva kokubukeza isicelo esibekwe isikhulu somthetho noma umshushisi. Lesi sicelo kumelwe siveze amaqiniso − hhayi iziphetho nje zokwenza izimbangela ezingalindelekile. La maqiniso ngokuvamile anikezwa nge-affidavit efungelwe. Uma esekhishwe, imvume kumelwe ikhishwe phakathi nesikhathi esinengqondo (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-14 zokufuna izivumelwano zikahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho 41 we-Federal Rules of Criminal Procediture) futhi ibuyele enkantolo ngezibalo ezibanjwe yizinto. Ukuqonda lezi zingqimba ze-procdive zibalulekile kochwepheshe abasemthethweni, izikhulu zomthetho, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuvikela amalungelo abo ngaphansi komthetho phakathi nokuphenyiswa kwe-mthetho.

Izimfuneko Zokufuna: Izimfuneko Ezingokomthetho

Uphengululo luvumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kungene emagcekeni amisiwe futhi kufune ubufakazi obuqondile. Ukuze uhulumeni athole obubodwa, kumelwe agcwalise imfuneko ezintathu ezihlobene nomthetho-sisekelo: okungenzeka ukuthi yimbangela, isifungo noma isiqinisekiso, kanye nokuqamba okuthile. Isici ngasinye siqinisa ezinye ukuze sivimbele imvume ezivamile [1] Ukuxhashazwa kabi kanye okubangele ukuba iSichibiyelo Sesine sithathwe.

Imbangela Enengqondo

Imbangela engenzeka ikhona lapho kunethuba elifanelekile lokusebenzisa ingqikithi yobugebengu, ubufakazi bobugebengu, noma umuntu oboshelwe kuyo kuyo kuyo kutholakala ukuthi ukhona. Lendinganiso ayidingi kakhulu kunobufakazi obungenakungabaza kodwa ngaphezu kokungaqiniseki nje. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zihlola ngokunokwenzeka izimbangela zokusebenzisa ingqikithi--inqumo, ukuhlolwa kokuqala okucaciswe [[FL: 0]] ukuhlelwa ngokucaciswe ngokunembile [ukungaqiniseki ngokomthetho] kungokokungaqiniseki. [[FLT] amages, ama-US. 213] (1983). Amacala akhona avumela ukuba ikhexilo oluqondileyo olufunayo ukuthola ubufakazi. Izwi elithembekile lingasekela uma izimbangela isisekelo sembula isisekelo solwazi futhi liveza ukukholelisa ulwazi noma ukukholeka kwezeleleka. [Impepho enikeza imvume yokukholetwayo, futhi imvume yokukhomba ngokulandelana, imvume ethembekile, izibalo, izibalo, ikhanyiswe ngokulandelayo.][2]

Isihlwa noma Ukugogeka

Uhlelo ngalunye lokusebenza kufanele lufungwe ngokufungela noma kuqinisekiswe phambi kwesikhulu sokwahlulela. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okunikezwayo kuyiqiniso futhi kulawulwa isiqinisekiso sokujezisa. Uma i-ffidavict iqukethe izijeziso ezingenzeka. Eqedweni likahulumeni, i-affidavit ivame ukufukwa phambi komahluleli, ongangabaza futhi isifungo esifungiwe. Imfuneko isebenza kukho kokubili ukusebenza kwakuqala nakunoma iziphi iziphendundumiso ezilandelayo. Uma i-ffidat iqukethe amazwi angekho mthethweni noma enziwe ngokunganaki, isiqinisekiso singalahlwa ngaphansi komthetho owenziwe ngokukhokhwa kahle. [FLT:] Flavess. [FLDaleve [F:1]. [FLD 1:1], U.U.U-1548) umbalelwa insethi ye-aftive ye-orttive ye-orttive ye-ort (umboni).

Okubalulekile

ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba imvume ichaze ngokuqondile indawo okumelwe kuphenywe futhi kuthathwe izinto. Lokhu kuyimfuneko kwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho edluliselwe obala evumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole. Ukuze kutholakale indawo, imvume inikeze imininingwane eyanele cishe njengekheli lomgwaqo, inombolo yeyunithi, noma incazelo esobala yempahla, "ukuvumela abaphathi bezakhiwo" ukuhlukanisa indawo elungile ngomzamo onengqondo. Ukuze kuthathwe izinto, isiqinisekiso kumelwe sizichaze ngokuphazanyiswa okukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa kwempahla engahlobene. Izincazelo ze-agnomenti zezenzo zobugebengu” azinele; esikhundleni sazo, imvume kufanele ivumele izigaba ezinjalo zibe “izimo zokudali zezidakamizwa, izigemfashini, izingcingo zemali, nezisethilo zocingo ezisetshenziswa ngokwe ngokunye ukunqwaza kweNkamezo. [Fond] [4], u-F3], njengoba zinjalo, incazelo yecala, njengoba kuvuma, incazelo yecala, ingu-U.[4]

Ukubulawa Nokubuya Kwesimemezelo Sokufuna

Umthetho we-Federal Argument Procedure 41 ubusa ukukhishwa kwemvume yokufuna. Abaphathi-mikhosi ngokuvamile kumelwe basebenzise imvume phakathi namahora emini (6: 00: 00 a.m.) ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo igunyaze ukuphenywa ebusuku kwesizathu esihle esibonisiwe. Imvume kumelwe ithunyelwe isikhulu esibizwa ngegama lemvume noma elinye isikhulu esinegunya. Ngaphambi kokuba singene, abaphathi kumelwe bamemezele ukuba khona kwabo nenjongo ngaphandle kokuba “kube khona noma ilungiselelo lokuhlola” liyasebenza. Ngemva kokufuna, isikhulu kumelwe silungiselele ngokushesha uhlu lwezinto ezithintiwe futhi sibuye nefayili. Isikhulu sihlanganisa umshini esiphethe umbiko wencwadi nempahla ethathwe yimpahla. Ikomiti kumelwe senze imvume yokuhlola nokuhlola iprojekthi etholakalayo noma isikhulu sempahla esiphehlwaywe.

Abathunjwa ENkantolo Kahulumeni

Imithetho eboshiwe inikeza amandla okugcinwa komthetho ukuze kufakwe umuntu ejele ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi wenza ubugebengu bukahulumeni.

Imbangela Efanele Yokuboshwa

Isizathu esizwakalayo sokuboshwa sikhona lapho amaqiniso nezimo ezaziwayo kumphathi ziholela umuntu oqaphe ngokunengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi umsoli uye wenza ubugebengu. I-ffidavitt esekela isiqinisekiso sokubopha kumelwe imise amaqiniso aqondile aveza isici ngasinye secala. Izimpikiswano ezivamile noma isiphetho sokuthi ukusola okusolwayo “ukukhathazwa ngezidakamizwa” ngeke kwanele. Imantshi kumelwe ikwazi ukubona isisekelo senkolelo yesikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphanga ibhange kungachaza ukuchaza ufakazi, ukuqashelwa kwezinyawo okubonisa ukusolwayo esigcabeni, futhi kudinga ubufakazi obunyundelayo. Inkantolo ephakeme ifuna ukunyuswa isaziso esifunwayo. [FEL:] [FL:G] [3]

Ukuba Nengxenye Kwabathunjiwe

Imvume kumele iphawule umuntu ukuba aboshwe ngegama noma, uma igama lingaziwayo, ngencazelo eyenza isikhulu sikwazi ukuhlukanisa umuntu ngokuqiniseka okunengqondo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izici zomzimba, amagama aziwayo, noma okunye ukwaziswa okuhlukanisa njengephepha-layisense lomshayeli noma inombolo ye-Social Security. Imfuneko ivimbela ukuboshwa okunganembile futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu obizwa ngegama lomthetho kuphela ufakwa ejele. Ngokungafani nomthetho wokufuna, izimpawu zokubopha azidingi incazelo yendawo okumelwe ihlolwe, kodwa isaziso singahlanganisa nesiqondiso sokubopha umuntu lapho ethola khona egatsheni, imingcele yokungena engxenyeni yesithathu.

Inqubo Yokusebenzisa Ephuthumayo

Ukuze athole imvume yokubopha uhulumeni, ummeli wezomthetho noma umshushisi ufaka isikhalo ngaphansi kwesifungo, esisekelwa ummangalelwa osho amaqiniso abalulekile aveza icala. Ukukhononda kumelwe kufunwe phambi komahluleli, onqumayo ukuthi isizathu sikhona yini. Uma imajistaji ithola isizathu esilindelekile, imvume inikezwa umthetho wokuba iphoqe ummangalelwa futhi ilethe ummangalelwa phambi kwenkantolo. Imvume ihlala isebenza kuze kufe noma kukhunjulwe. Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi kwemaji ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile kokubonakala, lapho izikhalo zifundwa khona, ibhayisela lithathwa, futhi ummangalelwa utshelwe amalungelo. [[FOLD:] Ifomu yempi (OFUP]]

Ukuboshwa Ngaphandle Kwesigebengu: Ukukhetha Nokulinganiselwa

Umthetho kazwelonke awudingi imvume yokubopha. Abaphathi bangase babophe umuntu ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi banesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi lowo muntu wenza icala phambi kwabo noma uma isikhulu sikhona isizathu esingenzeka sokukholelwa ukuthi inhlekelele iyenzeka, ngisho noma ingagcinwanga. Nokho, iSimi seSichibiyelo sesine sisafuna ukushesha okubangela ukuzimisela ngemva kokuboshwa okunganqamukiyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungena ekhaya ukuze kuvinjelwe isiqinisekiso ngokuvamile, ngaphandle kokuba kuvulwe izimo eziyingozi ezinjengokuphishekela ukushisa noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi obuseduze. INkantolo Ephakeme [FLT:] ifuna ukumiswa okunokwenzeka okunokwenzeka ngemva kokuboshwa okunganqamuki. I-Umthetho ka-U.[FLT], 445, U.U.5 , (1980), yakholelwa ukuthi i-Dainterne yenqabela imvume yokungena ephosweni futhi i-pane ekungeneni kwe-pane.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela: Indima Yezazi

Ukuqashelwa kwemvume akuyona inqubo yempoqo yenjoloba. Imantshi ebukezayo kumelwe isebenze njengesikhulu sokwahlulela esingathathi hlangothi futhi esingasodwa, hhayi njengesivumelwano sokugcinwa komthetho. Imantshi ihlola ukugcwalisa kwe-affidavit, ingadinga ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, futhi ingabuza umbiko owengeziwe, futhi ingangabaza i-affiant ngaphansi kwesivumelwano. Indinganiso yokuhlola ukuthi ingabe, ngaphansi kwezimo, kunamathuba asobala yini okuyo ukuthi ubufakazi noma umuntu ofanelwe ukuboshwa uyotholakala ngendlela echazwe ngayo. IMagistrate inegunya lokuguqula izinga lesiqinisekiso (h) ngokwesibonelo, ngokulinganisela isikhathi sokubulala noma ngokubeka izinto ezimelwe ziphathweswe. [Fomzumbululo we-Genest] [3]

Izikhali Ezivamile Nezinselele Kwabanqobi

Uma imvume isekelwe ekuboniseni okunganele ngesizathu esilindelekile, ukuntuleka, noma ukukhishwa ngokungafanele, ummangalelwa angahamba ukuze acindezele ubufakazi noma akhiphe ukuboshwa. Umthetho wokuhlukanisa ngokuvamile uvimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ubufakazi obutholakele ngokweSichibiyelo sesine. Izinselele ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhlasela ukuthembeka kwezimemezelo, ukukhomba amaqiniso, ukuphikisa ngokuthi imvume iphelile (umzekelo, ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni okuphelelwe isikhathi), noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezibulalayo zidlulele ngalé kwesilinganiso sesivumelwano esitholakele. Fiss. I-curew[[FLT] , isho ukuthi umShovertive umlomo unelungelo lokulalela uma ziveza ulwazi oluqinile olubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso noma ukuqamba okungathembekile ngeqiniso, futhi kungenziwangagunyaza ukuzwa kwemizwa.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

ISichibiyelo sesine asidingi siqinisekiso kuzo zonke izimo.

  • Isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha: izikhulu zingase zifune iboshiwe nendawo elawulwa ngokushesha ukuze ziqinisekise ukuphepha futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi.
  • I-Conect:[ Imvume yokuzithandela neyaziyo ukusesha, enikezwa umuntu onegunya endaweni, iqeda isidingo semvume.
  • Izimo eziqinisekile: Izimo eziphuthumayo njengokuphishekela ngokushisa, usongo olusheshayo ekuphileni, noma ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi kungathethelela ukungena noma ukusesha okungena okungena ngokungena okungena ngokomthetho.
  • imfundiso yombono o-Plato: izikhulu zingathatha ubufakazi ngokusobala uma zikhona ngokomthetho futhi isimo esibangelayo salento sisobala ngokushesha.
  • Ukuhamba ngemoto okuzenzekelayo: Uma kungenzeka ukuthi imoto iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu, izikhulu zingase ziseshe imoto ngaphandle kwemvume, esekelwe ekunyakazeni kwemoto futhi inciphise ukulindela ukuba yedwa.
  • Ukuhlola kombuso: Ukuhlolwa okuthile komthetho, impilo nokuphepha, nokuhlola umngcele kungaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekile ebekwe ngamaqembu akhethekile.

Lezi zinhlalo ezihlukile aziwona amagunya okudlula inqubo egunyazwayo lapho kungenzeka; kunalokho, zikhuluma ngezimo lapho ukuthola incwadi engokomthetho kungeke kusebenze noma zilulaza ikhono likahulumeni lokuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Abameli abavikelayo, ukuqonda izimfuneko ezicacile zomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni ukuthatha izimfuneko ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela. Ngokuphambene, abashushisi, kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi zonke izimfuneko zisetshenziswa ngokucophelela futhi zisekelwe ngamaqiniso athembekile. Izikhulu zomthetho ziyazuza ngokuqeqeshwa okucacile enqubweni ye-affidavitt, ukubaluleka kokubekwa kwemithetho ethile, nokukhishwa okufanelekile kwemithetho. Ukuhluleka ukuhambisana nemfuneko kungaphumela ekuncipheni ubufakazi obugxekayo, ukuqedwa kwamacala, noma ukukhishwa kwecala lomphakathi ngaphansi [[FLT:]. [ieg.] V. Isi-6 Igama elingaziwa elibizwayo elibizwayo , i-US.3], i-U.711.[71], ukusetshenziswa okukhula kobufakazi obuyi-amanani ama-militiki, i-spectal, i-actives processssstionssss, i-omstions.[5] eziseqediodssssssssssssssssss

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko ezigunyaziwe zeSichibiyelo sesine nezokucwengisiswa izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhipha ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Uma ufuna imvume yokufuna ubufakazi bokuqoqa ubufakazi noma ukubopha imvume yokufaka usulu, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kusebenzise uhlelo oluningi olufuna izimbangela ezilindelekile, isifungo, nokuqinisekisa. Ukuqondisa kwezenkantolo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimejaji ezingathathi hlangothi azitholakali kalula futhi amandla kahulumeni ahlolwa ngaphandle kokuhlola. Ngaso leso sikhathi, iqashelwa ukuthi izinto ezikhona ngempela ukuphenya ngobugebengu nesidingo sezenzo eziphuthumayo. Kuzo, abenzi bezomthetho, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nezakhamuzi, ukuqondwa okuphelele kwalezi zimfuneko kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela akunikezwangancishisiwe inkululeko ekhuselwe i-Genestlence. [Foctive] [Freedl]