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Isisekelo Sokuzimela Ekwahluleleni ERepublic Yomthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sokuzimela kokwahlulela singenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni olinganiselayo. Inqubo lapho izinkantolo zingasho khona izimpikiswano, zichaze imithetho, futhi zibukeze izenzo zamagatsha aphetheyo nawamageji ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela, umusa, noma ukuphazamisa. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ezimele ngempela, umthetho uba isithembiso esiyize, futhi amalungelo ashiywa khona esengozini yokuthatheka kwemibono yezikhulu ezinkulu zezombangazwe noma izikhulu ezinamandla. Ikomiti yezenkolo ezimele ngempela ayisho ukuthi abahluleli abahluleli abangenakuzinqumela; kunalokho, isho ukuthi izinqumo zabo ziqondiswa umthetho, umthetho wemithetho, namaqiniso endaba ngayinye, hhayi ukucindezela kwangaphandle noma isithakazelo somuntu siqu.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo zokuzimela kokwahlulela, ukuziphendukela kwayo okungokomlando, izimiso eziqinile ezikusekelayo, izinsongo eziphikelelayo ezibhekene nazo, nendima ebalulekile ezinayo ekulondolozeni inkululeko, ukulingana, nokulandisa kohulumeni.

Izingozi Ezingaqondakali: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokubusa KoMthetho

Umqondo wokuzimela ngokwahlulelwa usekelwe ngokujulile emfundisweni yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, eyaziwa kakhulu nguMontesquieu emsebenzini wakhe we-1748 Umoya woMthetho [. UMontesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi ukuvimbela ubushiqela, umthetho womthetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela kahulumeni kumelwe igcinwe ihlukile. I-judicary, njengoba iyigatsha elibuthakathaka kakhulu, idinga isivikelo esikhethekile ukuze imelane nokugxabhazwa amagatsha ezombangazwe anamandla kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlukana kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa ongenza, asebenze, asebenze, futhi achaze umthetho ngokunganaki.

Okuhlobene kakhulu nesimiso somthetho, esithi bonke abantu, izinhlangano, kanye nezinhlangano, − kuhlanganisa nohulumeni ngokwawo nomthwalo wemfanelo emithethweni emenyezelwa obala, ephoqelelwe, futhi ebekwe ngokuzimele. I-judicary engacindezelwa noma isuswe umphathi wezomthetho ayinakuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uzakusetshenziswa njalo. Kunalokho, uba yithuluzi lalabo abaphethe. Njengesazi esingokomthetho iTom Ginsburg iye yabhala[[, amandla okuzimela ngokwahlulelela ayisona isici esiqinile sokuzinzisahlulele sezwe esiqinile sokuzinziswa kwentando yeningi nokukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngokumelene nomthetho. Ukulandisa

Enye yezimpikiswano ezicatshangelwe kakhulu emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzimela nokuziphendulela. Nakuba amajaji kumele akhululeke ethonyeni elingafanele, awanakubalwa ngokuphelele. Umahluleli ovikelekile kunoma yimuphi umqondisi angase athathe noma onakele. Inselele ikhona ekuklameni izimiso zokulandisa okubonisa ukulandisa, njengokuhlelwa okusekelwe ekuboneni, neziqondiso zezimiso ezihloniphekile ezingakululazi ukuzimela. Ngokufanelekile, abahluleli banecala emthethweni nasezindinganisweni ezingochwepheshe, hhayi eziqondiswe ngokwezombangazwe noma emphakathini.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando: Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile

Umzabalazo wokuzibusa ngokwahlulela unomlando omude nowohlu lwezenzakalo, ophawuleka ngezenzakalo eziphawulekayo ezalolonga izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Ikaningi kucashunwa njengencwadi eyisisekelo sokubusa umthetho, uMagna Carta waqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho. UClaus 39 wamemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongazibopha noma aphucwe amalungelo akhe "ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Lesi simiso sabeka isisekelo sokungakhethi, nakuba kwakuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuze kuvele ukuzimela kweqiniso.

Isinyathelo Sokuhlala Emakhaya (ngo - 1701) eNgilandi

Lesenzo sasiyinkathi yokushintsha. Saqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji ayengaba nesikhundla phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, kunokuba athathe injabulo yenkosi, nokuthi amaholo awo abekwe ngokomthetho. Lezisivikelo zazisho ukuthi umahluleli wayengenakususwa ngenxa yokukhipha isinqumo uHulumeni angathandi. UMthetho wokuTsilela waba yisibonelo somthetho-mthetho wamuva, kuhlanganise nese-United States.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Lelicala eliphawulekayo leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. lamisa amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, qhawe lezinkantolo lokushaya imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall wagomela ngokuthi "kuyisifundazwe esigcizelelayo nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini"" ngaphandle kwejaji elizimele, lombuso ubungeke ube nesizathu. Isinqumo ngokwaso sasiwukuthatha isinyathelo sezombangazwe esiphambili, simisa igunya lokwahlulela ngaphandle kokubekela igatsha lesikhulu inselele ngendlela eyayingabangela inhlekelele.

Ukuqulwa Kwezimo ZaseNuremberg (1945-1946)

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, umphakathi wezizwe zonke waqaphela isidingo sezinkantolo ezizimele ukuba zigcine ngisho nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphakeme kakhulu zinecala lonya. Icala laseNuremberg laveza ukuthi abantu bangamangalelwa ngenxa yobugebengu obungabo, ngisho noma lezozenzo zigunyazwe umthetho wasekhaya. Lokhu kwagcizelela umqondo wokuthi kumelwe kunikezwe inkantolo ezingakhethi [, hhayi izinkantolo zezombangazwe ezithembekile kuhulumeni.

Imishini Evikela Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela

Ukuze ihluleli lisebenze kahle, kumelwe livikelwe ethonyeni langaphandle kokubili ngokwakha nangemiklamo. Lezi zinqubo ziyahlukahluka ezimisweni zomthetho kodwa zihlanganyela izinhloso ezifanayo.

Ukulondeka

Abahluleli kumelwe bakwazi ukukhonza ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuxoshwa okungenangqondo. Imibuso eminingi ethuthukisiwe yentando yeningi inikeza amajaji ukuphila noma izimfuneko ezimisiwe isikhathi eside, ezisuswayo kuphela ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu ngenqubo eqinile.

Ukuzimela Ngokwezimali

Ijaji elizimele lidinga imali eyanele nengaguquguquki. Uma umphathi wendlu yomthetho noma isishaya-mthetho enganciphisa uhlelo lwemali yenkantolo lokuphindisela izinqumo ezingezinhle, lolo hlobo lokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Imithetho eminingi inikeza amaholo okwahlulela angenakuncishiswa phakathi nenkathi yokwahlulela, kanye nemali yenkantolo ehlelwa yijaji ngokwalo noma evikelwe umthetho.

Ukumiswa Nokugqugquzelwa Okusekelwe Kuyi - marit

Inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli kufanele igcizelele izimfanelo, okuhlangenwe nakho, nobuqotho kulokhu kwethembeka kwezombangazwe. Izimiso ziyahluka-hluka (kusukela esibonelweni sokufakwa kwe-presidential neSigele sase-U.S. sokugunyaza imikhandlu yokwahlulela esetshenziswa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu) kodwa umgomo ufana: ukukhetha abazowusebenzisa umthetho ngokungakhethi. Izimiso ezibonisa ngokucacile kanye nosizo olungekho kwesigaba.

Ukuzisebenzela Kwezisebenzi

Kwamanye amazwe, umkhandlu wokwahlulela noma umahluleli omkhulu uphatha izinqubo zenkantolo, uvikela abahluleli ekuphazanyisweni yigatsha eliphethe ezinqumweni zokuthi yiziphi izinqumo ezizwakalayo noma ukuthi zihlelwe kanjani.

Imithetho Eyisisekelo Nemizimba Enezifundiso

Ukuze bavimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwenkululeko, abahluleli baboshelwa imithetho eqinile yokuziphatha. Izindikimba ezifundisayo ezakhiwa amajaji akanye nawo futhi ngezinye izikhathi amalungu angaphandle ziphenya izinsolo zobandlululo, ukonakala, noma ukuziphatha okubi.

Izinsongo Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Isahlulelo Namuhla

Naphezu kokuqaphela kabanzi ukubaluleka kwayo, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo nezibhebhethekisayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlangana Kwezombangazwe Nokunqwabelana Kwenkantolo

Abezombangazwe bangazama ukuthonya izinqumo zokwahlulela ngokumisa abaqotho, besongela amajaji ahlukene, noma bahlele izinkantolo. Igama elithi "umthetho" libhekisela emizamweni yokwandisa izihlalo enkantolo ukuze banciphise ithonya labahluleli abakhona futhi balifake emanxuseni. Lelisu liye lasetshenziswa emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise nemizamo yamuva ePoland nase-United States.

Ukucindezela Kokusebenzisa Imali

Ngisho nalapho amaholo okwahlulela evikelwe khona, ukuncishiswa kwemali kungalimaza ijaji. Imithombo enele iholela emacaleni amakhulu, ezisekelweni eziphansi, nasekuziphatheni okuphansi. Uma umphathi engabulala izinkantolo zezimali, kunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ikhono labo lokuhlola amandla kahulumeni.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokuhlaselwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Abahluleli bavame ukuhlolwa kakhulu futhi bagxekwe, ikakhulukazi ezicabeni eziphezulu. Nakuba ukukhulumela komphakathi kungokomthetho embusweni wentando yeningi, imikhankaso ehlangene ukuze kuhlaziywe amajaji − ukuwabeka ngokwamagama "amanani" noma "ukungawacunuli" kuqeda ukuthemba umphakathi futhi kwakhe isimo lapho amajaji esaba ukukhipha izinqumo ezingathandwa.

Ukwesaba Nobudlova

Uma amajaji ebusa amacala ahilela ubugebengu obuhleliwe, ubuphekula noma ukonakala kwezombangazwe, kuyingozi enkulu. Izinkonzo zokuvikela nokunikeza ubufakazi bubalulekile kodwa akudingekile ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ukubhidliza Izinkantolo Zezizwe Zonke

Ukudonsa amalungu ezombusazwe, ukusongelwa ngezijeziso, nokwenqaba ukubambisana kusetshenziswa ukuze kukhinyabeze ukulandisa ngobugebengu bempi nokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuqhathaniswayo

Ukuhlola indlela amazwe ahlukene asingatha ngayo ukuzimela kokwahlulela kwembula kokubili impumelelo nezindaba eziyisixwayiso.

United States

Ijaji likahulumeni u-U.S. lingomunye wezemfundo ezimele kakhulu emhlabeni, nesivikelo sokuphila neholo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umphakathi waseMelika, ekubulaleni ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] [ukusekela amalungelo okuzala [FLT] [i-O] [i-Rolice v. [[FLT]][12773]]) futhi kamuva igumbuqele [nge] ku-[FLT] [iright] iNhlangano yezempilo [FOLD][FOLD:] [25].[5] [2], kodwa i-plotizenzilective procencessionsssss provicences provicessss providiantssssssssssssssss providiant, i-ooooooomk

EJalimane

INkantolo ye-Federal Constitutional ijabulela ukuzimela okuqinile nokwethenjwa umphakathi. Amajaji ayo akhethwa ngama-odoli amakhulu ephalamende, asebenzisa amagama angavuselelwayo iminyaka engu-12. Inkantolo inamandla amakhulu okuhlola umthetho-sisekelo futhi iye yawavikela ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo abantu ngabanye nezimiso zentando yeningi. Lesimiso sihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa okusobala kwezinkantolo ezivamile nomthetho-sisekelo, ukunciphisa ukuhlangana okungadala ukungezwani kwezombangazwe.

Poland

IPoland inikeza isibonelo esinzima sokuphambuka kwentando yeningi ngokuhlasela kwenkululeko yokwahlulela. Kusukela ngo-2015, iqembu elibusayo liye lafaka imithetho evumela uhulumeni ukuba ulawule ukumiswa nokukhuzwa kwamajaji. I-European Union iye yazilahla ngokuphindaphindiwe lezi zinyathelo futhi yazigodlela izimali, kodwa isimo sihlala sibuthakathaka. Icala lasePoland libonisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho asisanele uma izombangazwe zithanda futhi zisekela umphakathi ukuba uqedwe.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo yaseNingizimu Afrika iye yaba yisivumo esibonisa ithemba, ikhipha imithetho ephawulekayo emalungelo ezenhlalo, ukulingana, nokulandisa kukahulumeni. Abahluleli bayo bamiswa ngenqubo esobala ehilela ikhomishane yenkonzo yokwahlulela. Inkantolo iye yasekela ukuzibusa kwayo ngisho nalapho ibusa izibalo zezombangazwe ezinamandla. Nokho, ibhekene nezinselele ngenxa yokuntula imithombo yemali kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezombangazwe ngezikhathi ezithile.

Izinzuzo Zesigebengu Esizimele

Ijaji elizimele alisona isiphetho ngokwalo; lifeza imigomo ebanzi yobulungisa, inkululeko, nokuzinza.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Izinkantolo ziwuhlu lokugcina lokuvikela abantu abanamalungelo asongelwa umbuso noma abadlali abanamandla bomuntu siqu.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa Nawokushaya Icala

Uma ihluleli lingasakwazi ukwenqaba, amanye amagatsha kahulumeni angathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokujeziswa.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokutshala Imali Kwakwamanye Amazwe

Kulindelekile, ukugcinwa ngokungakhethi kwezivumelwano namalungelo empahla kubalulekile emkhakheni wezentengiselwano. Abatshali bezimali emhlabeni wonke basengozini enkulu yokutshala imali emazweni lapho bazi khona ukuthi izingxabano zizakuxazululwa kahle izinkantolo ezizimele. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi umthetho oqinile uneziphakamiso zeGDP nge-GDP .

Ithemba Lomphakathi Nokuthula Komphakathi

Lapho abantu bekholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zilungile, cishe bayokwamukela imiphumela emibi futhi baxazulule izimpikiswano ngezindlela ezingokomthetho kunokuba babe nobudlova noma inkohlakalo. Lokhu ngokomthetho kubalulekile ekulweleni ukubambisana kwezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene noma yangemva kwesivumelwano.

Ukulondoloza Amalungelo Amancane

Izinkantolo ezizimele zingaba nonya. zivikela amaqembu angathandwayo ekucwaseni futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo awo angokomthetho ayahlonishwa.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Yokwahlulela: Izinguquko Ezingathatha Isinyathelo

Ukuvikela nokwandisa inkululeko yokwahlulela kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nentuthuko engokwezinhlangano.

Ukuxhasa Okulondekile Nokubonisa Ngalé

Ijaji kufanele libe nemali yalo siqu, enqunywe uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho noma umkhandlu wokwahlulela, lingazithobeli ekuthengiseni kwezombangazwe kwaminyaka yonke. Imali kumelwe yabelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwanele kwazisebenzi, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezindawo zenkantolo.

Ukumisa Kokwahlulela Okushintshayo

Izinqubo zokukhetha kufanele zifanele ithonya elingcono kakhulu futhi zinciphise ithonya labashokobezi. Izinketho zihlanganisa izikhomishane zokwahlulela ezizimele ezinezikhombo ezibanzi, izimfuneko eziphambili zokuqinisekisa, namagama angavuselelwa ukuvimbela amajaji ekufuneni umusa ukuze aphinde aqaliswe.

Ukuthuthukisa Imfundo Nezimiso Zokwahlulela

Abahluleli kufanele baqhubeke beqeqeshwa ngokuziphatha, ukungakhethi, nokulawula ukucindezela kwangaphandle. Izimiso ezicacile zokuziphatha kanye nezimiso eziqinile kodwa ezilungile zokweluleka zisiza ekugcineni ubuqotho ngaphandle kokuzimela okuhlasimulisayo.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wezindaba

Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde ukuthi kungani izindaba zokuzimela kokwahlulela kufanele zihlanganise indima yezinkantolo embusweni wentando yeningi. Izimemezelo zezindaba kufanele zibike izinqumo zenkantolo ngokunembile futhi zigweme ukuthatheka okululaza ukwethemba komphakathi.

Ukubambisana Nokucindezela Komhlaba Wonke

Amaqumrhu ezizwe zonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, uMkhandlu waseYurophu, ne-African Union angafeza indima ngokuhlola ukukhululeka kokwahlulela nokusebenzisa ukucindezela kwezokuxhumana noma kwezomnotho kohulumeni abahlasela izinkantolo zabo. Inhlangano yezizwe zonke yabaqondisi jurists [[[FLT: 1] inikeza iziqondiso nezokuzilawula.

Isiphetho: Umgadi Oqhubekayo

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela akusona isimo esikhona kodwa isimo esinamandla okumelwe sivikelwe futhi silondolozwe kuzo zonke izizukulwane. Yisimemezeli esiqapha uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo, umkhomi oqinisekisa umdlalo wezombangazwe udlalwa ngemithetho, futhi isihlangu esivikela abasengozini kwabanamandla. Ngaphandle kwayo, umthetho-sisekelo owenziwe ngokucophelela kakhulu uba incwadi engasasebenzi, futhi isithembiso sobulungisa siba yisithakazelo.

Izinhlangano eziyazisa inkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nokubusa komthetho kumelwe zifake imali ekwakheni nasekusekeleni izikhulu ezizimele ezisekela ikomiti elawulayo. Lokhu akusho nje ukumisa isivikelo esingokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa isiko lezombangazwe elihlonipha izinqumo zokwahlulela, ngisho nalapho ziphikisana. Impilo yedemokrasi ingalinganiswa ngamandla ezinkantolo zayo futhi ngokuzimisela kwabantu bayo ukuzivikela.