Isingeniso: Uphawu Lwenhlalakahle Yomphakathi

I-National Food Security Act (NFSA) yaqanjwa ngo-September 2013, imelela elinye lamanyathelo enhlalakahle engokwenhlalo ethandwa kakhulu emlandweni waseNdiya. Ngokuqinisekisa ngokomthetho ukuthi ukudla okudla okungaphelele kuya kubantu abacishe babe izigidi ezingu-80, lesi senzo saguqula ilungelo lokudla kusukela ekufuneni ukudla okungokomthetho kwaba ukunikezwa okufanelekile. Lo mthetho wakha amashumi eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho okuhambisana neNkathi Yokwandiswa Komphakathi (PDS) futhi usabela ezinkingeni ezingapheli zendlala nokungondleki eziye zaphazamisa intuthuko yaseNdiya. I-FONSA ayisona nje isimiso sokusakaza ukudla; iyisimiso esibanzi esihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kokudla ezingxenyeni ezisengozini kakhulu zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nabesifazane, izingane, nasebekhulile.

Ukubaluleka kwalesisenzo kudlulela ngalé kokukhululeka ngokushesha kwendlala. Lesi sihloko siphawula ukushintsha endleleni isifundazwe saseNdiya esithatha ngayo isivikelo sezenhlalo − ukusuka enhlalakahleni elawulayo kuya ekugunyazisweni ngokomthetho. Ngokunikeza imvume, i-NFSA inika izakhamuzi amandla okufuna ukulandisa futhi sisungule izinqubo zokuhlelela ukuvuselelwa kwezenqubo. Lesi sihloko sihlola isizinda salesisenzo, amalungiselelo ayisisekelo, ithonya lesimiso, izinselele, kanye necebo lesikhathi esizayo, sinikeza ukuchazwa okunzulu kwendima yaso ehlelweni emphakathini yamanje yase-India.

Umlando Ne - rantale

Ukugada Kokudla Kwangaphambi Kwe - NFSA

Ngaphambi kuka-2013, uhlelo lokuphepha lokudla lwaseNdiya lwaluxhomeke ngokuyinhloko eMnyangweni Wokwandiswa Komphakathi (TPDS) owamiswa ngo-1997, owathatha indawo ye-PDS yonke. Nakuba i-TPDS ihloselwe ukugxilisa imali elungiselelwe ukuxhasa izimali ngaphansi kwe-plover (BPL), yahlushwa amaphutha amakhulu, ukuvuza, nokukhishwa kwemikhaya eminingi efanelekayo. Izibalo ezingokomthetho zabonisa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-40 ezinhlalo ezingaphansi kwezingaphucuthi ze-DS azifinyekanga, futhi amazinga okungo okungondleka ahlala ephakeme ngokushaqisayo. Ukuhlolwa kwezempilo yomkhaya (NFHS3, 2005,-06) kwabikwa ukuthi izingane ezingaphansi kwesihlanu zazingango-48] futhi ezigculi kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe ezithiwena.

Ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-20000, ukwehla kwamandla emali kokwehla kokudla kwabhebhethekisa ukuntenga kokudla. Inkinga yokudla yomhlaba wonke ka-2007-08 yabangela izigidi ukuba zibulawe indlala, futhi imithetho yasekhaya yazama ukubhekana nayo. Ngo-2009, [isenzo sokwahlulela] sawufanelekela emkhankasweni wokudla [[, inhlangano yezinhlangano zomphakathi, yafaka isithakazelo somphakathi (PUI) esaholela eNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ikhiphe iziyalezo ezithiwe uhulumeni ukuba uvimbele ukufa ngendlala. Le komiti yokwahlulela yabeka isisekelo sesethulo se-National Food Security Bill Bill ngo-2011.

UGenesise Ongokomthetho Nesivumelwano Sezombangazwe

INFUSA yabuthelwa uhulumeni we-United Ercetic Alliance (UPUDA) ngaphansi koNdunankulu uManmohan Singh, idweba kakhulu ngokutuswa kwe- Nationalal Advisory Council (NAC), ebekwe isihlalo nguSonia Gandhi. Imali yabhekana nempikiswano enkulu yephalamende, ngokukhathalela izindleko zemali, ukugcwalisa isikhundla, nokungahlanganisela ukukhiqizwa kwezezolimo. INhlangano ye-Out of India (FCI)[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] nohulumeni baveza izimpikiswano ezinkulu ngemali nangezindawo zokusakaza. Noma kunjalo, isenzo sadluliselwa ngokusekela seduze kwezindawo ezingokondlalwayo zomthetho, ibonisa ukuhlelelwa kwezimiso zezombangazwe zezombangazwe.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho Wokuphepha Kokudla Wesizwe

Ukukhishwa Kwayo Neziqu Zayo

INFSA inikeza ilungelo elingokomthetho lokwamukela ukudla okungadlalwa nge-PDS. Ihlanganisa kakhulu: 75% yabantu basemaphandleni namaphesenti angu-50 abantu basemadolobheni, ingqikithi ecishe ibe amaphesenti angu-67 omphakathi wezwe. I-Beneficies ibekwa ngamaqembu amabili:

  • Izindlu eziphambili (PH): Ihlobanisa amakhilogremu amahlanu okudla umuntu ngamunye ngenyanga ngenani eliphansi kakhulu ($3] ikhilogremu lelayisi, 762 ngekhilogremu ngalinye likakolweni, kanti 761 ngekhilogremu lokusanhlamvu okumahhadla.
  • [[NT:0] Imikhaya e-Antoya Anna Yoya (AAY)[: Abampofu abampofu kakhulu, abathola amakhilogremu angu-35 okudla ngenyanga ngamanani afanayo.

Lemali ayizange ishintshe kusukela lapho lesisenzo sisetshenziswa, naphezu kokwehla kwamandla emali, okwenza ukuba lokhu kungabi nangqondo kube okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe.

Ukusekela Ukudla Kwabesifazane Nezingane

Iqaphela ukuthi ukulondeka kokudla kukodwa akwanele, iNFSA ihlanganisa amalungiselelo akhethekile okondleka komama nokwengane:

  • [[NT] I-Prot:0] i-Prophant kanye nokukhipha abesifazane : Ibhekisele enzuzoni yokubeletha engaphansi kuka-76,000, ekhokhelwa ngokwengxenye, ukusekela izidingo zokondleka phakathi nokukhulelwa nezinyanga eziyisithupha ngemva kokubeletha.
  • Izingane ezineminyaka emithandathu ukuya kwengu-14 : zahlotshaniswa nokudla okukhululekile okunomsoco nge Mid-D Day Id Sid Study (ukudla kwesikole) kanye [[FLT]] ne[FLT] Izenkonzo zezentuthuko yezingane (ICDS) (izikhungo ze-adi).
  • Ezinye izindlela zokondleka ziveza ukuthi ukudla kumelwe kunikeze izingane ezineminyaka engu - 6 kuya kwengu - 14 okungenani ama - kilojoule angu - 500 namagremu angu - 15 amaprotheni.

La malungiselelo ahlose ukuqeda umjikelezo ophakathi kokungondleki ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi omama nezingane ezincane bathola ukudla okwanele phakathi namafasitela abucayi okukhula.

Imishini Esunguliwe Yokulandisa

Ukuze iqikelele ilungelo elingokomthetho, iNFSA imisa izindawo eziningana zokuvikela:

  • State Food Commissions: Zonke izifundazwe kumele zimise i- State Food Commission ukuze zihlole ukumiswa komsebenzi, zihlole izikhalo, futhi zelule uhulumeni.
  • Izikhulu ze-Giievance Redresal [: Ezingeni lesigodi, izikhulu zimiswa ukuba zikhulumele izikhalo ngokulahla, ukonakala, noma izinga eliphezulu.
  • Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwenani lama-intshi: Ukugadwa okusekelwe emphakathini ngokuhlola umphakathi kukhuthazwa ukuba kwandise ukubonakala nokulandisa kwendawo.

Lezi zinqubo zimelela ukushintshwa okukhulu ezimisweni zangaphambili ezazingenazo izikhalo ezingokomthetho, ezinikeza abazuzayo amandla okufuna amalungelo azo.

Ithonya Kumthetho WamaNdiya Nokubusa

Isihloko Esingokomthetho Njengomshintshi Womdlalo

Ithonya elinamandla kakhulu leNFSA ukuguqulwa kokhuseleko lokudla kusuka emgomweni wenkambiso kuya elungelweni elingokomthetho. Izakhamuzi manje zingaya ezinkantolo uma zingemukelwa ilungelo lazo. Lokhu kuye kwaphoqelela ohulumeni bamazwe ukuba bahlele kabusha izinguquko ze-PDS, bandise izimali ezihlelwayo, bathuthukise nezindawo zokunikeza amaketanga. Lesi senzo futhi sinikeza uhlelo lwe-panel ye- National Food Security Act (NFLA) On Portal[ kanye ne- elungele iPostry pool , lapho izakhamuzi zingalandela khona amakhadi azo okuhlukanisa nokukhononda.

Uhlelo lomthetho luye lwashukumisela izimo ukuba ziqale kabusha. Ngokwesibonelo, Chattisgarh yasebenzisa inguquko ye-PDS ephumelela kakhulu eyanciphisa ukuvuza ngokwemitapo ebhalwe ngemitapo kanye nokwethula i-biometric ukuqinisekisa. Tamil Nadu[ kanye ne-PRADEsh[FLT] i-PDS] igcine i-PDS i-partfix esendaweni yonke, ehambisana nomoya we-NFUSA, ovumelanayo ngisho noma isenzo ngokwaso sikhona.

Ukuzinikela Kwemali Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo

INFSA ithatha uhulumeni omkhulu kakhulu. Imali yokudla engaphansi kakhulu iye yakhula kusukela kunyaka ka 761,20 000 e-crore ngo-2013 kuya ku-1914 engaphezulu kuka-76,40 000 eminyakeni yamuva, izibalo ziveza cishe iphesenti elilodwa le-GDP. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindleko zokuqoqa izikhwebu kubalimi ngenani elilinganiselwe lokusekela (MSP), indawo yokugcina impahla, nokusakaza. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi izixuku ezingaphansi kwemali engokwenhlalo, abasekeli ukuthi ukutshala ukudla kudingekile ekuthuthukiseni inhlokomo yezimali zomphakathi.

Isenzo futhi sithuthukisa iminikelo yabo elinganayo, okuholela ekusebenziseni ukudla okungcono kakhulu kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. World Bank umbiko (2018) waphawula ukuthi uhlelo lokudla oluncane lwaseNdiya, uma luhlangene ne-ICDS kanye nesidlo saphakathi, lufinyelela abantu abaningi kunanoma yiliphi elinye inetha lokuphepha kwezenhlalo ezweni elandayo.

Ukuhambisana Nemigomo Ephumelelayo (SDGs)

INFSA inengxenye ngokuqondile kumaningana Aspecial Development Activeivement Atromatic common , ikakhulukazi SDG 2 (Indlala), SDG 1 (Ayikho Ubumpofu), ne SDG 3 (Impilo enhle nenhlalo). Ukuzimisela kweNdiya ukunikezwa amalungelo angokomthetho kuyenza ibe umholi wembulunga yonke ekulondekeni kokudla okulawulwa, futhi ikwazi ukugcwalisa izinselele. Isenzo sibuye sihambisane ne-Controtion (Posan Abiyan-yaan) eqalwe ngo-2018, ehlose ukunciphisa ukudla, ngaphansi kwe-actritial, kanye ne-amiamia.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

I - “lacage ” Ne - Diversion

Naphezu kokuvikelwa okungokomthetho, i-NFSA iyaqhubeka ihlukunyezwa ukuvuza okukhulu. 2015 umbiko we Comptroller and Piquitor General [CAG)] uthola ukuthi cishe u 24% wezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-FOLT awufiki kubantu ngenxa yamakhadi okuthola isilinganiso, inkohlakalo, nokunganyaniseki phakathi nezokuthutha. Nakuba ukufakwa kwe-digita kanye nokuqinisekiswa okusekelwe ku-Aadhaar kuye kwanciphisa ukulahleka, inkinga iyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ngezimiso ezibuthakathaka.

  • I-card qinisekisa: Abanamakhadi aphindwe kane noma abangafundeki bahlala benenkinga naphezu kwemizamo yokususa ukwaziswa.
  • [ Intengiso emnyama : Abanye abahwebi baphambukisa iziqephu ezifuyiwe ezithengiswe ngaphandle ukuze bathole inzuzo.

Amaphutha Okuqeda Imizwelo

Inqubo ye-NFSA ehlaselayo incike kuyi-Socio-Economic ne-Caste Census (SEC) 2011 imininingwane, manje eneminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ikhona. Imikhaya eminingi efanelekayo iye yakhishwa ngaphandle ngoba ihlelwe kabi njengempofu. INITI Ayog itusa ukuhlaziya ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa amazwe ambalwa aqhube ukubukeza. Leliphutha lilulaza injongo yalesenzo.

Ukugcina Nezinto Eziklanywe Kakhulu

I-Food Corporation of India (FCI) ngokuvamile ibhekene nezithiyo zokugcina, eziholela ekuboleni okusanhlamvu obala. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo ye-Punjab ne-Haryana yathatha i-suo motu iviviva ukugcinwa kwamabele amakhulu alele ngaphandle ePunjab, ibangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu. I-NFOSA ikhokhisa indawo ephumelelayo kodwa ifeza izithiyo ngenxa yemali kanye nezithiyo ze-bhulawure.

Impilo Enempilo Ibalulekile

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-NFSA igxile kakhulu ekudleni amacalorie (amabele) kunokudla ama - microtnutrie. Izinhlayiya ezigawulwayo ngokuvamile azinayo izinga eliphansi, (igcwele iprotheni), eswakeme, noma ephansi. Lesi senzo asigunyazi ukuba amabele aqine ngensimbi, izinc, noma i-falic acid, nakuba amanye amazwe eseqalile izinhlelo zokulawula i-athomu lokwaziswa kwemali (i-osecolority). [FLT: 0] I-FOTDIation Resource Centreent Center [[[ ngaphansi kwe-FSAI] abalwelients protes eziqiniswe i-layisi yerayisi eqinileyo e-PDS, kodwa ukutholwa kwe-fCPDS, kodwa ahlala ihamba kancane.

Ukuzinziswa Kwesikhumba

Imali ekhulayo yokudla igcizelela izimali zikahulumeni. Ezinye izazi zezomnotho ziphikisa ngokuthi izihlwele ezidla kakhulu zikhipha izindleko zempilo nemfundo. I-Economic Survey 2021-22 yaqokomisa ukuthi iNdiya ichitha imali eningi kakhulu ekuxhaseni ukudla kunasempilweni, iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside. Nokho, abasekeli baqaphela ukuthi ukulondeka kokudla kungumthwalo ongokomthetho ongenakulahlwa. Indlela engaphambili ingahilela ukuhlasela, ukunciphisa amaphutha okufakwa kuwo, nokusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe ukuze kunciphe izindleko.

Iziyalezo Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuhlanganiswa Nokuhlanganiswa Kwemizwa

Uhulumeni uye wenza intuthuko enkulu ekuxhumanini amakhadi okuthola ukudla nezinombolo ze-Aadhaar kanye nokusebenzisa i- Point of Sale (Pos) ezitolo ezilungile ukuqinisekisa abazuzisi nge-biometrics. Lolu hlelo, olubizwa ngokuthi Inqubo yokuphatha i-Equatity Ellustration System (AGMS), lunciphise ukuvuza ezimweni eziningana. Izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zinganweba i-ProS kuwo wonke amazwe futhi zifake i-gateeply processss angempela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuzingela i-'inquisi.

Isizwe Esinye Ikhadi Lokushaya I - ration (ONORC)

Iqaliswe ngo-2020, i-ONORC ivumela abazuzayo ukuba bathole ukudla okuhlotshiswe ngesihloko sabo kunoma isiphi isitolo esinamanani afanele kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe, besebenzisa ikhadi labo lokuthola impahla elikhona. Lokhu kuzuzisa kakhulu izisebenzi ezifudukayo ezazingakwazi ukungena i-PDS ngaphambili ezizuza kude nezwe lazo. Njengango-2024, i-ONORC ifakwe emazweni angu-36, imboza i-croream engaphezulu kwe-80 abaxhasi bayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezwe lonke kuyodinga ukulawulwa kwe-memosethi ye-mtholazwe lonke.

Izinguquko Ezikhishwe Ngokudla

Ukulungisa izikhala zezinga eliphezulu, uhulumeni ugxila kakhulu ekudleni okuqinile. I-Food Fortification Programme inhloso yokwaba ilayisi eliqinile ePDS nakwamanye amaqhinga. Ngaphansi kwe- Poshan 2.0 [ umsebenzi wokusebenza, uhulumeni uhlela futhi ukuhlanganisa ukulondeka kokudla ngeluleko olunomsocolo nemisebenzi yezempilo. Ukwandisa inzuzo ye-6,000 (kuze kufike manje kufakwe ingxenye ye-ingxenye ye-PLT) nokuqinisekisa ukugutyulwa kwalo emhlabeni wonke kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Esetshenziswayo

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa, uhulumeni ufaka imali e esilo endaweni yokugcina kanye nezimiso zokuphatha indlu yempahla [. IFCI ithathe abadlali abayimfihlo bokwakha i-silos yanamuhla. I-logis ethuthukisiwe, kuhlanganise ne-range engcono ne-annevation, kunganciphisa ukulahleka kwendlela. Ukusetshenziswa kwe- blockchain[ yemikhondo kuxoshwa ngemikhondo yezinhlamvu ezisezweni ezimbalwa.

Izimodeli ze Hybrid: Imali yokudlulisa i-vs. En- Kind

Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ukudluliswa kwemali kungathatha indawo ye-PDS yohlobo oluthile. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imali inikeza abazuzayo ukukhetha futhi inciphisa izindleko zomthetho. [Direct] Dieve Phendue Transve [DBT] abashayeli bezindiza zokudla kwamanye amasimu baye baveza imiphumela exubile. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imali edluliswayo ivikela ekushayweni kwemizwayo futhi iqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlayiso ezinomsoco. I-flumply orgix, ingxenye yemali, izibilibo [1] qhama njengenhlabathi ephakathi.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: INFSA Kuyi - coral Mome

I-NFOSA iphakathi kwezinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu zokuphepha kokudla emhlabeni, izinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu eBrazil (Bolsa Família), e-Mexico (PROSPA) nase-Indonesia. Iyahlanganyela izici ne- Us Us Nolution Conficition Program (SPNP)[[FOLD] ne-CURT] i-Cisternas program kodwa ihlala ihlukile enyangweni yayo engokomthetho nasesigabeni. [[FLT] [FFF][5] [FLT] [5] ucwaningo olufanayolulo: [FFLT] [F] [5] [5] [5]

Isiphetho: Umthetho Ophilayo Onebhizinisi Elingantengantengi

INational Food Security Act ilokhu iyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokwakha i-Indiya isivikelo somphakathi. Ngokuguqula ilungelo lokudla libe ilungelo elingokomthetho, iye yanikeza amakhulu ezigidi zezakhamuzi isivikelo esilula ekulaleni nasekuncipheni. Lesi senzo sinezinguquko zokulawula, izibopho zomthetho, nemishini yokuzimela. Kodwa izinselele zokuvuza, ukukhucululwa kwemilingo nokungadli kahle ziyaqhubeka.

Ingxenye elandelayo yohambo lokuphepha lokudla lwaseNdiya kumelwe igxile ekuvaleni igebe elimisiwe elikhona ($) ukukwazi kwezwe ukuqeda amandla okudla, ubuchwepheshe obungagodli, nokushintsha ilungiselelo elivamile lamacalorie kuya ekulondekeni kokudla okubanzi. Njengoba iNdiya izama ukufinyelela i-SDGs futhi ibe isizwe esithuthukile ngo-2047, iNFSA ngeke yahlulelwe ngenhloso yayo ephambili, kodwa ngekhono layo lokuqeda ukungondleki nokunikeza isithunzi kunoma izakhamuzi.

Izikhombo: Ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngamalungiselelo e-NFS, vakashela i- National Food Security Portal. Ukuhlaziya izinqubo zokudla ezicushiwe, kubhekisela ku- Ikhasi lokuhlola i-Economic ye-Indiya[[[[FLT:]]] [FLT]]. Ukuqhathanisa nezinhlelo zokuvikela ukudla kwembulunga yonke, bona i-World Bank Proviced Protection Apages .[FLT]