Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zengxabano: Izinkinga

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kwe-Northern Ireland Assembly, kumelwe aqale aqonde ingxabano ejulile eyaba khona eklanyelwe ukuyixazulula. Izinkinga, inkathi yombuso wezwe, imibono, nobudlova bamahlelo okwathatha iminyaka eminingi kusukela ekupheleni kuka-1960 kuya ku-Good Wesihlanu Agreement ka-1998, yabulala ukuphila kwabantu abangu - 3 500 futhi yashiya ifa lenhlekelele. Impi yamazwe amaningi obuProthestani obuProthestani, eyayifuna iNyakatho ye-Ireland ukuba ihlale iyingxenye ye - United Kingdom, ngokumelene neningi kwamaKatolika ashisekela ubuzwe, afuna ukuhlanganiswa kwesizwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe, ukucwa kwezikhungo zezomnotho, ukucwa kwezindlu nokucwaswa kwezindawo ezikhungemthetho, nokushiswa amashumi eminyaka embubhishobhisi ye-Rrish Republicn Republic (IRA) kanye nebutho elithembekile lempi eBrithani.

Imizamo yokufinyelela ukuhlalisana kwezombangazwe yaqala ngobuqotho ngawo-1970 nawo-1980, kodwa yawa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Isivumelwano sobuNgisi sika-1985 sanikeza iRepublic yase-Ireland indima yokuhlola eNyakatho Ireland, kodwa yalahlwa abahlangene. Inqubo yokuthula yavuthwa ngo-1990, iqhutshwa izinkulumo eziyimfihlo, ukuyeka ukudubulana, futhi ukuhola kwezibalo ezifana noJohn Hume, uDavid Trimble, uGerry Adams, noAlbert Reynolds ekugcineni yavunyelwana nge 10 April 1998, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Goverday Agreement (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Bestrian Regreement) kwasayinwa amaNgilandi nohulumeni base-Ireland namaqembu angu-8 ezombangazwe e-Internary.

Isivumelwano sabe sesigunyazwa ama-paredium: 71% abavoti eNyakatho Ireland nangu-94% eRepublic of Ireland bavuma. Lo myalo wentando yeningi wawubalulekile. I-Good Frever Agreement yamisa isakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu: iStrand One yasungula i-Northern Ireland Assembly ne-Irish Conference. Ngakho i-Devolved (uhulumeni we-UK); i-Strand 2 yamisa uMkhandlu weNyakatho-Southal Indurbal ukuze ihlanganise i-Ireland nohulumeni wase-Ireland; ne-Strand Thresh Wesithathu yadala i-British-Irish Comminstry ne-Internation. I-Irish Convention ingue. Ngaleyo ndlela isihluthulelo sokubusa kwe-ontath, eklanywe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili indikimba yenhlangano ne-yonke, i-yonke i-yondism i-yond proviternantiversent ihlanganyela kanye ne-yodwa.

Izisekelo Zesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement iyisivumelwano esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinengxenye ehlukene esisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo: ukuvuma, ukuphatha amandla, amalungelo abantu, nokulingana kwenhlonipho. Isivumelwano sisho ukuthi i-Northern Ireland ihlala iyingxenye ye-UK kuze kube izakhamuzi zayo eziningi zivote ngenye indlela. Isimiso sokuvikela amalungelo abantu nge-European Convention on Human Rights futhi yakha uhulumeni omkhulu wesizwe ohlangene. Isivumelwano sihlanganisa futhi izivumelwano sihlanganisa amalungiselelo amakhulu enguquko yezikhali, ukukhulula izikhali zempi yempi, nokukhulula iziboshwa. Sivikela amalungelo abantu ngenkululeko ye-Nyakatho ne-Northern Ireland eHmplunters yokwabantu futhi sidala i-Nyakathombo yenkululeko yabantu ne-Ecommustry Commus.

Inxanxathela enkulu yisimo esibophayo soMphathi-Mphathi-Mphathi woMbuso wokuqala nosekela uNgqongqoshe bakhethwa yi-Assembly esekelwe eqenjini eliyisiphambano, idinga ukusekelwa yizo zombili izinyunyana nesizwe. Isigaba se-portal falios sinikezwa amaqembu ngokusebenzisa indlela ebophayo ye-dmondt, esekelwe ekwabelweni kwazo ezihlalweni eMhlanganweni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho namaqembu angawinanga izihlalo eziningi atholanga indima kuhulumeni uma ehlangana nomnyango. Inhlangano ngokwayo isebenzisa ingxube yemvume efanayo (iningi yomabili imihlanga neyozwe) futhi ikhululeke kakhulu (inani elina amalungu asemaqenjini angu-40% esimiso ngasinye) ukuze kuvinywe nesinye somthetho, ivimbela noma isiphi esinye isigaba esingundawo esisenwini sawo wonke esisenwini sawo.

I-Actine yamisa futhi isigaba esisha somthetho: "izinqumo eziwuhluphayo" ezidinga ukusekela okuxhumene. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukukhethwa kweScoumer, ukushintsha kwemiyalo emile, kanye nokuvunyelwa kohlelo lokuhlela. Lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukuphoqelela ukuyekethisa nokubambisana. Ukukhishwa kwezikhali zempi yempi kwakuyimpikiswano ephikisanayo, ekugcineni eyafinyelelwa ngo-2005 ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwemikhakha ezimele. I-Picision yashintshwa ngokusungulwa kwe-Pice Service of Northern Ireland (PNTI) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-PPNI, ukumiswa kwemiyandisa kwezikhali zempi zamaKatolika, ukumelelwa nokubekwa kwemikhankatho yezokulandisa.

Imibuso Nemisebenzi Yomhlangano WaseNyakatho Ireland

I-Universe of Northern Ireland Assembly iyi-univaral commission ehlangene ne-90 yamalungu e-Legislative Assembly (MLS), ekhethwe ngevoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV) kusukela kuma-18 aneziphethu ezinhlanu. I-Ongqungquthela inemvume egcwele yokushaya umthetho ku "ukususwa" kwezindaba: ezolimo, imfundo, izinkonzo zezempilo, izindlu, indawo yokuhlala, uhulumeni wendawo, intuthuko yezomnotho, isiko, nomdlalo. Ingenza futhi imithetho ngezindaba "efanelelwayo" (njengemvume yepalementalmestry ne-UK, "ngezindaba zezezenhlalakahle, intela") ezikhona (njengezindaba zezezezizwe, isivikelo, intela) ihlala ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-Westernsternstern.

Umhlangano uhlola umsebenzi woMphathi-Butho ngamakomiti aphethe umthunzi womnyango kahulumeni ngamunye. La makomiti ahlola izikweletu, acabangela isimiso, futhi aphendule izikhonzi. Lomhlangano futhi unezicelo ze-Connet system system, ezivumela noma yimuphi umkhakha wama-ML ukuba ufune ukuvota okudlula i-ML kumthetho ohlongoziwe, uvimbele iningi elivamile ekusekeleni izithakazelo ezimbalwa. Lokhu kuye kwasetshenziswa kaningi ukuvimbela umthetho ophikisanayo, ikakhulukazi emishadwebeni efanayo yokukhipha isisu, kuze kube yilapho kamuva kuphoqelelwa ukuba kwenziwe umthetho waseWestman.

Ngaphandle komthetho, uMhlangano unikeza umphakathi isikhungo sengxoxo yezombangazwe, emelela imibono ehlukene. Uqhuba imibuzo, uhlola ukumiswa komphakathi, kanye nezimpikiswano ezithinta izwe njengemiphumela yeBrexit. Umphathi-Butho (Okhuluma) uqinisekisa ukungakhethi. IKhomishane yoMhlangano ilawula impahla yenhlangano, izisebenzi, futhi ihlele imali. I-Assembly inendima ebudlelwaneni bomhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi ngoMhlangano wePhalamende laseBrithani nemisebenzi ehlangene ne-European Union.

Ukusebenza Kwamandla Enqubo: Umqondisi ophethe

I-Northern Ireland Guide Adminigtive ine-Ofester Yokuqala, isekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala (oyizinhloko zikahulumeni ezihlangene), nezikhonzi zenkonzo eziyishumi ezimiswe yindlela ka-d'Hondt. INkosi Yokuqala nesekela loMphathi Wokuqala bakhethwa kanye ngoMhlangano evoti yesiphambano. Banesikhundla esilinganayo futhi basebenza ndawonye ezinqumweni eziningi, njengokuveza uhlelo lwemali noma izikhonzi ezimisayo. Leli lungiselelo libonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi akukho mphakathi ongabusa omunye.

Isikhulu esiphethe singamiswa kuphela uma amalungu amakhulu ahlangene namazwe evuma ukuhlanganyela. Uma elinye iqembu lihoxa, ukuwa kwalo lonke. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka izikhathi eziningana: inkathi ephawulekayo yokugwetshwa kwenzeka ngo 2000, 2002-20017-2007, futhi muva nje kusuka ku-2020 ehlazweni leRecated Hecentive (RHI). Inhlekelele ngayinye idinga ukuxoxa kakhulu phakathi kohulumeni base-UK no-Ireland ukuze ilungise izinhlangano. Umbuso onamandla, nakuba ungenamandla, uye waphoqelela amaqembu ukuba asebenzisane noma abhekene nomthetho oqondile ovela eLondon, okungathandeki kakhulu.

Izinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali zinzima kakhulu ngoba uMphathi-sisebenzi kumelwe anikeze imithombo eminyangweni yonke kuyilapho egcwalisa yomibili imiphakathi. Ukuntuleka kokuphikisa okungokomthetho kwesibonelo sokuqala kwagxekwa, kodwa i-2022 Eshumini leminyaka Elisha, isivumelwano esisha sokunikeza imvume siqala ukuphikiswa okungokomthetho kwamaqembu akhetha ukungathathi hlangothi ezindima zenkonzo. Lokhu kuye kwavumela ukuba ahlole ngokunenzuzo ngokwengeziwe futhi alandise ngecala lawo.

Imiklamo Yomphakathi Nokusebenzisa Imishini

Njengoba i-ML kumelwe izisho ukuthi iyi-nyunyana, i-socialism, noma enye uma isayina umqulu wamalungu. Lesi sigqebhezana siqhubela isimiso sokuvota esixhumene-commony. Ukuze umthetho udlule njengesinqumo "isihluku," kumelwe yamukele noma yiliphi (a) inani lawo wonke amalungu kanye nenani elikhulu lama-ovalism (imvume) noma (b) okungenani 60% awo wonke amalungu anesilinganiso esingu-40% sesiqu ngasinye (isibalo esikhulu). Lokhu kuphoqamba amaqembu okuzoxoxa ngalé kwengxenye enkulu. Ekwenzeleni, imithetho eminingi idlula kweningi yabantu abavamile, kodwa izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo njengefulegi, imibukiso, imibuthano, nophawu lwamasiko ngokuvamile ibangela imfuneko yesiphambano-commun.

Isimiso sokumisa siye sagxekwa ngokuhlukanisa amahlelo, njengoba i-MLAs iphoqeleka ukuba imemezele ukuthi ingubani umphakathi kunokuba ihlelwe ngokwemibono. Amanye amaqembu, njenge-Alliance Party, aye aphikisana ngokususwa kwayo. Nokho, lesimiso silokhu siyitshena lesivumelwano, sinikeza iqoqo lokuphepha lamaqembu amancane. Izicelo ze-Contents project, ezivumela ama-ML angama-ML ukuba afake ivoti yesiphambano kunoma yiyiphi into, iye yasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni; ngokwesibonelo, i-Didemocratic Union Party (DuP) iyisebenzisa ukuvimbela umshado ofanayo we-expression, kuze kube iminyaka eminingi.

Izinselele Nezinkathazo: Ukuqubuka, Ukuvuselelwa Kwemisebe, Nokubuyiselwa

I-Assembly ibhekene nezinhlekelele eziningi ezikhona. Ukuzilahla kokuqala kwenzeka ngo-May 2000, ngemva nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa izinhlangano zithathe umbuso, ngoba i-IRA yayingakwazanga ukuthumba izikhali. Ngemva kokwehluleka kwe-Mitchell Review, uPeter Mandelson, owayenguNobhala weZwe lase-Northern Ireland, walengisa i-Assembly. Yabuyiselwa ngo-May 2000 ngemva kokuba i-IRA ibophe isibopho sokukhipha imvume. I-IRA yaqala ukuthatha izikhali ezingaphezulu kakhulu kusukela ngo-Octoptory 2002 kuya ku-May 2007, ilandela izikhalo zokuhlanganisa kwe-IRA eSponsont. Phakathi nalesikhathi, i-Northern Ireland yaphinde yabunzwa ngomthetho oqondile kusukela eWestminstern.

I-St Andrews Agreement ka-2006 yavula indlela yokulungisa, ifuna i-Dup ukuba i-UP ithathe amandla alawulayo neSinn Féin ukuze isekele ubupolisa nobulungisa. I-Democratic Unionism Party, eholwa yi-Ian Paisley, neSinn Féin, eholwa yi-Gerry Adams, yavuma ukuhlanganyela amandla, futhi i-Despan Communics yaphinde yahlangana ngo-2007 nePaisley njengeNgqongqoshela Yokuqala noMartin McGuinness njengesekela leNgqongqoshe Yokuqala. Le nkathi yokuzinzinyana yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-January 2017, lapho ihlazo elishayo elinciphileyo elihlangene necala elihilela ukuphatha amandla aluhlaza elibiza amakhulu ezigidini ezibizayo.

Iminyaka emithathu eyalandela yayiyinkathi ende kakhulu ngaphandle kukahulumeni osebenzayo. Ohulumeni base-UK no-Ireland basusa i-Digreede, isivumelwano se-New Approch ngo-January 2020, esabuyisela izinhlangano ngezinguquko eziqinile kuhlanganise nokuphikiswa, ulimi olusha nempahla yempucuko (kuhlanganise isivikelo solimi lwase-Ireland nekhomishane ye-Ulster-Scots), futhi kwashintsha ukunqanda ukuxhashazwa kwe-Anstry. Ingqungquthela yaqala ngo-11 kaJanuwari 202020.

I-Bretit yaphakamisa inselele enkulu eMbusweni we-UK e-U. Ukuhoxa kwe-UK e-Irish kwadala umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland, owafaka engozini yokuphazamisa inqubo yokuthula. I-Roctal yaseNyakatho Ireland, kamuva yathathelwa indawo yi-Windsor Framework, yagcina i-Northern Ireland ihlangene nemithetho eminingi ye-EUC yezenter, ivimbela ukwakhiwa komngcele we-orcococone à nult Seatry. I-Unist, ikakhulukazi i-DUP, yakubona lokhu njengokusongela indawo yaseNyakatho ye-UK futhi ekugcineni yasebenzisa i-Lind of Concembly Coantry, futhi ekugcineni yasebenzisa umfana we-EUPU ukuze ivukele ukubhikiselwa ngemva kobungameli 20222, lapho ivumelana khona ekuhlolweni kwe-'i-Uning.

Kuzo zonke lezi zinkinga, uMhlangano uye wabonakalisa ukuqina. ukuvuselelwa ngakunye kuqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwawo wonke amaqembu – ngisho nalawo aphikisa i-Protocol – ezimisweni ze-Good Wear Ad Regionant. Inhlangano iye yasinda ngoba ayikho enye indlela ethembekile. Ukubusa okuqondile kubhekwa njengokwehluleka kwentando yeningi yendawo, futhi umphakathi uyaqhubeka usekela kakhulu ukukhishwa kwenguquko.

Ithonya Lezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ukukhona koMhlangano kuye kwaba nemiphumela emikhulu kunale zombangazwe. Ukwahlukana koxolo kuye kwaletha ukutshala izimali, ukukhula kwezezohwebo, nentuthuko. Idolobha laseBelfast liye lashintshwa, namahhotela amasha, amathilomu, nezindawo zokudlela, namasiko njenge-Titanic Kartles. I-Guevier yenze imisebenzi emikhulu yezezinkonzo, kuhlanganise ne-A5 ye-Belfast City Airport. Izinguquko zezemfundo, intuthuko yezempilo, nezinhlelo zezindlu zomphakathi zizuzise izakhamuzi ngokuqondile.

Nokho, ukwahlukaniswa kwamahlelo kusagxilile ezindlini, emfundweni nasemphakathini. Cishe izingane ezingamaphesenti angu-90 zifunda izikole (eziningi zamaProthestani) noma ezisezobuKatolika. Izindonga zokuthula zisahlukanisa imiphakathi eBelfast. Umhlangano uye wazama ukuxazulula lezinkinga ngakuwo wonke: Ukwakha icebo loMphakathi weUnited Community nezimali zemisebenzi ye-ommunity. IHhovisi leNShosalm yeNkulumbuso wokuqala nesekela leNkolo Yokuqala lihlela i-Programme ye-Cohesion, i-Canation, ne-Integration.

Umhlangano futhi unikeze umthetho obalulekile wezindaba ngaphambili owawuvinjelwe yi-Ace of Concer, njengomshado oxubile (obekwe ngokomthetho ngo-2020 ngemva kokungenela kweWestminster) kanye nokukhipha isisu (okwamukelwa yiWestminster). Ukuntuleka kweSikhundla sokuphatha isikhathi eside kwasho ukuthi izimpikiswano eziningi zezenhlalo zashiywa zingaxazululiwe, kodwa lapho sezibuyiselwe, i-Assembly iye yabonisa ukuthi zingathinta izihloko ezibucayi uma kudingekile.

Isimo Samanje Namathemba Esikhathi Esizayo

Kusukela ngo-2025, uMhlangano waseNyakatho Ireland usebenza ngemva kwe-hiatus ethatha isikhathi eside. UMphathi weSisebenzi Wokuqala uMichelle O'N’Nceill (uSin Féin) nesekela loMphathi Wokuqala ngu-Emma Little-Pengelly (uDengelly), ebonisa ukunqoba kweSinn Féin's emlandweni njengeqembu elikhulu kakhulu kunyulo lwama 2022. Umqondisi weSigqebezi ubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu: inkonzo yezempilo exhwalile, izinhlu eziphakeme ezilindile, inhlekelele yezindlu, nezindleko eziqhubekayo zezingcindezi zokuphila. Ifa leNyula zihlala zingapheli, namaqembu ezifuna ukunqoba kakhulu ku-Revice Act (eyadluliswa yi-Westminstern kodwa ibhekene izinselele ezingokomthetho).

I-Windsor Framework kanye ne-2024 "Ukulondoloza i-Union" yenze kwadambisa izikhalo ezithile zobunye, kodwa izingxabano eziyisisekelo ziyaqhubeka. I-Dup isalokhu iqashelisisa noma yikuphi ukuhleleka ngemithetho ye-EU, futhi iSin Féin iyaqhubeka ikhankasela ukuhlolwa komngcele ohlangene we-Ireland. Lo mhlangano uyinkundla lapho lemibono ephikisanayo kumelwe ibuyisane khona. Ikhono layo lokusebenza lixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwawo wonke amaqembu ukusebenza phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-Goond Wearvembre Actriation.

Ukwethembela komphakathi kulezinhlangano akuqinile. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi eNyakatho Ireland baphelelwa ithemba ngokuntengantenga okungapheli kwezombangazwe. Noma kunjalo, i-Convention ilokhu iyiyo kuphela esemthethweni kuhulumeni ohluliwe. Ukuba khona kwayo kuvimbela ukubuyela ekuqondiseni uhulumeni oqondile, futhi, kanye nengozi yobudlova obuvuselelwe. I-Peace Procession ayiphelele; idinga ukulungiswa njalo. I-Convension iyinjini yalowo mphathi wokulungisa, futhi ukusinda kwayo kudingekile ekuthuleni, ukuchuma, kanye nekusasa le-Northern Ireland.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ohlala Njalo

I-Northern Ireland Assembly ayizange ihluleke unomphela. Inkinga ngayinye ihlangane nengxoxo entsha, ngokuvamile ehilela ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland abasebenza njengemibutho. Amandla eNhlangano asekela icebo elinobulungisa, asekelwe ezimisweni zemvume nenhlonipho, abonakala eqinile ngokwaneleyo esimweni sezulu, ukubulala kwezombangazwe, ukubulalana kwezombangazwe, kanye nehlazo elikhulu lomphakathi.

Lomhlangano awuxazululi zonke izigaba ezijulile eNyakatho Ireland. Uyinqubo yokuzilawula, ibangela izingxabano eziphikisanayo zephalamende nohulumeni ohlangene kunokuba ubudlova. Kubantu base-Northern Ireland, uMhlangano unikeza izwi – – elingelula, elikhungathekisayo, elivame ukuphazamisa – kodwa izwi. Uma nje lelozwi lisakhuluma ngawo womabili amasiko, i-Good Wear Recovement izoqhubeka. ISivumelo singesona ifa lokuthula; inqubo yokuthula yansuku zonke.

“Isivumelwano asisona icebo kodwa siyinto, izinhlangano azisona isiphetho kodwa ziyindlela; uMhlangano ukhona lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi onzima wokubuyisana nemiphakathi emibili, namasiko amabili, nezinhloso ezimbili.”

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-website e-Northern Ireland Assembly , Umbhalo wesivumelwano weBelth [, bese uhlola ku-[[FLT:] izikhathi ze-IIIIIIsh ku-[ Inqolobane ye-Proviation [].

Ikusasa lizohlola futhi umhlangano – nokuhlola komngcele, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nefa le-Bretit. Kodwa uma umlando uyisiqondiso, izinhlangano ziyozivumelanisa nesisekelo senqubo yokuthula. I-Northern Ireland Assembly ilokhu iyisisekelo senqubo yokuthula, isiqinisekiso sokuthi kungenzeka yini uma ukuhola kwezombangazwe kukhetha amandla alawulayo awenziwa ukuba alawule umfutho wamandla, futhi lapho imiphakathi ikhetha ukwakha ikusasa elifanayo.