I-Guade Adminitive Branch kahulumeni wase-United States iyinjini eguqula umthetho ube yisenzo. Nakuba iziKhomishane zibhala imithetho futhi izinkantolo ziyichaza, iGatsha eliphetheyo elizikhiphayo ngempela, elifeza umsebenzi wezinsuku zonke wokubusa isizwe esiyizigidi ezingu-330. Leligatsha lihlanganisa uMongameli, uMongameli, uMphathi-Mnyango, nenhlangano ebanzi yezinhlangano neminyango. Ukuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi yaso elawulwa ngayo uhulumeni, indlela izimiso ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwaso, nendlela amandla agcinwa ngayo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha Eliphethe lisungulwe ku- Article II yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ngokungafani neSiphakamiso I (Conrell) esinde futhi esinemininingwane eminingi, iSiphakamiso II sifushane ngokwesilinganiso, sinika uMongameli "Amandla awenziwayo" futhi simjikeleze noma ummangalela ukuba "Aqaphele ukuba iMiyalo ibulawe ngokwethembeka." Lomyalo obonakala ucacile uye wachazwa kabanzi emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, uveza umbuso omkhulu wezombuso nomongameli onamandla. Umthetho-sisekelo awuwawuwabala wonke amandla ombuso; esikhundleni sawo, unikeza uhlakaze ngokusebenza, izinkantolo eziphezulu, ukubusa, nokuthumela kwegunya.

Amalungiselelo ayinhloko omthetho - sisekelo ahlanganisa:

  • UMongameli ukhonza igama leminyaka emine futhi ukhethwa nge - Electoral College (Artle II, Ingxenye 1).
  • UMongameli unguMyaleli wamabutho ahlomile (Article II, ngxenye 2).
  • UMongameli unamandla okwenza izivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigele nemvume) nokumisa amanxusa, amajaji kahulumeni, nezinye izikhulu (Article II, iSiqeshana 2).
  • UMongameli kumelwe anikeze uKhongolose ukwaziswa ngesimo salenhlangano futhi atuse izinyathelo (Article II, Phezu kweyesithathu.)

Ngetekisi eligcwele, vakashela izinqolobane zesizwe zezinqolobane zomthetho-sisekelo[.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha eliphethe

I-Guide Adminitive ye-Ividup yemithetho, kodwa lawo mazwi ahlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi. Nansi imisebenzi eyinhloko ephukile:

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Uma nje i-Congress isidlulisa umthetho futhi uMongameli ewuphawula emthethweni, iGatsha Eliphetheyo linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuwusebenzisa. Lokhu kuhilela ukwenza imithetho, ukunikeza isiqondiso, nokuqondisa ukugcinwa kwamandla empikiswano. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ibhala imithetho eningiliziwe yokusebenzisa i-Ceac Air Act, ne-International Revolution Service (IRS) iqoqa izintela ngaphansi komthetho we-Internetic Revenetic. [FL:0] Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho [FOLT:1]]

Ukuphatha Kukahulumeni

Igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi liqondisa imisebenzi yohulumeni yansuku zonke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuhambiseni iposi (USPS) ukuya ekuqondiseni amapaki esizwe (Inkonzo yeNational Park) ukuqhuba ukucwaninga kwezesayensi (NIH, NASA). I-profession kahulumeni isebenzisa izisebenzi ezingekho emthethweni eziyizigidi ezingu-2,1 (ukuhambisa iposi nempi ebumbene) emakhulwini ezinhlangano nasemagunyeni angaphansi.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Nokuphangwa Kwawo

UMongameli ungumphathi wezwe. Igatsha eliphethe, ngokuyinhloko ngoMnyango woMbuso, lixoxa ngezivumelwano, lilawula izinkonzo, futhi limelela izithakazelo ze-U.S. futhi uMongameli unamandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle futhi angene ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu (okungadingeki ukuba iSishaya-mthetho sivume). I-National Security Council ihlanganisa izimiso zangaphandle nezindaba zokuhlakanipha.

Umyalo Wempi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

UMongameli, njengoMphathi-Inqui, wengamela amabutho ahlomile e-U.S., ahlanganisa iButho, iButho Lasendle, iButho Lasemoyeni, iButho LaseMarine, i-Price, ne-Coast. Nakuba uKhongolo lumemezela impi nezimali kwezempi, uMongameli uqondisa izikhali, uthumela amabutho, futhi ugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali. Umnyango we-Defense uyinhlangano yegatsha eliphethe i-Gabhu elikhulu kakhulu ngohlelo nangezisebenzi.

Ukubuyisa Nokubuyisana

Imithetho eminingi edluliswa yisiKhongolose izinhlelo ezinkulu ezidinga imithetho ebanzi ukuze isebenze. Igatsha Eliphetheyo lihlanganyela ekubuseni ngoMthetho we-Administrative Procedia, odinga izinhlangano ukuba zikhiphe imithetho ehlotshaniswayo, zamukele ukukhulumela kwasobala, nezimiso zokuphetha. Lemithetho inethonya lomthetho ngaphandle kokuba ishaywe izinkantolo noma igumbuqelwe yiKhomishane nge-Congress Congregational Review Act.

Isakhiwo Segatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha Eliphethe Awuwona umkhakha owodwa; liyisigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezici eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye sinendima nemithwalo yemfanelo ecacile.

UMongameli

UMongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni, umholi kahulumeni, futhi ubuso obungokomfanekiso besizwe. Ngalé kwezindima zomthetho-sisekelo osezishiwo kakade, uMongameli unamandla abalulekile: ukumisa uhlelo lwesizwe ngekheli likaZwe le-Union, ukukhipha iziyalo eziqondisa indlela imithetho ekhishwa ngayo, nokuqondisa umbono womphakathi ngokubonakala kwemithombo yezindaba. Iziqondiso zesikhulu ziyithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa zingancishintshwa uMthetho-sisekelo futhi zingagumbuqelwa yiKhomishane noma izinkantolo. Ngohlu lwazo zonke iziyalezo zezikhulu, bheka isiyalezo sokuqondisa i-data yezezindaba [[FLT] [FLT]

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Umongameli ongumsekeli unezindima ezimbili zomthetho-sisekelo: (1) ukuphumelela kuMongameli uma kudingekile (ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-25), (2) nokukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, lapho bengavota khona amavoti ahlukanisa isibopho. Empeleni, uMongameli ongumsekeli uthatha izabelo zezimiso, umelela ukuphatha ezinsukwini, futhi ululeka uMongameli. Isekela lesimanje laba nethonya kakhulu kunabasunguli ababebonwa ekuqaleni.

IKhabhinethi

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe (izimfihlo) nezinye izikhulu zesikhundla sombuso (njenge-White House of Staff ne-U.S. Trade Messager). Umnyango ngamunye unomthwalo wemfanelo wendawo ethile. Iminyango yamanje yile:

  • Isimo
  • Imali
  • Ukuzivikela
  • Ubulungisa (obuholwe uJenene Wase - Attorney)
  • Ingaphakathi
  • Ezolimo
  • Ezentengiselwano
  • Izisebenzi
  • Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu
  • Izindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni
  • Ukuthutha
  • Amandla
  • Imfundo
  • Izindaba Zokuhlola
  • Ukulondeka Kwezwe Lasekhaya

Umongameli umisa onobhala bekhabethe futhi baqinisekiswe iSigele. bahlangana njalo noMongameli ukuze banikeze iseluleko ngesimiso futhi baxhumanise ukumiswa kwezinhlangano ezingaphandle kwezikhungo.

Izinkonzo Zomuntu Siqu Nezinhlangano Zikahulumeni

Azizona zonke izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ziyingxenye yomnyango wekhatheyini. Izinhlangano ze- Independent zenza njengaseCIA, ePA, ne NASA, ne-Excurities , ne-Exchange Commission (izisebenzi ze-Exchange) ukuze ziwavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengePostal Service ne-Amtrak, zisebenza kakhulu njengamabhizinisi kodwa zisebenza ngohulumeni. La zinhlangano ziseyingxenye yeGabha Leze eliphethe futhi ekugcineni ziyolandisa kuMongameli.

IHhovisi Lendlu Elimhlophe Nehhovisi Lomongameli

Ihhovisi eliphethe likaMongameli (EOP) lihlanganisa izinhlangano zezisebenzi ezisekela uMongameli ngokuqondile, njengeHhovisi Lokuphatha noHlanzeko (OMB), iNational Security Council (NSC), i-Council of Economic Advisersers, ne-White House Office (okuhlanganisa isikhulu sezisebenzi, onobhala bezindaba, neqembu lezokuxhumana). La maqembu asiza uMongameli ukuba alawule i-pricial bume ye-omistration futhi athuthukise isimiso sokulawula i-pricial programa.

Indlela Igatsha Eliphethe Elingenela Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha

Isimiso se-checks nokulinganisa siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilawulayo. Igatsha eliphethe linamandla futhi licindezelwe.

Iziyalezo Ezingokomthetho

  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ uhlela izintambo zezikhwama. Igatsha eliphethe isikhwama semali alinakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kophakamiso oluvela kuKhongolo. Lokhu kunikeza izingqungquthela amandla amakhulu ngaphezu kwezinto eziyinhloko.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu eziphakeme, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji, namanxusa kahulumeni.
  • [ Indlu ingabiza uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu ze-"Asmears eziphezulu" futhi iSigele sibambe icala. Lokhu kuyinhlolo - nhlolo yokugcina ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.
  • Ukudlulisa:[ amakomiti e-Congress angaphatha ukuqulwa, impikiswano, futhi ahlole izenzo zegatsha eliphethe. Izikhulu kumelwe zibike kuMkhandlu emisebenzini yazo.
  • [ Igunya eliphezulu: Isikhongozeli singadlula i-veto kamongameli ngevoti yama-3 amabili kulawomakamu.

Iziyalo Zokwahlulela

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubukeza okungokwesiko: izinkantolo zesifunda zingashaya izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho noma zidlule igunya lomthetho. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Intsha ehamba phambili Commentart & Tube. v. Sawyer[ [1952] amandla aziwayo amongameli ngokuhlasela uMongameli uTruman ngokuhlasela umongameli wezinsika zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea.
  • Incict: Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalo zesikhashana ezivimbela izenzo zesikhulu lapho amacala eqhubeka.
  • [ Icala le-Habeas corpus: lihlola ukuvalelwa ngokomthetho kwejele ngesikhulu se-Adminitive, kuhlanganise neziboshwa eGuantanamo Bay.

Amandla Abaqondisi Ahlola Amanye Amagatsha

  • Amandla IVETO:[ UMongameli angawenqaba umthetho, aphoqelele uMkhandlu ukulungisa umthetho noma ukuzama ukuwehlisa.
  • [ Imishini esebenzayo nemetactranda: UMongameli angaqondisa amanxusa ukuba enze izenzo ezithile, ezingase zilolonge isimiso ngaphandle komthetho omusha.
  • [ Amandla e-pardon: UMongameli anganikeza ukuthethelelwa kwamacala kahulumeni, anikeze isheke ezigwebweni zokwahlulela nasemachwebeni.
  • Amandla okumisa: ngokukhetha amajaji kahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme) nezikhulu eziphethe, uMongameli umisa ijaji nenhlangano yezomthetho iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokushiya ihhovisi.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zokuhlola Inkonzo Zansuku Zonke

AmaMelika amaningi asebenzelana negatsha Eliphetheyo izikhathi eziningi kakhulu kunokuba ecabanga.

  • I-Tranportation Security Administration (TSA): Abagibeli ezikhumulweni zezindiza ukuphoqelela imithetho yokulondeka kwezindiza.
  • I-Sacial Security Administration (SSA): Abasekeli abathatha umhlalaphansi, abakhubazekile, nabasindayo bazuza izigidi zamaMelika.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA): iqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla esikudlayo kanye nemithi esiyisebenzisayo iphephile futhi iyasebenza.
  • Inkonzo yezwe yesimo sezulu (NWS): Inikeza izibikezelo zezulu nezixwayiso ezisindisa ukuphila nempahla.
  • [[NTL:0] Ikhomishane yokuxhumana e-FCC] ikhipha umsakazo, ithelevishini, ucingo, isiphuphutheki, kanye nokuxhumana kwentambo.

Lezi zinkampani zisebenzisa ukuqapha okukhulu ekuchazeni imithetho, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho igadwe kakhulu yimboni, amaqembu okuphatha, kanye namaphephandaba. Ukuze zibone zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni, vakashelani .gov's uhlu lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni[.

IButho Laseburhulumenteni: Amandla Nokugxeka

Inkonzo yaphakade, yomsebenzi kahulumeni eMnyango Olawulayo inikeza ukuqhubekeka nobuchwepheshe. Izisebenzi ezisebenza emsebenzini zihlala zisesimweni sazo ngisho nanjengoba iziphathi zishintsha, ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ungasebenza phakathi noshintsho. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-bugrafe ingathatha kancane, ingamelana nokushintsha, futhi ingabalwa ngabavoti. Ukushukuma kwezikhulu zezombangazwe (ofuna ukusebenzisa uhlelo lukaMongameli) nezisebenzi zomphakathi (abangase bahlele imigaqo yezimiso yezinhlangano) kuyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo ekubuseni kwanamuhla.

Izimiso zokwengamela ukuphatha zihlanganisa iHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezikhungo Nezimali (elibukeza izimiso zezinhlangano nohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali), abahloli - jikelele (abahlola udoti, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza), neHhovisi Lokuqulwa Kwamacala Kahulumeni (elihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni zoMkhandlu).

Ama - eck nokulinganisela Endleleni Yokuzijwayeza: Izibonelo Zamuva

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani ngesikhathi sangempela, cabangela lokhu kuxhumana kwamuva nje:

  • Ikhoralionpoenas: Lapho izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zinqaba ukubambisana nokuphenya, izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziyangenela. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngo-2020 ukuthi abaMongameli abanakho ukugonywa okuphelele kwecala elisezigebengwini ([]Trump v. ).
  • Imithetho esemthethweni nezinselele zenkantolo: Iziyalo eziningi zezikhulu ezivela kubaphathi bamuva zivalwe noma zilungiswe yizinkantolo zikahulumeni, zibonisa indima yejaji ekuhloleni amandla abaphathi.
  • I-Impumendment Control Act:[ Ngo- 1974, uMkhandlu wavimbela amandla kaMongameli okwenqaba ukusebenzisa imali efanelekayo (imali), ufuna uMongameli ukuba afune imvume yenhlangano ngaphambi kokugodlela izimali. Lokhu kwakuyimpendulo eqondile kuMongameli Nixon's ukusebenzisa ukunciphisa izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho.

Okwenza Igatsha Eliphethe Libaluleke Kuwe

Njalo lapho ufaka isicelo se-passport, uthola i-social Security, uqaphela inkumbulo yokudla, noma ibhodi lendiza, uyazuza (noma usebenza ne) Igatsha Eliphethe. UMongameli umisa iphimbo nesiqondiso, kodwa izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza ezinhlangano kulo lonke izwe ezishaya imithetho. Ukuqonda leligatsha kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela nohulumeni wakho − ngokuvota kumongameli, ngokuphendula ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, ukuthintana nabameleli bakho ngezenzo zezemishini yezenhlangano, noma ngisho nokusebenzisa umsebenzi wombuso. I-Bhadi eliphethe akuyona i-ekho ukuthatha i-mfashoni ekude; imishini yokubusa kwaseMelika, isebenza nsuku zonke imithetho ethatha imithetho ukuba ibe yiqiniso.

Ukuze ingene juqu kakhulu endleleni igatsha eliphethe elisebenza ngayo, iWhite House inikeza ukucazululwa okungokomthetho e House.gov. Ungahlola futhi USA.gov ikhasi emagatsheni amathathu kahulumeni emicebo eyengeziwe.

Isiphetho

Igatsha Eliphethe libonakala kakhulu futhi linamandla kakhulu emagatsheni amathathu kahulumeni. Nakuba abahleli bomthetho - sisekelo babesaba umphathi onamandla, baqaphela futhi isidingo sokuba negunya elilodwa lokuphoqelela imithetho, ukuqondisa ibutho lezempi, nokuphatha isimiso sangaphandle. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ukulinganisela kuye kwashintsha, futhi iSebe Eliphethe Liye lakhula kakhulu futhi linamandla kakhulu. Kodwa lihlala lingaphansi kwe-ishekethi yeSishaya-Hulumeni nenkantolo, liqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elingabusa. Izakhamuzi, ukuqonda okungasho ukuthi iGawula legatsha linemfundo nje kuphela, akusona isisekelo sokuhlanganyela komphakathi ngolwazi. Ngokwazi indlela imithetho ekhishwa ngayo, ewagunyaza, ozigcina ngayo imingcele ekhona, uhlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba uhulumeni wakho.