Ukulingana kuyinto eyodwa ehlala njalo futhi ephikiswana kakhulu ekuphishekeleni ubulungisa nenkululeko. Ngawo wonke amakhulu namazwekazi, isidingo sokuba wonke umuntu aphathwe ngesithunzi esifanayo, anikezwe amalungelo afanayo, futhi anikezwe amathuba afanayo kuye kwabhebhethekisa ukuguqulwa kwemithetho, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemithetho, nezinhlangano ezishintshiwe. Nokho incazelo yokulingana ayifinyeleli futhi ayiyona elula. Ihlanganisa ukulingana okungokomthetho, ukulingana kwezombangazwe, ukulingana kwezenhlalo, nokulingana kwezomnotho, kanye nokulingana okukodwa okuhlangene nabanye ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezizinikele emphakathini onobulungisa, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokulingana akudingi nje imisuka ekumisweni kwayo kodwa futhi kuhlola imingcele engapheli ekwaziyo ukunqoba. Lesihloko sihlola indima ehlukahlukene yenkululeko yokufuna inkululeko, izihloko ezisezingenisweni eziphambili, izihloko ezisemuva ezisemuva, izihloko ezisezingeni.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokulingana

Umqondo wokuthi bonke abantu balingana ngokuyisisekelo awuzange wavela ngokugcwele. Wakhula ngenkulumo - mpikiswano yefilosofi, inguquko yenkolo, nomzabalazo wezombangazwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Imiphakathi yasendulo yayivame ukuba nesigaba esiqinile, izakhiwo eziqinile nezimiso eziqinile zobugqila. Nokho, imbewu yemibono elinganayo ingatholakala kuyifilosofi yamaStoyiku, eyayisekela isizathu somuntu sonke, nasemasikweni athile angokwenkolo ayegcizelela ukubaluleka okufanayo kwemiphefumulo phambi kukaNkulunkulu.

Ukukhanyiselwa Namalungelo Emvelo

Umqondo wanamuhla wokulingana ocaciswe phakathi nokukhanyiselwa ngekhulu le-17 nele-18. Izazi zefilosofi ezinjenge- uJohn Locke kanye no Jean-Jaques Rousseau[[ wachaza isimiso samalungelo emvelo] kubo bonke abantu ngesizinda ngenxa yobuhle babantu. Lemibono yathonya ngokuqondile "isimo semvelo" ukuthi akukho muntu onegunya elingokwemvelo phezu komunye, ukushiya okukhulu kombuso oqotho ngokomthetho.""

Izimemezelo Zokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nemingcele Yazo

ISimemezelo saseMelika se-Independence (1776) sasho ngokudume ukuthi "wonke amadoda adalwe elingana" futhi anikwe amalungelo angenakuthathwa ku "Ukuphila, Inkululeko nokuphishekela Injabulo". Isimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nowabantu (ngonyaka ka-18789) ngokufanayo samemezela ukuthi "amadoda azalwa futhi ahlala ekhululekile futhi elingana namalungelo." Le mibhalo yayishintsha amalungelo, kodwa isithembiso sawo sabekwa ngokushesha: abesifazane, izigqila zase-Afrika, abantu abangabantu, kanye nabantu abangenampahla babengakhishwa kakhulu. Ukuxabana phakathi komphakathi nokungalingani kwakuzoqhubela amakhulu eminyaka empikiswano-16) ukusuka ekulweni kwenhlangano yokuncintisana kumalungelo abesifazane.

Uhambo Olude Lokuya Embulungeni Yonke

Ukunwetshwa kwe-franchise kungumphumela oyinhloko emlandweni wokulingana. I-New Zealand yaba izwe lokuqala elizinika amandla okuvota abesifazane ngo-1893, lalandelwa yiFinland ngo-1966. E-United States, iSichibiyelo se-15th seSichibiyelo sezinhlanga (170) sanqabela ukucwasana kwezinhlanga ekuvotelweni, kodwa imithetho engokomlando i-Jim Crow yahlukanisa ngokuphumelelayo ama-Black America ngelinye ikhulu leminyaka. I-Voling Rights Act ka-6566 yayiyimpumelelo ephawulekayo yemithetho ye-Ovinity Revolution Movement, kodwa iqhubekela phambili izimpi ze-injini ye-injini kanye ne-gerryderings ibonisa ukuthi ukulwa kwento efanayo yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kuyaqhubeka. Nokho, kusobala: isizukulwane ngasinye siye sandisa isizungeza isiyingi sesigaba salabo ababhekwa ngaphansi komthetho, ngisho nanjengobalwa ngemva komthetho.

Ukulingana Ezindaweni Ezingokomthetho Nezezinhlangano

Imiphakathi yanamuhla iye yafaka isimiso sokulingana emithethweni, ezimisweni, nasezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke. Lezi zinqumo zomthetho zinikeza kokubili indinganiso ehleliwe nenqubo yokulungisa uma ukulingana kwephulwa. Ukuqonda lamathuluzi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekulawuleni, ekufundiseni, noma esimisweni.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

[[QULT: 0] Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu (1948), esithathiwe yi-United Nations General Assembly, siwumbhalo oyisisekelo womthetho wamalungelo abantu wanamuhla. ISiphakamiso 1 simemezela: "Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngamalungelo. Lesimiso sihlelwa ezivumelwaneni ezilandelayo: [[FLT:] i-Partinational Partive on Civin and Politikition futhi isivumelwano sezizwe zonke ngezentengo zezomnotho, ngokwezentengo, ngokwezentengo namalungelo ezenhlalo. [[FLD][FLD][6] [FF]][6].[3], zonke zibumba i-Ezweni lonke.[UDR, nakuba zingabophelele, izivumelwano zezizwe ezihlangene zezizwe zezizwe.[3]

Umthetho - sisekelo Uqinisekisa Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Umthetho wesizwe uhlanganisa ukulingana okucacile. E-United States, iSichibiyelo se-Fourtenth (168) iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mbuso "owesizwe kunoma yimuphi umuntu onegunya lawo ozovikela imithetho." Lomusho ubeyisisekelo sezinqumo zeSinkantolo Eziphakeme [FLT:] kusukela ku-[FLT:] Brown v. I-Proad of Education [1954], ephele isivikelo sohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, [[FLT:] ku-FLD] ogeberge. [v:] u-FLT:5], oyaziwa njengomthetho owembukwamunyuliwe. [i-Foctive]

Imithetho emelene nokungavumelani

Ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho enqabela ukucwaswa kwemibono eqondile. ICivil Rights Act ka-1949 e-United States yavimbela ukucwaswa kobandlululo okusekelwe ohlangeni, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe emsebenzini, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa yizwe ezigunyaziwe. Act 2010 eUnited Kingdom iqinisekiswe futhi iqinise umthetho wangaphambili, isakhiwo esihlangene esivikela ukucwasana ngokwezenkathi yobudala, ubulili, ubulili, ukumiswa komshado, ukuzalwa, ukuhlangana kwemizwa, ukuzalwa, noma ukuhlangana kwemizwana, inkolo, noma ukukholelwa ebulilini, imithetho yobulili. Imithetho efanayo e-Australia, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, nakwamanye amazwe, nangamaqembu amaningi amaqembu engokomthetho okulawula izinkantolo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuhlakuleleni Ukulingana

Imfundo iwuphawu lokungalingani kwezenhlalo nethuluzi elinamandla lokunqoba. izikole namayunivesithi kungaqhubekisela phambili ilungelo noma kungasebenza ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa inkundla yokudlala. Okuqukethwe yizifundo zesikole, ukwabiwa kwemithombo yemali, kanye nempucuko yezinhlangano zemfundo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukucabanga Nokugxeka

Ukuhlanganisa umlando wamalungelo omphakathi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezisekelo zefilosofi zokulingana phakathi kwezifundo kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izingxabano eziye zathonya isikhathi samanje. Ukufundisa ngezibalo ezifana Fredderick Douglas[, [[FLT:]], [[FLT:]] Sojourn Truth [[[[FLT:]]] IQIQINY], [[[FLT]] , [[FLT]] u-Marafzai [FLT], [[FLT], [[FLT] [act:], [act8] [ikhululwe] [ikhululwe-FLT] [FLT] [FFFLT]]] [5] [ir, futhi unikeze isibindi esiqinile sabafundi [ii, futhi u-J3] ku-JExpect, i-48] asterovreases .

Ukuthola Imfundo Elinganayo

Naphezu kwentuthuko yembulunga yonke, ukwehluka phakathi kwemfundo kusalokhu kungathi sína. Ngokwe-UNESCO, izingane ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu- 250 nentsha ziphelelwe yisikole emhlabeni wonke, futhi izigidi ezengeziwe ziyafunda ngaphansi kwesikole esineziphetho. Amantombazane, abantwana abakhubazekile, amaqembu amancane, nalabo abaphila ngobumpofu babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ukuvala lezi zikhawu kudinga ukuthengiselwa imali, ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo, nezimiso ezibangela umsebenzi wabantwana, umshado wasekuqaleni, nezingxabano. Izinhlelo ezifana no- Ukwehluleka udwebek'u edwa kanye [FLT:] ne[FLT] R[FLT][F][FLT]][FLT][5][3]][3]

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezindawo Ezisesikoleni

Ngisho nalapho ukufinyelela kukhona, ukungalingani kungabonakala empucukweni yesikole. Ukuqinela abanye, ukugxeka, nokucwasa okucacile kungahlukanisa abafundi emaqenjini aphansi. Izikole ezamukela imikhuba yobulungisa yokulungisa, inqubo emelene ne-racist, kanye nezimiso eziqinisekisa i-LGBTQ+ abafundi bakha izindawo lapho bonke abafundi bengachuma khona. Ukuqeqesha kothisha kugxeka: abafundisi abaqonda amandla elungelo nokucindezela bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukubekela inselele inselele emakilasini abo. Inhlangano yezemfundo yezwe inikeza inzuzo yezemfundo engokwesiko.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Zokulingana

Naphezu kwemithetho nemizamo yemfundo, ukungalingani okujulile kuyaqhubeka. Ukuvuma lezinselele akukona ukuvuma ukuthi uhlulekile kodwa kuyisinyathelo esidingekile esiholela esenzweni esiphumelelayo.

Ubuhlanga Obuhleliwe Nokungalingani Kwezimiso

Isimiso sokucwasa ubandlululo lubhekisela ezindleleni zokungalingani kwezinhlanga okungasekelwe kuzo emikhankasweni evamile yezinhlangano − house, ezokwelapha, ubulungisa bobugebengu, imfundo, nemisebenzi. E-United States, Black, ne-Indation babhekene namazinga aphakeme kakhulu obumpofu, ukuboshwa, nobudlova bamaphoyisa. Igebe lengcebo liyasha: ikhaya labamhlophe liphethe ingcebo ephindwe kasishiyagalombili kwezeminyango ye-Black, ukungahlangani okusekelwe ebugqilini, ukubophani, ukuboleka kwemishivhwebo, nokukhokha. Ngokufanayo, emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, amaRom, nabafuduki babhekana nobandlululo oluqinile. Isimiso sokucwa kwemindebe izinhlanga sidinga ukucwa kobandlululo ngokokwamuntu ngamunye; ifuna izinguquko ezingokokwayo njengeminyango, ukuxhaswa kwezindawo zokuxhasa izindlu, nokuphatha izindlu zezindlu zezindlu zezindlu.

Izindawo Ezingafani Nezingafani

Ukungalingani kwe-genender kuyaqhubeka embulungeni yonke, ngisho nasemazweni anezinsika eziqinile ezingokomthetho. Abesifazane basahola imali engaphansi kwamadoda ngenxa yomsebenzi olinganayo. Igebe lobudoda emhlabeni wonke lilinganiselwa cishe ku-20%. Abesifazane bancishiswa ekwakheni izikhulu zezombangazwe nasezikhungweni zenkampani, futhi baphathiswe ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wokunakekela ongakhokhelwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane okuhlukene okusekelwe ohlazweni, esigabeni, esisesigabeni sesigaba, ebuhlotsheni, nasebuhlotsheni bobulili. Umqondo [FLT] ukwahlulelwa , owenziwe yisazi esingokomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, ugcizelela ukuthi ukucwa kwezinhlanga okungavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane abamnyama babhekenenhlanganise nenhlanganise nohlanga nocansikazi okungaqondwa yi-yodwa.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Negebe Lamathuba

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuye kwanyuka kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni kusukela ngawo-1980. Ngokwe-Oxfam, iphesenti elicebe kakhulu labantu emhlabeni wonke linangaphezulu ngokuphindwe kabili kwengcebo yabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,9. Lokhu kugcwala kwengcebo kuphumela ekutholeni imfundo ephambili, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izindlu, nethonya lezombangazwe. Ubhadane lwe-COVID-19 lwezehlakalo oluhlukanisayo, nezisebenzi eziphansi, abesifazane, nabantu abanombala abathwala izingozi zezemisebenzi nezempilo. Intela eqhubekayo, amanetha okuvikela inhlalakahle, nemithetho esebenzayo engokwenhlalo, kuphakathi kwamathuluzi anganciphisa ukulingana kwezomnotho. [[FLT]

Amasu Okulingana Okukhula

Ukubhekana nokungalingani kudinga umzamo ohlangene emazingeni amaningi — kusukela ekusebenziseni izikhali zomuntu ngamunye kuya ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke. Amasu alandelayo aye abonisa isithembiso sokuthuthukisa ukulingana.

Izimpande Ezintekenteke Nezinqubo Zomphakathi

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ushintsho lokuguqula luqala ezindaweni ezisakhula. I-Civil Rights Movement e-United States, umzabalazo omelene ne-apartheid eNingizimu Afrika, kanye nomzabalazo wabesifazane bonke baqhutshwa abantu abavamile abahlela imiphakathi yabo. Izinhlangano zanamuhla ezifana [ I-Bribbe Lives Confect [ kanye ne[FLT]# MeToo ziye zasebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze zizwane futhi zihlangane. Amaqembu angakha amandla ngemiqhude yokubhalisa, imibhikisho yasobala, imikhankano eqondile, nezenzo eziqondile.

Ukushintsha Kwenqubo Nokuthatha Isinyathelo Esingokomthetho

Imithetho ingaba yimbangela yokungalingani kwezentengiselwano nekhambi. Ukuletha amacala okuhlola enkantolo − iye yaba yithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa ukulingana. Izehlakalo ze-longmark njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ ne [FLT:] [FLT]] i-Living v. Virginia[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [[3] [ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa komshado] [ukubelwa kwezinhlanga]) ibonisa amandla ezinkantolo okuchitha izakhiwo ze-dinarycricarious. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inguquko yemithetho ye-Revition ibalulekile: ukuphakamisa umholo omhlawulo omncane, ukukhokha ihliswa komkhaya, nokuqinisa imithetho elwanisa ukulingana nomphakathi. Ukucwaninga kwe-Plicracd, nokwakhiwa komthetho oqhubekayo.

Ubuchwepheshe nemininingwane efingqiwe

Amathuluzi emishini anikeza izindlela ezintsha zokubona nokulungisa ukungafani kwezindawo. Imininingwane ye-alytic ingaveza ukungalingani kwemithetho elawula ukutshala imali, ukuboleka, ukuqasha, nokunakekela impilo okungase kungaqashelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Optuny Atlas[ ibalazwe lezentengiselwano engokomnotho ngomphakathi, isiza abenzi bemithetho yokutshala imali. Nokho, i-algorics, ingathuthukisa ukucwasana uma kungaklanywanga kahle. Insimu ekhulayo ye- i-actumthm-hith-hith-hial [[ ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokufunda ngomlando abenzi bemithetho yokuhlela izimali. Activa nabalwezi besayensi basebenzisa futhi ulwazi ekutholeni amalungelo abantu abamele ukulingana nabameleli.

Ukuqashelwa Kwezinqumo Nokulandisa

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zinethonya elikhulu ngemiphumela yokulingana. Abangenisi bezimali, abathengi, nezisebenzi bafuna kakhulu ukuba izinkampani zikhulume ngezikhala zobuhlanga nezesilisa, zifake izisebenzi zazo, futhi zithathe inqubo yokuzinikeza imithetho ehlangeneyo. I-Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights inikeza uhlelo lwezimo zenkampani. Ngokufanayo, amayunivesithi, izibhedlela, kanye nezingaphumeleli zibizwa ukuba zihlole izimiso zazo siqu nemikhuba, kusukela ekuvumeni ukuthi zifanele zifumane inzuzo. I-authoriess, izikhulu ze-quite, izikhulu ze-ctive, nezinhlangano ezihlukeneyo zisiza ekushintsheni inguquko phakathi.

Ikusasa Lokulingana Ngobulungisa Nenkululeko

Ukuphishekela ukulingana akusoze kwaphela. isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde sihlaziye izidingo zaso ngokomongo wesikhathi saso siqu.

Ukuhlangana Komhlaba Wonke Nokuqina

Izinhlangano zokulingana ziya ngokuya zihlangana. i-South eNingizimu [[FLT] iveze izingcingo ezinamandla zokuncintisana kwe-genetic Collations nokungalingani kwezomnotho, kuyilapho abashisekeli besimo sezulu behlobanisa ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo ehlukene. Amaqonga amanani enza abashisekeli bamazwe ahlukene bakwazi ukuhlanganyela amasu nokusekelana. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo sezulu sobusha esihlaselayo kanye noMashiwesizwe wonke wabesifazane babonisa ukuhlangana kwesiphambano somngcele. Ukufunda ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene zendawo futhi kwakha ukubambisana okukhona ngokumelene nokungalingani.

Amakhambi Okujezisa Nokuvula Imigodi

Ukungalingani akuyona inkinga eyodwa kodwa ingosi yezindaba ezihlobene. Ngakho - ke amakhambi adinga iminikelo evela emikhakheni eminingi yezezomnotho, yezenhlalo, yomthetho, yempilo yomphakathi, yokuhlela amadolobha, kanye neminye. Abaphathi bezemfundo abasebenzisanayo nezindawo ezithintekile, bangaveza ukuqonda okuqinile nokungalawuleki. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungenela ukunciphisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukusekela kwezindlu, izinhlelo zokondleka, nokuqeqesha umsebenzi. Abaphathi bezejwayezi bezokucwaninga ngezindlela zomphakathi, abasebenzisana neminyango ethintekayo, bangenza umehluko ekunciphiseni ukungalingani.

Ukuwohloka Kokuziphatha

Ekugcineni, ukulingana akuwona nje umgomo wezombangazwe noma ongokomthetho; kungokokuziphatha. Nganoma iliphi isiko elikhulu lenkolo nelezimiso zokuziphatha liqukethe inguquko yoMthetho Wegolide: ukuphathwa kwabanye ngendlela ongabaphatha ngayo. Ngaphakathi, isidingo sokulingana siyisidingo sokuqaphelanakwa − ukugcizelela ukuthi akekho umuntu obalulekile noma ofanelwe inhlonipho ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe, ubufana, isigaba, ikhono, noma isimo esingokokuziphatha. Umbono ongokokuziphatha uye washukumisela abantu abaningi ukuba banikele induduzo, ukulondeka, ngisho nokuphila ekulweleni kobulungisa. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zekhulu lama-21=clitha, ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe ngenxa yokulingana kwabo, isigaba, isigaba, isigaba, ikhono, noma isithunzi. Isisekelo esikhona nje esimele sakhiwe emphakathini wonke.

Ukulingana akusona isipho esinikezwa abantu abanamandla kodwa ilungelo lokubizwa.