Table of Contents

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kufana nenye yezimiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. Lemfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo ihlukanisa igunya likahulumeni libe amagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile nemingcele, iklanye isakhiwo esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma yisiphi isici esisodwa. AmaFramends acabangela indlela yokuhlela isimiso sikahulumeni esinikeza amandla anele okubusa kuyilapho sivikela inkululeko ephethwe. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi isiphi isimo sohulumeni bentando yeningi nokuthi kungani behlelwa ngendlela abasebenza ngayo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yokuhlukana Kwamandla

Igama elithi "Ukwahlukanisa Amagunya" laqanjwa yisazi sefilosofi sekhulu le-18 uMontesquieu. Igama elihlobene kakhulu nemfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yilelo likaCharles Louis de Secondat, Baron Montesquieu. Nokho, umqondo ngokwawo unemisuka ejulile engokomlando ehlehlela emuva ezizweni zasendulo.

Isisekelo Sasendulo

UPolybius wachaza iRome Republic njengohulumeni oxubile obuswa iSigele saseRoma, iConsuls neMihlangano, echaza isimiso sesheke nezilinganiso ngokuningiliziwe, encoma uLycurtus waseSparta ngohulumeni wokuqala walolu hlobo. Lezizibonelo zokuqala zabonisa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni phakathi kwezindikimba ezihlukahlukene kungadala izimiso zezombangazwe ezizinzile nezilinganiselwe ngokwengeziwe.

Umholi wokuqala wesimiso sikaMontesquieu sokuhamba ngezinyawo u-John Locke encwadini yakhe ethi Two Treases of Government (1690), lapho uLocke ahlukanisa khona phakathi komthetho, umphathi, namandla okulawula. Umsebenzi kaLocke wabeka isisekelo esibalulekile kubenzi be-omorite, nakuba ukuhlukanisa kwakhe kwakuhlukile ngandlela-thile ekuqondeni kwanamuhla.

Ingxenye kaMontesquieu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Lencwadi yayiyoba enye yemibhalo yezombangazwe enethonya kakhulu emlandweni, ngokuyinhloko eyayiyolololonga indlela ohulumeni ababeyohlelwa ngayo kule nkathi yanamuhla.

UMontesquieu wayecacile: "Lapho imibuso yemithetho neyabaphathi ihlangene kumuntu oyedwa, noma endikimbeni eyodwa yezimantshi, ngeke kube khona inkululeko; ngoba kungase kuvele ukwesaba, funa yona leyo nkosi noma inxusa limise imithetho enonya, ukuba liyibulale ngendlela enonya. Futhi, akukho nkululeko, uma amandla okwahlulela engahlukanisiwe nemithetho yezomthetho nesikhulu.”

Inkulumo kaMontesquieu yokuthi inkululeko ivikelwe ngokuphumelelayo ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yashukunyiswa umthetho-sisekelo weNgilandi, nakuba ukuchaza kwakhe amaqiniso ezombangazwe esiNgisi sekuye kwaphikiswana. Umsebenzi wakhe wawunethonya kakhulu, ngokuphawulekayo eMelika, lapho wathonya kakhulu khona ukuqanjwa kwe-U.S.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yayisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezivame ukugcinwa: ukwahlukaniswa kukahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuqondiswa kweziphathimandla, nokwahlulela; umqondo wokuthi igatsha ngalinye lenza imisebenzi ehlukile nephawulekayo efanelana negatsha ngalinye; nomthetho omelene nanoma iliphi umuntu noma iqembu elikhonza egatsheni elingaphezu kwelilodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Kuhulumeni kahulumeni, iSiphakamiso 1 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa i-Legislative Branch, ehlanganisa i-Congress. Ngaphezu kweminye imithwalo yemfanelo ebaliwe, inomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho. Igatsha lomthetho limelela izwi labantu nabameleli babo abakhethiwe enqunyweni yokwenza imithetho.

Igatsha lemithetho lihlanganisa abashaya umthetho, ngokuvamile iNdlu enkulu yabameleli neSigebengu esincane. Abaphathi-mthetho banomthwalo wemfanelo wokubhala imithetho emisha. Ngokwesibonelo, igatsha lemithetho linquma ukuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okungekho ngokomthetho, limisa amazinga entela, futhi libhala imithetho yokuthi kufanele ibhaliswe kanjani ukuze livote ezweni ngalinye.

Amandla okushaya umthetho adlulela ngalé kokwakha imithetho. Abahleli bafaka indikimba yomthetho ngamabomu njengegatsha lokuqala likahulumeni. Imithwalo yayo yemfanelo, njengoba ichazwe eSiphakamisweni I, futhi iyiyo ebanzi kakhulu. Abahleli bacacisa ukuthi igunya aliveli kumuntu oyedwa kumongameli, kodwa kubantu abaningi abahlanganisa iSishaya-Mkhandlu. Lomklamo ubonakalisa isimiso sentando yeningi amandla kahulumeni ekugcineni atholakala ngokuvuma kwababuswayo.

Igatsha Eliphethe

UMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kodwa alinganayo kahulumeni: igatsha lemithetho (lenza umthetho), igatsha eliphethe (ligunyaza umthetho), negatsha lokwahlulela (lichaza umthetho). Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli eUnited States noma abefundisi abaphethe nezikhulu eziphethe izimiso zephalamende, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yisishayamthetho.

UMongameli usebenzisa amandla ukuze avume futhi afake izindleko futhi enze izivumelwano futhi abopheke ngokomthetho ukuba aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ifezeka ngokwethembeka futhi isebenzise amandla ayo ukwenza lokhu kanye. Lo msebenzi wokuqinisekisa ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ayizona nje izimemezelo ezicatshangelwayo kodwa inemiphumela esebenzayo emphakathini.

Igatsha eliphethe linamakhono abalulekile okuphatha. UMongameli usebenzisa amandla asikiselayo ukukhipha iziyalezo eziphetheyo nokungenela izivumelwano namazwe angaphandle.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Ijaji lisebenza njengelichaza imithetho futhi ligcina izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. ISiphakamiso III, esichaza igatsha lokwahlulela, asikhankasi kakhulu, sinikeza abahluleli amandla amancane kakhulu. Naphezu kwalokhu kuklanywa okubonakala kulinganiselwe, igatsha lokwahlulela liye laqala ukuba nendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela kwemibuso.

Izinkantolo zinamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela, okuyikhono lokumemezela imithetho ngaphandle kwemithetho. Zingaxazulula futhi impikiswano lapho umongameli esebenzisa igunya elilelileKhongolo, ngemva kokuba icala lilethwe phambi kwenkantolo libekela isenzo sikamongameli inselele. Lamandla okwahlulela, nakuba engashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni, aseye aba enye yezindlela zokuhlolwa ezibaluleke kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha.

Isimo sejaji silenza lithembele kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha. Umsebenzi wezinkantolo ukuxazulula izinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo; ngaphandle kwesenzo esivela kumphathi omkhulu noma kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho, akukho lutho olungabusa. Lokhu kubambisana kubonisa indlela ukwahlukana kwemibuso okudala ngayo isimiso lapho amagatsha kumelwe asebenze khona ndawonye ngisho nalapho elondoloza ukuzibusa kwawo.

Ukuqonda Kuyakuhlola Futhi Kulinganisele

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa amanye. Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwaqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lilondoloza ukuzibusa kwalo, laqaphela isidingo sokugcina igatsha ngalinye linesibopho sokulandisa — "liziphenye" lapho libeka ubukhosi obungafanele kwelinye nelinye noma lifaka engozini amalungelo "abantu]. Ngakho, umqondo ohambisana no "amaphutha nezilinganiso" wakhiwa. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, "amasheke namasilinganiso" ayinqubo ehlukile yesimiso sikahulumeni.

Indlela Obheka Ngayo Nokulinganisela Komsebenzi

Isimiso se - checks and Balances sinikeza igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni imibuso ephethe elinye igatsha ukuze lihlole elinye futhi livimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu unamandla okudala imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okulilawula, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingase imemezele imithetho engavumelani nemithetho.

Uhulumeni onezinhlokwana nezilinganiso uhlanganisa izinhlangano ezingaphezu kwenye ezisebenzisa amandla kahulumeni, futhi uhlose ukuba inhlangano ngayinye ibe nethonya elithile kwenye (ukuncika). Enye inhlangano ingabe isithi "bheka" enye, noma inqande ukusebenzisa amandla ayo ukuze iphishekele izinjongo zayo — njengokuthi enye yezenzo zayo ilulaza ngokomthetho noma ngokubuza nangokususa enye yezikhulu zayo esikhundleni sayo.

Izazi Zomthetho Zihlola Amanye Amagatsha

Njengegatsha lokuqala, isishaya-mthetho sinikezwa imishini eminingi yokuhlola. Ingahlola izikhulu eziphethe mayelana nokuziphatha okubi. Ingaqinisekisa noma iphike amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nalawo eNkantolo Ephakeme. Inganqaba ukudlulisa izimali zikahulumeni, kuholele ekucinyweni okuphelele kukahulumeni. Ingadlula umongameli we-veto ukuze adlulise isikweleti. Ngenqubo ende engokomthetho, ingadala ukubuyiselwa komthetho ngokomthetho, okumelwe iNkantolo Ephakeme iyisekele. Mhlawumbe ihlola layo elivelele kakhulu: Izishayamthetho zivunyelwe ukuvala izivumelwano futhi zize zikhiphe ngisho nomongameli ehhovisi.

La mandla anikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokuqeda ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kwamanye amagatsha amabili.

Imali efanelekayo kuphela iSishaya - mthetho, futhi indlu ngayinye isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla noma isenzo esingahlakaniphile kwenye. iSishaya - mthetho, ngokuqalisa ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho, singafeza izinqumo eziphikisayo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Umongameli umisa amalungu eNkantolo Ephakeme kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeSigele, esivumela nokunye ukumiswa kwezikhulu. ISigele kumelwe futhi sivumele izivumelwano.

Ukuqondisa Amanye Amagatsha

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, enjengezimemezelo eziphethe umthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ezingavumelani nemithetho. I - veto umongameli imelela enye yeziphetho ezibonakalayo kakhulu igatsha eliphethe phezu kwesishaya umthetho.

UMongameli unamandla okukhipha umthetho weveto odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungabusa iziphepho ezinjalo ngevoti enkulu kunazo zombili izindlu. Lokhu kwakha amandla amakhulu lapho umphathi angavimbela khona umthetho owehlayo noma ongacatshangelwa kahle, kodwa ngeke ivimbele unomthetho osekela imithetho enamandla.

UMongameli umisa ahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, amajaji amacala, nabahluleli benkantolo yesifunda abahlola lendaba.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

Nakuba ingahlanganisiwe ngokucacile embhalweni woMthetho - sisekelo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwenkantolo — “amandla ezinkantolo okuhlola izenzo zemithetho nezikhali zikahulumeni eziphethe neziphethe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziwumthetho - sisekelo — aba yingxenye ebalulekile kahulumeni eUnited States.

Igatsha lokwahlulela linamandla okubusa ukuthi umthetho uphula amalungelo ezakhamuzi noma ezinye izingxenye zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma igatsha lokwahlulela linquma umthetho ngokuthi "awugunyaziwe," ngeke lisaphoqelelwa igatsha eliphethe. Lomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi isishayamthetho somthetho kanye nesikhulu sihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, ngayinye inengxenye ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu siqu nasekuvimbeleni ubushiqela.

Ukuvimbela Ukugxilisa Amandla

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabalawuli be-Framers ngombuso waseBrithani kwazisa inkolelo yabo yokuthi ukugxilisa amandla kahulumeni ahlukene enhlangano eyodwa kungabangela ukuba abantu besizwe bathathe isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela nesicindezelayo. Ukunqwabelana kwawo wonke amagunya, i-propatitisme, isikhulu, nejaji, ezandleni ezifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi enye, embalwa, noma eminingi, futhi noma ifa, ukuzimisa, noma ukuzikhetha, kungachazwa ngokufanelekile njengencazelo yayo kanye ubushiqela.

Ngokuthola amagatsha kahulumeni amaningi, lesisimiso sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi alikho igatsha elinamandla ngaphezu kwelinye. Lokhu kwabiwa kwamandla kudala izikhungo eziningi zegunya, okwenza kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umuntu noma iqembu ukuba liqongelele amandla anele okusongela izinhlangano zentando yeningi noma amalungelo omuntu ngamuntu.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Ngamunye

Ukuze balondoloze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, abakwaFramers babefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha elizimele nelizimele likaHulumeni kaFederal lizosebenzisa imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo kahulumeni: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Isivikelo senkululeko sasingewona umgomo nje ocatshangelwayo kodwa injongo eyinhloko eyayishukumisa sonke isimiso somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukumisa inkululeko yezombangazwe kudinga izinto ezimbili: ukwahlukana kwemibuso kahulumeni, nokumiswa okufanele kwemithetho yomphakathi neyobugebengu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondeka komuntu siqu. UMontesquieu uphikisa ngokuthi imisebenzi kahulumeni ophethe, wezomthetho, nokwahlulela kahulumeni (okubizwa ngokuthi isimiso se-trartite) kufanele yabelwe izindikimba ezihlukene, ukuze imizamo yegatsha elilodwa likahulumeni yokuphula inkululeko yezombangazwe ivinjelwe amanye amagatsha (amasende nezilinganiso).

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa Nokubona Ingaphandle

Lokhu, ezimweni eziningi, kukwenza kube lula ukuba igatsha ngalinye linamathele endinganisweni ethile yokuziphatha. Uma igatsha likahulumeni licabanga ukuthi elinye igatsha alikho ngokwemithetho, lingababiza ukuba basho. Igatsha ngalinye liyakwazi ukubheka elinye amagatsha amabi futhi lilishintshe ukuze lihlangabezane nezidingo zabantu elibakhonzayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudala izimiso zemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi igatsha ngalinye linesithakazelo ekulondolozeni igunya lalo futhi livimbele ukugxambukela kwabanye, lihlolana ngenkuthalo. Lokhu kuqapha kuthuthukisa ukuba sobala nokulandisa kulo lonke uhulumeni.

Ukunciphisa Ukonakala Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Abantu bebonke banomlando wokusebenzisa kabi izikhundla zamandla kodwa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwenza kanjalo. Ngokudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha amaningi ngenxa yezenzo zikahulumeni ezivelele, lesi simiso siveza amathuba amaningi okubona nokuvimbela ukonakala.

AmaFramers ayebheka izinxibo nezilinganiso ayezakhele kuHulumeni we-ratarte Federal njengesivikelo esizilimazayo ekungeneni noma ekukhushulelweni kwegatsha elithile ngokulahlekelwa elinye. Lokhu kuzilimaza kwemvelo kusho ukuthi isimiso asinciki ebuhleni bezikhulu kuphela kodwa ezithakazelweni zazo ezincintisanayo ukuze zilondoloze ukulinganisela.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokuqina

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzithonya kakhulu lezizimiso, ukuhlukanisa kwamandla kwabaseFramers kwakungelukhuni, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho elinye igatsha lingahlola khona amandla abelwe elinye. Lokhu kushintsha kuvumela isimiso ukuba sivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho silondoloza isimo salo esiyisisekelo.

Imizamo yegatsha elilodwa yokuvimbela elinye igatsha ukuba lingaba likhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi ivimbela njalo noma iliphi igatsha ekubekeni izinyathelo ezinzima ngokungafanele kwabalawulwayo. Isidingo sokuthola ukuvunyelwa emagatsheni amaningi sinciphisa inqubo kahulumeni, kodwa leli cebo livame ukuholela ekungcononi, ekuhlolweni ngokucophelela okukhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Okungokoqobo Kokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuqonda indlela ukuhlukanisa imibuso okusebenza ngayo kudinga ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile zendlela amagatsha asebenzelana futhi aphoqelelana ngayo ekubuseni kwezwe langempela.

Inqubo Yomthetho

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho kubonisa ukuhlukana kwemibuso esemsebenzini. Ngokwesibonelo, amaphalamende amaningi akhiwa izindlu ezimbili; zombili ezidingeka ukuba zidlulise isikweleti ngaphambi kokuba sibe umthetho. Lesi sakhiwo se-bidamaral sidala i-exception ngaphakathi egatsheni lomthetho ngokwalo.

ISishaya-mthetho sinezindlu ezimbili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli, futhi singanqoba i-veto kaMongameli ngevoti engu 2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho osekelwa kakhulu kuphela unganqoba ukuphikiswa kwezikhulu.

Ukunqumelana Uhlelo Nokuqinisekisa

Inqubo yokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ibonisa ukuncika kwegatsha. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa iSigele egatsheni lemithetho siqinisekisa ukugunyazwa kukaMongameli kwezikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi iSishaya - mthetho singakhipha noma yimuphi walabo bahluleli futhi siwakhiphe esikhundleni.

Lokhu kuphathiswa okuhlangene kokumiswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingaqoqa uhulumeni nabaqotho. Umqondisi usikisela ukuba abazothatha izintambo, kodwa isishaya - mthetho kumelwe sibavumele, simise isimiso lapho ukuyekethisa nokuxoxa kudinga khona.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezimpendulo

Igatsha lemithetho line-"amandla esikhwama semali," okusho ukuthi linamandla okumisa uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni no-akanye nohulumeni. Igatsha eliphethe i-athom alinakunquma ukuchitha imali eningi ngokuphazima kweso kumabhomu noma amapaki ngaphandle kwe-shop nomthetho-so. Lokhu kulawula ngokwezimali kwenza isigebengu sibe nesandla esiphezulu kubaphathi bemithetho.

Amandla okuhlola asebenza njengenye yeziphetho eziphumelela kakhulu embusweni wezikhulu. Ngisho noma igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi lifuna ukuphishekela inkambiso ethile, alinakwenza kanjalo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali, okumelwe ivele kusikwe isishaya - mthetho. Lokhu kuveza ukulinganiselwa okusebenzayo kwegunya eliphethe okungaphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Isivumelwano Sokwenza Nokumisa Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Isimiso sangaphandle sinikeza enye indawo lapho ukwehlukana kwemibuso kubangela khona ukubambisana.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke ziveza ukuvumelana okukhulu kwesizwe kunokuba kube nokuvumelana komholi oyedwa noma iqembu.

Izinselele Nokucindezeleka Ekuhlukaneni Kwamandla

Nakuba ukwehlukana kwemibuso kunezinzuzo eziningi, kudala nezingxabano nezinselele ohulumeni okumelwe bazisebenzise.

Ingozi Yokuvaleka Kwemoto

Lapho amagatsha ahlukahlukene elawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe aphikisanayo noma enemibono ehlukene ngokuyisisekelo yokubusa, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singaholela ekunqanyulweni kwemithetho kahulumeni. Umthetho obalulekile ungase unqandwe, ukumiswa kungalitshazwa, futhi izinqumo ezibucayi zingahlehliswa.

Nokho, le ntambo ingabhekwa futhi njengesici esihlukile. Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yamukelwa umhlangano wango 1787, hhayi ukuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kodwa ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla obuqili. Isimiso sivimbela ubushiqela ngaphezu kokusebenza ngokunenzuzo.

Amandla Ashintshayo

Izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zanamuhla zibonisa izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamalungiselelo ezinqubo zomthetho, zokuqondisa, nokwahlulela, futhi lemfundiso ngenxa yalokho iye yalahlekelwa ukuqina nokuqina kwayo okuqinile. Ekhulwini lama - 20 leminyaka, ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwezenhlalo nokungokomnotho kwaphumela ekwandeni kokuphakama kwamandla okulawula, ukuthambekela okwakhula ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II.

Ukwanda kwamandla okuqondisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokuphepha kwesizwe nesimiso sokuqondisa, kuye kwashintsha ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha. lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi umbono wokuqala wokuhlukanisa imibuso uhlala ungashintshi yini noma ukuthi ukujwayela ukubhekana nezinselele zanamuhla kuyadingeka yini.

Izinkinga Zomthetho - sisekelo

Nokho, uma elinye igatsha lingawenzi umsebenzi walo, noma elinye lingawunaki elinye, singase singene enkathazweni yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMongameli waseU.S. eqhubeka ephoqelela umthetho oyalwe ukuba ungabi yimithetho engokomthetho, obengathatha amandla egatsheni lokwahlulela futhi uligxilise egatsheni eliphethe.

Ukuhlanganyela Amandla Nemisebenzi Yokushaya Ihlombe

Izishaya - mthetho eziningi zinombono wokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusho ukuthi amagatsha ahlukene ahlanganyela amandla; alikho igatsha elingase lithathe isinyathelo ngokungahlosiwe ezindabeni (cishe ngaphandle kwemibuzo emincane), kodwa kumelwe lithole uhlobo oluthile lwesivumelwano emagatsheni.

Ukuba ngokoqobo kokubusa ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuthatha imithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganyelwayo futhi kuhlangane kwabanegunya kunokuba kuhlukaniswe. Lokhu kungadala ukudideka ngokuthi igatsha liliphi elinegunya eliphelele ezicini ezithile, okuholela ezingxabanweni okumelwe zixazululwe ngezingxoxo zezombangazwe noma ngencazelo yokwahlulela.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Ezimisweni Ezihlukene Zezombangazwe

Nakuba i - United States inikeza isibonelo esaziwayo sokuhlukana kwemibuso, amazwe ahlukahlukene aye asebenzisa lesi simiso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngasinye sinamandla nobuthakathaka baso.

Izimiso Zobumongameli

Ezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States, amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho akhethwa ngokuhlukana futhi alondoloze izakhiwo ezihlukile. AbaseFrame bahlela uhulumeni ngalendlela ukuze bavimbele igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu, futhi bamise isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Lokhu kuhlukana okucacile kudala amasheke aqinile kodwa kungaholela futhi kuhulumeni ohlukene lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene. Umphumela uyisimiso esimisa kuqala ukuvimbela ubushiqela phezu kokuphumelela kukahulumeni.

Izimiso Zasephalamende

Amasesha nezilinganiso, eziguqula ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, zingasebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso zephalamende ngokusebenzisa igunya lephalamende ukwamukela ivoti engagunyazi kuhulumeni; uhulumeni, noma ikhabethe, ngokuvamile lingancibilikisa iphalamende.

Izimiso zePhalamende zihlanganisa imibuso yezikhulu nemithetho, lapho kuvela isikhulu (ungqongqoshe wezezimali nekhabethe) esiphuma futhi sihlale sinecala kumphathi wendlu yomthetho. Nakuba lokhu kudala ukubusa okuphumelela kakhulu, futhi kugxilisa amandla ngezindlela ezihlukile kwezeMelika.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwamazwe

Nokho, indima eyisisekelo yegatsha ngalinye ihlala ifana. Ngisho naphakathi kweUnited States, ohulumeni bombuso basebenzisa ukuhlukana kwemibuso ngokwehlukile, kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhethwa kwamajaji, indlela amandla aphakeme ahlukaniswa ngayo, nendlela izindikimba zemithetho ezihlelwa ngayo.

Le mibono ehlukahlukene ibonisa ukuthi ukuhlukana kwemibuso kuyisimiso esivumelana nezimo esingase sivumelaniswe nezimo ezingafani kuyilapho silondoloza injongo yaso eyisisekelo yokuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla.

Ukugqashuka Okuqhubekayo Kwemibuso

Ukuba khona kwezinhlangano ezintathu ezihlukene zikahulumeni, ngayinye enendawo yayo siqu nemisebenzi yayo, kunikeza isimiso sethu umyalo esiwudingayo ukuze sisebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Izinselele ezinjengezinsongo ze - Internet, izifo eziwubhadane, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nentuthuko esheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe zivivinya ukuhlukana kwamandla ngezindlela ezintsha. Lezi zimo ngokuvamile zidinga isinyathelo esisheshayo, esihlangene esingaba nzima ukufinyelela esimisweni esiklanyelwe ukunciphisa izinqumo zikahulumeni.

Nokho, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kokuhlukanisa imibuso − ukuthi amandla agxile asongela inkululeko − kusewusizo namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ekhulwini le-18 leminyaka. Inselele iwukuvumelanisa lesi simiso nezimo zanamuhla ngaphandle kokulahla izivikelo zawo eziyisisekelo.

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke

Ngokokuhlola okwenziwa yi-Donald Lutz precenter yeshumi elinesishiyagalombili, isazi sezezombangazwe, uMentisquieu wayeyi-amandla kaningi kakhulu kuhulumeni nakwezombangazwe eMelika yangaphambi kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamakoloni, acashunwa kakhulu abasunguli baseMelika kunanoma yimuphi umthombo ngaphandle kweBhayibheli. Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, umsebenzi wakhe wahlala unethonya elinamandla kubasunguli abaningi baseMelika, ikakhulukazi uJames Madison waseVirginia, "UYise woMthetho-sisekelo.""

UMontesquieu udume ngokusungula kwakhe inkolelo - mbono yokuhlukanisa imibuso, esetshenziswa emithethweni eminingi emhlabeni wonke. Lesimiso siye sasakazekela ngalé kwemvelaphi yaso yaseMelika, sithonya umklamo womthetho - sisekelo embulungeni yonke futhi sibe uphawu lokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Semfundo Yesibalo

Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela uhulumeni ohlelwe ngayo zingazibangela ukuba izikhulu zilandise, zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi futhi ziqaphele lapho izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zisongelwa.

Abantu ababhala uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. bazama ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokunikeza izinhlolo - hlola nezilinganiso ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi alikho igatsha elikwazi ukuthatha wonke uhulumeni.

Izinzuzo Eziwusizo Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Ngaphandle kwezizathu ezicatshangelwayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kunikeza izinzuzo eziqinisekile emsebenzini wansuku zonke kahulumeni.

Ukuqamba Nokuqapha Okukhethekile

Ngokuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, lesi simiso sivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile endaweni yalo yomthwalo wemfanelo. Abaqondisi bangagxila ekusunguleni imithetho, izikhulu ekufezeni nasekuqondiseni, kanye namajaji encazelweni engokomthetho nasempikiswaneni.

Lokhu kubekwa okukhethekile kuholela ekubusweni okungcono njengoba igatsha ngalinye lithuthukisa ulwazi lwenhlangano nezinqubo ezifanelana nemisebenzi yalo ekhethekile. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho, ukuqondisa kweziphathimandla, nokucabangela kokwahlulela ngayinye kudinga amakhono ahlukene kanye nezinqubo, okuthuthukiswa kangcono lapho amagatsha egxila emithwalweni yawo eyinhloko.

Amaphuzu Amaningi Okuthola Izakhamuzi

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kwakha izindlela eziningi izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngazo uhulumeni futhi zifune izikhalo. Uma elinye igatsha lingasabeli, izakhamuzi zingaphendukela kwelinye. Uma isishaya-mthetho singeke sithathe isinyathelo, izakhamuzi zingafuna ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuphatha noma ukukhululeka kokwahlulela. Uma isikhulu siphamba, izakhamuzi zingadlulisa icala esigeqeni noma ezinkantolo.

Le zindawo eziningi zenza uhulumeni athathe futhi alandise kubantu abakhonzayo. Inikeza futhi izivalo zokuphepha ezicindezelayo zezombangazwe, ivumela izimpi ukuba zixazululwe ngezindlela zezinhlangano kunokuba zixazululwe ngezindlela ezingaphezulu.

Ukubekezela Nokuphikelela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakha isimiso sikahulumeni esiqinile. Uma elinye igatsha libhekene nenhlekelele noma likhubazeka, amanye amagatsha angaqhubeka esebenza. Lokhu kulungisa izimo kusiza ukuba uhulumeni aqhubeke ekhona ngisho nasezikhathini ezinzima.

Igatsha ngalinye linegunya lalo, kodwa futhi kumelwe lithembele egunyeni lamanye amagatsha ukuze uhulumeni asebenze.

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Ngokuhlukana Kwamandla

Imiqondo eminingi eyiphutha ngokuhlukana kwemibuso ingaholela ekuqondeni ngokungaqondani ngendlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo ngempela.

Ukuzimela okuphelele.

Inkolelo edidayo ejwayelekile ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusho ukuthi amagatsha asebenza ngokuzimele ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, isimiso siklanyelwe ukudala ukuncintisana. Umqondo uwukuthi akwanele ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwayo kodwa amagatsha kudingeka abe nezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo zokuvikela amandla awo siqu angokomthetho kumagatsha angenele amanye.

Amagatsha ahlukene phakathi kwemisebenzi yawo ephakathi kodwa axhunyaniswe ngemishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lokhu kuncintisana kuhloselwe ngenhloso, kwakha isimiso esinamandla kunokuba kube nogesi ohlukile.

Amandla Alinganayo Ayaphikisana

Enye inkolelo eyiphutha iwukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusho wonke amagatsha anamandla alinganayo. kuFederalist 51, mayelana nekhono legatsha ngalinye lokuzivikela ezenzweni ezinye, ukuthi "akunakwenzeka ukunika umnyango ngamunye amandla alinganayo okuzibusa. Kuhulumeni weRepublic, igunya lomthetho liyabusa ngempela."

Amagatsha anamandla ahlukene afanelana nemisebenzi yawo, hhayi amandla alinganayo. Isimiso sihlose ukulinganisela nokuhlolana kunokulingana ngezibalo.

Ukusebenzisa Okuvumelanayo

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudinga ukuhlukana okuqinile, okungaguquguquki phakathi kwamagatsha. Nokho, isimiso siye sasetshenziswa ngokuphazima kweso. Emithethweni eminingi yanamuhla, ukuhlukaniswa kwemfundiso ye-astyre kulungiswa ngomqondo kahulumeni olinganiselayo, noma i-schemicalss-schects - ismocted eyasungulwa emfundisweni yasendulo exubile. Njengoba lemiqondo emibili eyasungulwa ngakunye, iye yahlanganiswa eduze kakhulu, ngisho noma iphikisana ngokwezinga elithile.

Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kumelwe kuvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho kulondoloza injongo yayo eyinhloko yokuvimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko.

Ikusasa Lokuhlukana Kwamandla

Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, isimiso sokuhlukana kwemibuso kumelwe siqhubeke sizivumelanisa nezimo kuyilapho ilondoloza isivikelo sayo esibalulekile.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubusa

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa izinto zokwenziwa, izinto ezinkulu ezisiza ekutholeni ukwaziswa nokuhlola kwemishini kudala imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela yokuhlukanisa imibuso. Iliphi igatsha okufanele lilawule le mishini?

Lemibuzo idinga ukucatshangelwa kokucabanga ngendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso ezindala ezimweni ezingakaze zibonwe. Umgomo oyisisekelo − ukugxilisa amandla asongela inkululeko − uhlala ukhona njengoba izinselele ezithile ziqala.

Ukubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukwanda kokuxhumana kwembulunga yonke kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela ukuhlukana kwemibuso okusebenza ngayo lapho ohulumeni kumelwe bambisane emhlabeni wonke. Izibopho zesivumelwano, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nezinselele ezinjengezinguquko zesimo sezulu kudinga ukubambisana okungacindezela ukuhlukana okungokwesiko kwamandla.

Ukulinganisela isidingo sokubambisana kwezizwe zonke nokulondolozwa kwezinhlolo - mbono zomthetho - sisekelo kumelela inselele eqhubekayo kohulumeni bentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukulondoloza Imibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ekugcineni, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuxhomeke kulokhu okubhalwe ngomthetho-sisekelo kodwa ekubophekeni kwezikhulu nezakhamuzi ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Ifilosofi kaMontesquieu yokuthi "uhulumeni kufanele umiswe ukuze kungabikho muntu odinga ukwesaba omunye" ukhumbuza uMadison kanye nabanye ukuthi isisekelo esikhululekile nesiqinile sikahulumeni wezwe labo omusha sidinga ukuhlukaniswa okucacile nokulinganiselwe kwemibuso.

Ukugcinwa kwalesimiso kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nokuzinikela ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho zibonakala zingelula noma zikhungathekisa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akukona ukuziqeda; kudinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwesizukulwane ngasinye.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwamandla Ahlukene Phakathi

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kulokhu kungokunye kokusungulwa okubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wokubusa ngentando yeningi. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile nekhono lokuhlola amanye, lesimiso sikha uhlelo oluvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, luvimbela ubushiqela, futhi lukhuthaza uhulumeni olandisayo.

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni yokushaya umthetho, yokuphatha, nokwahlulela phakathi kwezindikimba ezihlukene nezizimele. Ukuhlukana okunjalo kulinganisela ukweqisa okungenangqondo ngohulumeni, njengoba kudingeka isijeziso sawo womathathu amagatsha ukuba kwenziwe, kubekwe, futhi kunikezwe imithetho.

Nakuba lesi simiso sidala izinselele − kuhlanganise nethuba lokufuna ukubopha, isidingo sokuyekethisa, kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kanye − lezi zinkinga ziyintengo yenkululeko. Okunye, amandla agxilwe entweni eyodwa, kuletha izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkululekweni nasekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke iqhubeka iguquka futhi ibhekane nezinselele ezintsha, isimiso sokuhlukana kwemibuso sinikeza uhlelo oluvivinywe isikhathi esimisiwe lokuhlela uhulumeni ngezindlela ezivikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho kukwazi ukubusa okuphumelelayo. Ukuqonda lesi simiso, intuthuko yaso engokomlando, nokusetshenziswa kwaso okusebenzayo kusebalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wohulumeni bentando yeningi usebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani behlelwe njengoba benjalo.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokubusa kwentando yeningi, imithombo enjenge inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile oluyi-Anstitution eMtatsheni weSishaya-mthetho nase enikeza imithombo eyengeziwe engokomlando, kuyilapho iSikole soMthetho [[FLT:]] inikeza ukuhlaziyclopedia kwemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezeluleko.

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona nje isithakazelo esingokomlando noma imfundiso engokomthetho ecatshangelwayo, okuyisimiso esiphilayo esiqhubeka silolonga indlela ohulumeni abasebenza ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezithola ngayo inkululeko nentando yeningi.