Inkonzo kaJury ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-metation yaseMelika, kodwa ivame ukudideka noma ukunqikaza. Abantu abaningi babheka ukumiswa kwamajaji njengokungamelwe kugwenywe kunokuba kube ithuba lokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile esimisweni somthetho. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala liyisisekelo sesimiso sobulungisa saseMelika, esivikelwe kakhulu yi-Constitution futhi esisekelwe kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esiko elingokomthetho. Uma izakhamuzi zikhonza ejaji, zenza okungaphezu kokunquma umphumela wecala elilodwa; zisekela ubuqotho benqubo engokomthetho futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa bubonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwenkonzo yejaji kusiza izakhamuzi zonke ukuba ziqonde indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo futhi zihlanganyele kwazo.

Isisekelo Somlando Nomthetho - sisekelo Sovivinyo LobuJuda

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labasizi bejaji aliyona into eqanjiwe yanamuhla. Umsuka walo ubuyela emuva eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi, lapho iMagna Carta ka-1215 yaqinisekisa khona ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongajeziswa ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe. Lesi simiso sabonakala siyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Abenzi bamakoloni babheka ukuqulwa kwecala njengesivikelo esibalulekile egunyeni likahulumeni eliwumthetho ozimele, futhi baligcina ngokucophelela eMthethweni - sisekelo wase-United States.

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo noma eliwumphakathi liqulwa yijaji elingakhethi enkantolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke amane abophe umuntu ngaphandle kokunikeza omangalelwa ithuba lokwahlulelwa yizakhamuzi ezivamile. ISichibiyeli seSembetempi sidlulisela lelilungelo emacaleni angokomthetho, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukungezwani ngempahla noma izivumelwano zemali ezingaphezulu kwama - dollar angamashumi amabili (R37) futhi kungazwakala ngejaji elingokomthetho. Ndawonye, lokhu kulungiswa kuncishwa ijaji njenge-chekethi emandleni okwahlulela nakugunyazweni kahulumeni. [FLT]] kucacisa ukuthi ijaji elingaphezu kwamashumi amabili emali emali emali emalini elifanele ukufinyelela izibo zomthetho ezinkantolo kodwa ingxenye yentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Emakhulwini eminyaka, ukuqanjwa kwamajaji kuye kwaqala ukuba yindawo eyodwa. Ekuqaleni kwakulinganiselwe ekutholeni abamhlophe abanezimpahla, izigebengu manje zibonisa ukuhlukahlukahluka kwenani labantu. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kwashukunyiswa yizehlulelo zezikhulu zesizwe eziphawuliwe nasemthethweni, kuqiniswa umqondo wokuthi ijaji elithathwe esiphambanweni somphakathi liyindlela ethembeke kakhulu yokufinyelela izinqumo ezingakhethi nezingakhethi. Ukukhonza ejajini elihlanganisa ngokuqondile izakhamuzi nale nqubo ende yokuhlanganyela kwezenhlalakahle.

Iyini Ngempela Inkonzo KaJury?

Inkonzo kaJury iyinqubo izakhamuzi ezibizwa ngayo ukuba zikhonze njengejaji enkantolo yomthetho. Uma uthola izicelo zamajaji, ucelwa ukuba ubike enkantolo ukuze abameli nabahluleli bakhethe iqembu labantu abangakhethi ukuba bezwe icala. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamajaji e-United States: amajaji aphambili namajaji amakhulu.

Izigijimi zejaji ezithatha isigwebo, ezibizwa nangokuthi amajaji avamile. Lezi zigebengu zihlanganisa abantu abayisithupha kwabayishumi nambili abalalela ubufakazi obunikezwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala futhi bakhiphe isahlulelo. Ezimweni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane ekuboshweni noma ekukhululweni. Ezicabeni zombango, iningi elidingekayo lingase lihlukane ngokwamandla, kodwa umgomo uhlala ufana: isinqumo esilungile nesinengqondo esisekelwe ebufakazini.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu sidinga ukuba amacala amakhulu kahulumeni aqulwe ngemva kokumangalelwa kwejaji elikhulu. Nakuba inkonzo yasobala, ephakeme yokuqulisa ibaluleke ngokufanayo ekuvimbeleni ukumangalelwa okungenasisekelo.

Nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwabahluleli, umsebenzi oyinhloko uyaqhubeka. Abasizi bacelwa ukuba balahle ubandlululo lomuntu siqu, balalele ngokucophelela ubufakazi, futhi basebenzise umthetho njengoba ufundiswa umahluleli. Lona umthwalo wemfanelo ongathi sína, kodwa yilowo ongenza izakhamuzi ezivamile zikwazi ngokugcwele ukusingatha isiqondiso esifanele esivela enkantolo.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yomsizi

Indima yejaji ivame ukufingqwa njenge-commenter. Ecaleni, umahluleli unomthwalo wokunquma izindaba zomthetho, kuhlanganise nobufakazi obungavumelekile nendlela yokufundisa abahluleli ngezindinganiso ezingokomthetho. Ijaji liba necala lokunquma ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kuvikela ukungakhethi kwenkantolo futhi kubeka isinqumo esiyiqiniso esiphethe ezandleni zomphakathi.

Imisebenzi Engaphakathi Enkantolo

Uma usukhethiwe ukuba usebenze ejajini lejaji, imisebenzi yejaji ichazwa ngokucacile. Kumelwe uqaphelisise bonke ubufakazi, imiboniso, nezimpikiswano ezinikezwa nhlangothi zombili. Ukuqaphela kuvame ukuvunyelwa, nakuba imithetho eqondile ihlukane. Kumelwe ugweme ukuxoxa icala nanoma ubani, kuhlanganise nomakhelwane, kuze kuqale inkathi yokuziphenya okungokomthetho. Unqatshelwe kakhulu ukuba uqhube ukucwaninga kwakho siqu, ukuvakashela isenzakalo sendaba, noma ukubheka ukwaziswa ngendaba ngolayini ye-intanethi. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sinqumo sisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo evulekile.

Abasizi kumelwe basebenzise umthetho njengoba ufundiswa umahluleli. Lena enye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini. Ngisho noma ijaji lingavumelani nomthetho othile, isifungo somahluleli sidinga ukulandela iziyalezo zomahluleli. Uma uma umahluleli echaza indinganiso "ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo," umsizi kumelwe asebenzise leyondinganiso ngokwethembeka.

Inqubo Yokuzinqumela

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bunikezwe futhi umahluleli enikeze iziyalezo, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlalaphansi bangene endlini yangasese ngamabomu. Yilapho isahlulelo somphakathi siqala khona. Abaqondisi baxoxa ngobufakazi, impikiswano engafani, futhi basebenzela ukunikeza isinqumo esivumelanayo. Igumbi lokuhloba liyindawo yengxoxo ethembekile, ehloniphekile. Ijaji ngalinye lilindeleke ukuba liveze imibono yalo, lilalele abanye, futhi liphinde lihlole ukuma kwabo uma izimpikiswano ezintsha zibonakala zinamandla.

Umnduleli, okhethwe yijaji, usiza ekuqondiseni ingxoxo futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi bonke ubufakazi bubukeziwe ngokulandelana. Ukuzinqumela kungathatha amahora amaningi noma izinsuku, kuye ngokuthi indaba iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Umgomo awukona ukufinyelela isinqumo ngokushesha, kodwa ukufinyelela isinqumo sokuthi wonke umgcini-jaji angasekela ubufakazi. Le nqubo iwukusetshenziswa okujulile kwentando yeningi, okudinga isineke, ukucabanga okugxekayo, nenhlonipho.

Okwenza Inkonzo Yobusha Ibaluleke Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Ukubaluleka kwenkonzo yamajaji kudlulela ngalé kwecala ngalinye. Amajaji ayinhlolo-ndlela ebalulekile egunya likahulumeni. Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, uhulumeni uletha isilinganiso esigcwele sengcebo yakhe kunoma ubani ummangalelwa oyedwa. Ijaji limi phakathi komuntu nombuso, liqinisekisa ukuthi umshushisi uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe ngaphambi kokuba umuntu aphucwe inkululeko noma impahla. Ngaphandle kwalesivikelo, isimiso sobulungisa singalahlekelwa ngokomthetho waso.

Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi uhulumeni ophethe ungalingeka ukuba ulingelwe ekusebenziseni kabi igunya lakhe. Babheka abahluleli njengesithiyo sokulwa nokuxhashazwa okunjalo. Ngokufuna uhulumeni ukuba aqinisekise iqembu lezakhamuzi ezivamile ngecala lommangalelwa, uMthetho-sisekelo uvimbela uhulumeni ukuba umane umise intando yawo. Lesi simiso sisebenza ngokufanayo ezicaleni zomphakathi, lapho amajaji evimbela khona izinkampani ezinamandla noma abantu abacebile ukuba balawule inqubo engokomthetho. Uma ukhonza ejajini, usebenzisa uhlobo lwegunya lobukhosi okungekho umahluleli noma usosha owezombangazwe ongazilawula.

Ukubonisa Izindinganiso Zomphakathi

Imithetho ichazwa abantu, futhi abantu abasebenza ezinkantolo baletha okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kokuphila kanye nokuqonda okuvamile enkantolo. Ijaji elibonisa ukuhlukahluka komphakathi cishe liyofinyelela isinqumo esilungile nesilinganiselayo. I-American Bar Association igcizelela ukuthi izigebengu ezihlukene ngamabomu, zicabangela imibono eyengeziwe, futhi zenze amaphutha ambalwa ayiqiniso [[[. Yingakho isimiso somthetho sisebenza kanzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amachashaza akhahliswa yiqembu elimelelayo labantu.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwethenjwa Nomlando Womphakathi

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqaphela isimiso somthetho ngaphakathi, zizuza ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaso kwakha ukwethembana. Abameli bayabona ukuthi amajaji angakhethi, abameli babambelele ezindinganisweni eziqinile, nokuthi isimiso siklanyelwe ukuba sibe nobulungisa. Babuyela emiphakathini yabo njengabameleli abanolwazi ekubuseni umthetho. Enkathini yokuncipha kokuthembana ezinhlanganweni, inkonzo yamajaji ingenye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokubuyisela ukuqiniseka enkantoloni. Iguqula izimiso ezifipheleni ziphile.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokukhetha I - yury

Inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-voir jad (igama lesiFulentshi elisho "ukukhuluma iqiniso"), iklanyelwe ukuhlukanisa nokukhipha abahluleli abakhohlakele. Uma ufaka umbiko wenkonzo yamajaji, uyoba yingxenye yeqembu elikhulu labangase babe yijaji. Amajaji nabameli bayokubuza ngesizinda sakho, izinkolelo zakho, nanoma yikuphi ukuhlobana necala. Le nqubo ayihloselwe ukuhlanganisa kodwa kunalokho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo yokugcina inganquma kahle icala lakho.

Izinselele Nezingcindezi

Ama-athorney nhlangothi zombili anelungelo lokubekela inselele abangase babe abajaji. Inselele yembangela iphakanyiswa lapho umsizi wejaji evuma ubandlululo olungabavimbela ekubeni bangakhethi, njengobuhlobo bomuntu siqu neqembu noma umbono oqinile ngohlobo lwecala oluzanywayo. Alukho umngcele kulezinselele. Izinselele zokuzibekela inselele zivumela abameli ukuba baxoshe inani elilinganiselwe lababasizi ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Nokho, lezi zinselele azinakusetshenziswa ukuvimbela abagcini bejaji abasekelwe ohlalweni lohlanga noma ubulili, njengoba kulawulwa iNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukwethembeka phakathi nobunzima kubalulekile. Uma unesizathu sangempela sokuba ungakhethi, kuwumsebenzi wakho ukukhuluma. Ukuqulwa ngokulunga kuxhomeke kubaphathi bejaji abangabekela eceleni imibono yabo futhi banqume icala ngobufakazi bodwa. Ihhovisi lobuqondisi leNkantolo [[FLT:] le-U.S.] linikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ngalokho okumelwe kulindelwe phakathi nokukhethwa nokuqulwa.

Ukusingatha Izithiyo Ezivamile Emsebenzini Wobusha

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi inkonzo yamajaji ingadala ubunzima. Izimiso zomsebenzi, izibopho zokunakekela izingane, kanye nokucindezeleka ngokwezimali kufanelekile. Nokho, isimiso somthetho sinikeza indawo yokuhlala ephawulekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukukhonza kuyenzeka kubantu abaningi. Ukuqonda lezisivikelo kunganciphisa ukukhathazeka ngokubizwa.

Izindawo Abaqashi Abazisebenzelayo Namalungelo Angokomthetho

Imithetho kahulumeni nekahulumeni ivikela izisebenzi ezikhonza ehunyeni lejaji. I-Jury System Reformation Act ka-1978 inqabela abaqashi ukuba bakhokhele abaqashi, besabise, noma bafake isibopho sabo ngenxa yenkonzo yabo yejaji kahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho efanayo ehlanganisa amajaji enkantolo kahulumeni. Nakuba umqashi wakho engadingeki ukuba akukhokhele phakathi nokungabikho kwakho, kumelwe akunike isikhathi ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Abaqashi abaningi bakhetha ukukhokha umsebenzi phakathi nendaba yamajaji. Uma ubizwa, khuluma nomphathi wakho ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi unikeze ikhophi yezicelo zakho ukuze ubhale imfuneko.

Ubunzima Bemali Nokwehliswa Kwemali

Izinkantolo eziningi zikhokha ihholo lansuku zonke ngenkonzo yazo. Amajaji aphethe amajaji athola ama-50 (R150) ngosuku, kanye nemali eyengeziwe yokukhokhela ijubane lemayela. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukukhokha imali enciphileyo, kodwa ezinye izifunda zinikeza intela ephakeme yokuqulwa isikhathi eside. Uma ukukhonza kungabangela ubunzima obukhulu obungokwezimali, ungacela i-renderal noma i-ascusal. Izinkantolo ziyaqonda ukuthi akuyena wonke umuntu ongakhonza ngokushesha, futhi ngokuvamile ziyavumelana ekubekeni inkonzo yakho ngesikhathi esingcono kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuziphatha Kokuqunga Icala

Olunye ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu lwezigebengu zanamuhla luyisithiyo sezemishini yobuchwepheshe. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, abahluleli bayala abasizi ukuba bangasebenzisi omakhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi, noma amacomputer ukuba bahlole icala, babheke amagama angokomthetho, noma bahlole imithombo yezomphakathi ngokuphathelene nenqubo. Lomthetho ugunyaziwe ngokuqinile. Ukuwuphula kungabangela ukulahlwa noma ngisho ukudelelwa kwecala lenkantolo. Umgomo ukuvimbela ukwaziswa ngaphandle ekuthonyeni ikomiti yabahluleli. Isikhungo sesizwe seNkanto engokomthetho sinikeza imithombo yokusiza abalawuli baqonde lemithetho kanye nemithetho engemva kwayo. Ukulungiselela usuku ngaphandle kokuxhumana okungahlangani kuyintengo encane ukuze kukhokhelwe ukuqulwa.

Ukushelela Nezilinganiso

Ukuze ufanelekele inkonzo yamajaji, kumelwe uhlangabezane nezimfuneko eziyisisekelo. Kumelwe ube isakhamuzi sase-United States, isakhamuzi sasesifundazweni sokwahlulela isikhathi esingangonyaka, okungenani iminyaka engu-18 ubudala, futhi ukwazi ukufunda, ukubhala, nokuqonda isiNgisi. Abantu abaye baboshwa ngecala futhi abangabuyiselwanga amalungelo abo omphakathi bangase bangabi nalungelo elisemthethweni, nakuba imithetho ihlukahluka ngokwezwe. Uma uthola izimemo, isinyathelo sakho sokuqala siwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ufanelekile futhi ulandele iziyalezo ezikule ndlela.

Ukunganaki ukubizwa kwejaji akuwona umqondo omuhle. Izinkantolo zithatha lesisibopho ngokungathi sína, futhi ukungaveli kungaphumela ekuhlawulweni, ekuchashweni okungathandeki, noma ngisho nasebhentshini. Uma ningenakukhonza ngosuku olucacisiwe, sabela ngokushesha futhi zicele ukuhlehliswa. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza i-pastrial eyodwa ngaphandle kokubuza. Isimiso sixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni okunokwethenjelwa, futhi iningi lezakhamuzi lithola ukuthi lapho lisebenza, okuhlangenwe nakho kuzuzisa kakhulu kunalokho elalikulindele.

Izinganekwane Ezivamile Ngobufazi

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi bazozenza bangafaneleki ngokuzenzekelayo noma ukuthi isikhathi sabo sizosetshenziswa. Lezinganekwane azikukhuthazi ukuhlanganyela futhi zithene amandla isimiso sabahluleli. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzisa isikhathi sabejaji ngendlela ephumelelayo. Nakuba kungenakugwenywa, izinkantolo eziningi zifake izimiso zokunciphisa ukulibala. Inkolelo yokuthi "abantu abasemthethweni bayaphuma emsebenzini wokwahlulela" futhi ayilona iqiniso. Izinkantolo zidinga ukuboshelwa, izakhamuzi ezicabangelayo ukuba zikhonze. Labo abazama ukugwema ukulahlekelwa ithuba lokunikela ngokuqondile ekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi yeningi.

Enye inganekwane iwukuthi ukusebenza ejajini kuyaheha noma akunamsebenzi. Eqinisweni, ukuqulwa kwecala kungahlaba umxhwele. Abameleli bathola isihlalo esiphambili enqubweni yomthetho, bezwa ubufakazi bangempela kofakazi futhi bebona indlela abameli abakha ngayo izimpikiswano zabo. Abajaji abaningi babika ukuthi lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwashintsha umbono wabo esimisweni sobulungisa kube ngcono. Kuyizifundo eziwohlokayo zemfundo yomphakathi ezingalinganiswa nakuliphi ikilasi.

Isiphetho

Inkonzo kaJury ayisona nje isibopho esingokomthetho; iyilungelo lokuba izakhamuzi. Abasunguli babeka abahluleli esikhungweni sesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika ngenxa yokuthi babethemba abantu abavamile ukwenza izinqumo ezinzima ngobulungisa nangokungakhethi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho isakhamuzi sikhonza kumajaji, baqinisekisa futhi lokho kuthemba. Bafakazela ukuthi isimiso somthetho singesabantu, hhayi kuhulumeni noma ekwahluleleni kuphela. Uma uthola amajaji, wamukele, wamukele. Silungiselele. Sibonise futhi wenze umsebenzi wakho. Impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezizimisele ukuhlanganyela, ezindaweni ezithile, nasemahluleleni. Izindaba zakho zenkonzo.