Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo sobumongameli singenye yezimpawu ezindala kakhulu eziqhubekayo zegunya eliphethe ezweni lanamuhla lentando yeningi. Abasunguli baseMelika, bethwele emasikweni angokomthetho nangokwenkolo asendulo, umkhuba wokufunga isifungo sokuthatha isikhundla uUnited States ngezinkulungwane zeminyaka. ERiphabliki yamaRoma, ama-consulvers bafunga ukwethembeka ku-republic; eNkathi Yekhulu leminyaka, amamonarchy amisa izifungo zokusekela umthetho nesiko. Abasunguli baseMelika, bedweba umcabango wokukhanyiselwa nomthetho ovamile, bafaka isifungo somongameli ngqo eMthethweni we-sisekelo [FLT:] e-[FLT] II, isiqephu 1. Amagama aqondile asho ukuthi: “Ngiyafunga ngokomthetho (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyoyikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi yoMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngiyovikela i-Genestitual, futhi ngiyo i-Genestristrist, i-United States.

Lombhalo uphawuleka ngokumfushane kwawo kanye nokugxila kwawo eMthethwenikazini kunokuba uthembeke. Ngokungafani nezinye izizwe ezithembisa ukwethembeka kumbusi noma umkhakha, isifungo saseMelika sigxile ekubuseni umthetho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi. Ukufakwa “noma ukuqinisekisa” kwakuyimvume yamabomu kuQuaker namanye amaqembu enkolo ayenqaba ukufunga uNkulunkulu. Lokhu kubonisa isibopho somsunguli sokuzinikela kwenkululeko engokwenkolo. Umthetho oyinhloko we-United States, nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungadingi isikhulu esithile. Emakhulwini eminyaka, umongameli ngamunye osuka kuGeorge Washington kuqhubekela amazwi afanayo, eveza ukuphatha okunamandla okuhlangana kombuso ngamunye owenkolo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando komkhosi wesifungo nakho kuyafundisa. UGeorge Washington wanezela amazwi athi “Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” ngemva kwesifungo, nakuba lokho kungadingeki nguMthetho-sisekelo. Omongameli abaningi abalandelayo baye balandela lelisiko, futhi amagama avame ukufakwa emikhosini yanamuhla. Nokho, amagama ayisisekelo ahlala engashintshi kusukela ngo-1789, agcizelela ukuqina komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Isifungo asisona nje isenzo esibophayo esiphoqelelayo esiphoqelela isibopho somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ukwehluleka ukuthatha isifungo kungenza i-debese-detai. Lesisifungo sigcizelela indima yesisekelo sesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Isihlwathi Njengekhorali Lenguquko Yentando Yeningi

Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla kungomunye wovivinyo olunzima kakhulu lobuqotho benhlangano. Isifungo somongameli siphawula isikhathi esiqondile lapho igunya lidlula ukusuka kwenye imibuso ukuya kwenye. Kubantu baseMelika, lomkhosi uyisiqinisekiso esinamandla sokuthi akukho muntu ongaphezu komthetho futhi ukuthi umholi ungowesikhashana futhi unecala. Isifungo siguqula umncintiswano wezombangazwe ube ukuqhubekela phambili komthetho-mthetho, sikhumbuza wonke amagatsha kahulumeni nomphakathi ukuthi isimiso siyaqhubeka.

Isifungo — esivame ukwenziwa ezinyathelweni ze-Capitol yase-U.S. phambi kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezibukeli kanye nezigidi zezibukeli zethelevishini — sigcizelela umqondo wokuthi umongameli uyisikhundla senkonzo, hhayi impahla yomuntu siqu. Ngokufunga “ukuvikela, nokuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo,” umongameli ozayo ukwamukela obala ukuvinjelwa kwesikhundla. Lesisenzo sokuzithoba obala emthethweni siphambene kakhulu nemibuso ebusayo lapho abaholi bezuza khona ifa noma isigaba sokubusa. Ngakho isifungo siba uphawu lwembulunga yonke lokusekela idemokrasi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zezombangazwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu zezifungo ezibonisa umkhosi wezempi, ijaji, nenkonzo kahulumeni ukuthi ukwethembeka kwabo kukwenzelwa uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi umuntu ophethe isikhundla. Lokhu kuthembeka komthetho-sisekelo kubangela ukusebenza okushelelayo kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Isifungo futhi siyisikhathi lapho amongameli abakhululekileyo begcizelela ukubaluleka koshintsho olunokuthula, ukumisa indlela yokuphatha okulandelayo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa uJohn Adams ushiya indlu emhlophe ngokuzithandela ngemva kokulahlekelwa uThomas Jefferson ngo-1800, futhi muva nje, uGeorge H. Bush incwadi yomusa ayibhalela uBill Clinton. Lezi zenzo zisho ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi izifungo zisho isiphetho segama elilandelayo kanye nesiqalo sesithunzi.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqhosha Okuphakathi Ngomkhuba Womphakathi

Umkhosi wesifungo sobumongameli awuyona nje imfuneko yokuphatha; umkhuba womphakathi ohlanganisa izigidi zezakhamuzi kokuhlangenwe nakho okukodwa. Ukuziqhenya okungokomthetho kukhuthazwa lapho abantu bebona abaholi babo bezithoba ezinkingeni ezifanayo ezibopha wonke uhulumeni. Isifungo sisenza umuntu abe ngumongameli kodwa siphakamise, sidala isikhathi sokucabanga ngokuhlangene ngezindinganiso zesizwe. Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, bebuka ukunikezelwa — kuhlanganise nesifungo — siyisiko elisekela ukuhlobana kwabo nezimiso zokusungula isizwe.

Izikole, amaqembu omphakathi, nemikhaya bavame ukubukela lomkhosi ndawonye, baxoxe ngencazelo yesifungo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yobuzwe. Lokhu kusebenza komphakathi kukhuthaza umuzwa wokuba yilungu futhi ukwazi ukumelelana. Isifungo futhi sinikeza uphawu lokuhlola ukuziphatha komongameli: uma umongameli enza ngezindlela ezibonakala ziphula umoya wesifungo, izakhamuzi nemithombo yezindaba zinezinga elicacile okumelwe zibhekisele kulo. Ngakho isifungo sisebenza njengendinganiso yokulandisa kwezwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, usuku lokunikezelwa luhlanganisa ukugubha, izinkulumo, nemisebenzi yamasiko, konke okukhulisa ukubaluleka okungokomfanekiso kwesifungo. Ukufunga ngokwako kuvame ukuphindaphindwa emikhosini yangasese uma lowo umphakathi ewela ngeSonto, kodwa ukuphindaphinda kwasobala yikho okwenza umbono wesizwe uthakazelise. Ukubona kukamongameli ophethe ngesandla eBhayibhelini (noma kwenye incwadi) — nakuba kungafunwa nguMthetho-sisekelo — kwenezela ungwengwengwezi lwesizo nesiko elihambisana nezakhamuzi eziningi. Lokhu kuhlangana kwezenkolo, nezindawo zomphakathi kwenza isifungo sibe namandla kakhulu okushayela umphakathi.

IOath Njengophawu Lwe - Patriotism Nobunye Besizwe

I-Patriotism ayisona nje isibopho sokuthatha ifulege; kuyisibopho ukuhlanganisa izimiso. Umongameli ubiza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokucacile ngokuthi into yokuvikela, kanjalo echaza ukushisekela izwe laseMelika njengokwethembeka ebuthweni elibukhoneni bomthetho-sisekelo kunokuthembeka ebukweni besizwe, ukuma kwezwe, noma ubuntu. Ezweni elihlukene, isifungo sinikeza isisekelo esivumelanayo esidlula ukungezwani. Uma umongameli efunga ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, uqobo usekela izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisa amaMelika: inkululeko, ukulingana, ukulingana, ubulungisa, nokubusa komthetho.

Izikhathi ezingokomlando zenhlekelele yesizwe ngokuvamile ziqokomisa amandla ahlanganisayo esifungo. Ngokwesibonelo, uAbraham Lincoln wathatha isifungo sakhe sokuqala ngo-1861 njengoba i-Union yayiwohloka, futhi okwesibili ngo-1865 lapho iMpi Yangaphakathi iphela. Kuzo zombili izimo, ukunamathela kwakhe obala esifungweni — ikakhulukazi isibopho sokuvikela i-Union — ukusekela komphakathi futhi wachaza injongo yempi. Ngokufanayo, uFranklin D. Rooselt ka 1933 wafika phakathi nokwehla kweMpi Enkulu, nesiqinisekiso sakhe sokuthi “uyolondoloza, futhi uvikela, futhi uvikela uMthetho-sisekelo” wanikeza izakhamuzi ithemba ekhonweni kahulumeni wokuthatha isinyathelo. Muva nje, ngemva kokuncintisana ngo-202020, ukuphatha ngokuthula kwesifungo esiwuphawu lwesimiso sokuzibusa kwemibuso yentando yentando yeningi.

Isifungo futhi siyisikhathi lapho amongameli bevame ukubiza ubunye besizwe. Kumakheli abo okuvulwa, omongameli abaningi bacela isifungo esicacile ukuba banxuse amaMelika ukuba ahlukanise amahlelo futhi asebenze ndawonye ukuze athole okuhle. Isifungo ngokwaso asidingi ukuhambela okunjalo, kodwa lomkhosi unikeza iqophelo elikhethekile lomyalezo wobunye. Lesisiko esithatha impendulo siqinisa ukuhlobana okungokomfanekiso phakathi kwesifungo nokushisekela izwe.

Izibonelo Zesihlwathi Emlandweni WaseMelika

  • George Washington (1789): Isifungo sokuqala sathathwa kuvulandi weHholo leFederal eNew York City. Washington wanezela: “Ngakho - ke ngisize uNkulunkulu” futhi wangelele iBhayibheli, umise isibonelo esisalokhu sinethonya. Lomzuzu wamisa isifungo njengesenzakalo somphakathi, esingathi sína.
  • uAbraham Lincoln (1865): Isiqalo sakhe sesibili, esakhishwa lapho iMpi Yombango iphela, singesinye sezezedume kakhulu. ULincoln wasebenzisa lesi senzakalo ukukhuluma “ngesisodwa” kanye“ nesifungo kubo bonke,” sihlanganisa ngokuqondile isifungo sokubuyisana kwesizwe.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933): Ekujuleni kokwehla Kwezomnotho okukhulu, isifungo se-Roosevelt esiqinisekile nesimemezelo sakhe sokuthi “eyona nto okuwukuphela kwento okumelwe sesabe ukuthi yesatshwa yiyo ngokwayo” yabuyisela ukuqiniseka komphakathi.
  • uJohn F. Kennedy (1961): uKennedy walandelwa ukunxusa kwakhe okubonisa umfanekiso ukuba “angakuceli ukuthi izwe lakini lingakwenzelani — buza ukuthi yini ongayenza ezweni lakini,” ufaka isakhamuzi njengesibopho esikhuthele.
  • Ronald Reagan (1981): Lomkhosi wayiswa eNtshonalanga Front yeCapitol ngokokuqala ngqá, ufanekisela inkululeko entsha. Ikheli likaReagan lagcizelela uhulumeni olinganiselwe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.
  • Barack Obama (2009): Isixuku esikhulu eSikhungweni sesizwe sabonisa isimo esingokomlando sikamongameli wokuqala wase-Afrika-Melika ofungayo. Lomkhosi waqokomisa intuthuko eqondene nezinhloso zokusungula.
  • Joseph R. Biden (2021): ithathwe phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 nangemva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol ka-January 6, isifungo sasiyinkulumo enamandla yokuzinzisa komthetho-sisekelo nokuqhubekeka kwentando yeningi.

Ngasinye salezi zibonelo sibonisa indlela isifungo esisebenza ngayo kokubili njengozibophezele komuntu siqu nenkathi yesizwe.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Umongameli Oyinqaba Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba isifungo sobumongameli wase-U.S. singesinye sezezidume kakhulu, ezinye izizwe eziningi zinemikhosi efanayo ebonakalisa iziyalezo zazo eziyingqayizivele zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli waseFrance ufunga isifungo sokuhlonipha uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nobuqotho bendawo yeRepublic. Umongameli waseNdiya uthatha isifungo esifanayo sokuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. EUnited Kingdom, inkosi ifunga isifungo sokubuswa ukuze ilawule ngokuvumelana nomthetho futhi ilondoloze inkolo yobuProthestani. Umongameli waseJalimane uthembisa ukunikezela imizamo yokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yabantu baseJalimane.

Emazweni amaningi angemva kwezindawo zobukoloni nentando yeningi entsha, isifungo somongameli sifanekiswa ngokucacile enguqulweni yaseMelika, ngokuvamile sihlanganisa amagama athi “ukulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela umthetho-sisekelo.” Lokhu kubonisa ithonya lembulunga yonke lesiko lomthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Nokho, amanye amazwe ahlanganisa imibhalo yenkolo noma afune ukufunga encwadini engcwele, kuyilapho amanye evumela ukuqinisekiswa. Ngokuvamile amagama abonisa isimiso sezombangazwe — ngokwesibonelo, kwamanye amaRepublic, isifungo sikamongameli sigcizelela ukuthi “isigqibo sobunye besizwe.”

Isifungo sase-U.S. sibonakala kahle lapho sigxila encwadini eyodwa — uMthetho-sisekelo — kunokuba sibhekisele kubantu, isizwe, noma unkulunkulu. Lokhu kubonisa inkolelo yaseMelika yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme nesisekelo sobuzwe. Kubonisa futhi umqondo wokukhanyiselwa wokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho usekelwe esivumelwaneni somphakathi. Ezinye izizwe zingahlanganisa ukwethembeka ezweni noma kubantu. Ukuhlolwa okuqhathaniswa kwezifungo kwembula okuningi ngempucuko yesizwe yezombangazwe.

Isifungo Ngalé Kokuvuleka: Sinencazelo Eqhubekayo

Isifungo sobumongameli asisona isenzakalo esisodwa. Siyaqhubeka sibumba umongameli esikhathini eside ngemva kokumiswa. Isenzo ngasinye sokuphatha, kusukela ekusayineni amafaceni ukuya ekukhipheni iziyalezo zezikhulu, kucatshangwa ukuthi sicindezelwa yisibopho sesivumelwano sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo sisetshenziswa njalo ezimpikiswaneni zamandla kamongameli, ikakhulukazi uma izenzo zibonakala ziphula imingcele yomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nehlazo lamanzi, abaningi baphikisa ukuthi ukuvimbela kukaRichard Nixon kobulungisa kwaphula isifungo sakhe sesikhundla, kuholela ekubeni alwe umthetho wezomthetho. Ngokufanayo, izimpikiswano ezimayelana namandla empi, ukuqaphana, ukuqapha, kanye nelungelo lezikhulu ngokuvamile zibhekisela esifungo njengesibopho.

Isifungo sisebenza futhi njengesiqondiso sokuziphatha kukamongameli. Omongameli abaningi baye basho ukuthi izinqumo zabo zansuku zonke zithonywa yinkumbulo yesifungo sabo. Abanye bafaka isandla kuMthetho-sisekelo phakathi nomthetho-mthetho, noma bagcine ikhophi e-Oval njengesikhumbuzo. Isifungo futhi sifakwe enxanxandeni yezifungo ezingokomthetho ezithathwa izisebenzi zikahulumeni, amalungu empi, nabahluleli — bonke abafunga ukusekela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwakha ulwembu lwemfanelo olungaphansi kohulumeni wonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo sinezimo ezingokwesiko ezingaphandle kukahulumeni. Sibonakala kumabhayisikobho, opopayi bezombangazwe, nezinkulumo zeningi njengesifushaniso somthwalo wemfanelo womongameli. Izikole zifundisa isifungo njengengxenye yezifundo zezesizwe. Amaqembu anesithakazelo avame ukukhuthaza omongameli ukuba baphile ngokuvumelana nesifungo sabo ezindabeni ezithile. Ngalendlela, isifungo siba incwadi ephilayo, echazwa njalo futhi enxuswayo. Incazelo yaso ingaba yivela, kodwa indima yaso eyinhloko empucukweni yezombangazwe yaseMelika iyaqhubeka ilondekile.

Isiphetho

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu kokusho amazwi alula. Siyisenzo esiyisisekelo esimisa ilungelo legatsha eliphethe, sibonakalisa ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwamandla, futhi sibopha umholi kuMthetho-sisekelo. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, isifungo siye sathuthukisa ukuziqhenya komphakathi ngokwenza ubufakazi bomphakathi bentando yeningi ngesenzo. Siye sasebenza njengophawu oluhlanganisayo lokushisekela izwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele. Ukunikezelwa kokuqala kweWashington kuqhubekele phambili, lesifungo siye sanikeza ukuqina nokuqina kwesizwe esishintshashintsha njalo.

Njengoba izakhamuzi zibuka imikhosi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, zikhunjuzwa ukuthi akekho umongameli ongaphezulu komthetho. Isifungo sihlanganisa isikhathi samanje nesesikhathi esizayo, siqinisekisa ukuthi umholi ngamunye wamukela umthwalo ofanayo. Enkathini yokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe, isifungo somongameli silokhu siyisisekelo sezindinganiso ezifanayo nokwethembeka komthetho-sisekelo. Siwumthetho ofanele ukulondoloza nokuqonda, hhayi nje njengomthetho wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa njengokushaya kwesimiso sokubusa saseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ovela kuyi-National Archives, ukuhlaziywa ko I-Article II [ ku-National Constitution Center, kanye nokucaciswa okungokomlando kwemifungo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo [ kusuka ku-American History USA. Imiqondo ephakathi ingatholakala ku- Conituty Net's's shorts's shorts shorts shorts yemisholo yemist.