Yini Okumelwe Ibuswe UMthetho Futhi Kungani Kubalulekile?

Ukubusa komthetho kuwumthetho osemthethweni; isisekelo somthetho okhululekile, onobulungisa, nohlelekile emphakathini. Yisimiso sokuthi akukho muntu, uhulumeni, noma inhlangano engaphezulu komthetho. Kunalokho, bonke bangaphansi kwemithetho ecacile, esobala, futhi egcizelela njalo. Lomqondo awusona nje isimiso esingokomthetho esingokomthetho; inqubo eyisisekelo elinganisela amandla azimele, ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi yenza ukuba ikwazi ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ngaphandle kokubusa komthetho, izinhlangano zehlela impoqo, impatho, noma ubushiqela babantu. Inikeza ukwakheka okuthi amalungelo avikeleke ngokuthula, izimpikiswano zilungiswe ngokuthula, futhi imibuso ibekwe ngokunye, futhi ichazwe ngokusemthethweni. Njengoba kuchazwa yi-United[FOLD:0] [FLD] [FF:1], umthetho womthetho olawula wonke, futhi umthetho owenziwayo wonke, futhi umiswe ngokusemthethweni, futhi umiswe umphakathi, futhi uhulumeni womphakathi wonke, umiswe ngokusemthethweni, futhi uhulumeni, umiswe ngokuvumelana, ngokuvumelana, ngokulinganayo, nangokuvumelana, nanganye, nanga amalungelo, ngokuchazwayo, nangokuvumelana

Kusukela kuyiMagna Carta ka-1215 kuya ku-democratical yomthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla, ukulwela ukubusa umthetho kuye kwaba isihloko esiyinhloko sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezombangazwe. Kumelene ngokuqondile nezimiso ezisekelwe ekucabangeni kombusi, ilungelo elisekelwe ekuzalweni noma esimweni, noma esimweni sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi, njengoba silolonga ngokuqondile izinga lenkululeko yaso nokuzinza kwendawo yaso ezungezile.

Ukuqonda Isisekelo Somthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kungaphezu nje kwesiqubulo; luyiqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lezimfundiso ezihlobene nemikhuba. Lisebenza emazingeni amaningana, kusukela kuyifilosofi kuya kwewusizo. Ekujuleni kwayo, imisa indawo eqinisekile nelungile lapho kokubili ababusi nababuswayo bazi khona imingcele yokuziphatha okwamukelekayo. Loluhlelo lwakhiwe ezicini eziningana eziyinhloko ezihlukanisa umphakathi womthetho olawulwa yilowo obuswa amandla azimele.

Okokuqala, umthetho kumelwe ube ngomkhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphakeme kakhulu, kuhlanganise nenhloko kahulumeni nezikhulu zemithetho, ziboshwe yimigoqo engokomthetho. Umthetho awulona nje ithuluzi labanamandla; unegunya eliphakeme bonke okumelwe bakhothamele kulo. Okwesibili, umthetho kumelwe ufinyeleleke futhi ubekelwe imingcele eyimfihlo. Imithetho eyimfihlo noma imithetho elawulayo enqumayo eyala ukuziphatha okungokomthetho lapho kwenziwa ilulaza injongo yayo kanye ukuhleleka komthetho. Abantu kumelwe bakwazi ukwazi imithetho ehambelana nokuziphatha kwabo kusengaphambili. Iprojectsmental World React [[FLD:1], ehlela ngokuhlelekile umthetho owenziwe emazweni ahlukene, iveza lezizicingo ezibucayi njengezimpawu zesimiso somthetho esisemthethweni.

Okwesithathu, inqubo engokomthetho kumelwe ibe elungile futhi ingakhethi. Lokhu kudinga ikomiti ezimele elawulayo engaphikiselwa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa amagatsha ezombangazwe kahulumeni noma izithakazelo ezinamandla zomuntu siqu. Kudinga futhi ukuba izinqubo zomthetho zibe sobala, ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zinezwi elifanele, nokuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, hhayi ekuzicunuleni komuntu siqu noma ekucindezeleni kwangaphandle. Okokugcina, umthetho usho ukugcinwa okuphumelelayo. Umthetho ongaphoqelelwanga uyincwadi efile. Ngaphandle kwebutho lamaphoyisa elifanelekayo nelithembekile, abashushisi, nezinhlangano zokuphatha, umthetho ulahlekelwa amandla awo.

Umehluko Phakathi Kokubusa Komthetho NoMthetho

Umehluko obalulekile uyenzeka kakhulu phakathi ngokulawula umthetho kanye nokulawula umthetho . Esimisoni sokubusa ngomthetho, uhulumeni usebenzisa umthetho njengethuluzi lokulawula. Uhulumeni ngokwawo awuphoqelelwanga ngempela; ungadlulisela imithetho efanelana nezinjongo zawo siqu, futhi ungasebenzisa leyomithetho engakhethi ukushushisa noma ukuvuza izinxulumani. Ngokungafani, umthetho udinga ukuba uhulumeni ngokwawo uboshwe umthetho. Umthetho umele ubeke amandla ombuso. Isibonelo, umbuso obopha ngaphansi kwegama elicashiswe ngokungaqondakali komthetho uvikela ukulawulwa komthetho "ukusakaza ulwazi olungaqondile" usebenza ngomthetho. Umthetho awudingi ukubusa umthetho, udinga ukulawulwa kwawo umthetho, futhi umthetho owenziwa ngokuvumelana nomthetho, uhulumeni ovamile, njengoba kusetshenziswa ngokusetshenziswa kwezinye izimiso ezingokomthetho.

Okwenza Ukubusa KoMthetho Kube Okungenanjongo

Ukubusa komthetho akuwona umgomo ongabonakali; kunenzuzo engokoqobo kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Inzuzo eshesha kakhulu yokubusa umthetho ukuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Esimisweni esibuswa umthetho, izakhamuzi zivikelekile ekuboshweni, ekuboshweni, nasekuthunjweni kwempahla. Banelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, nelungelo lokuveza imibono ephikisanayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela, nelungelo lokuhlangana ngokukhululekile. Lamalungelo awanikezwanga amalungelo umbusi onomusa; ayiziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho zokuthi umbuso ngokwawo awukwazi ukuphula umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, imfuneko yesiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni elindelekile efuna ukuphendulweni noma ukuphangwa yi-atho ewukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile komthetho, ukuvikela izakhamuzi ukuba zingaphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, futhi ukulondeka akuwona amalungelo anikezwa isihe sombusi onomusa; uhulumeni uhulumeni unelungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngokwawo awukwazi ukumelana.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwanda Kwezomnotho Nokutshala Imali

Intuthuko yezomnotho ixhomeke kakhulu endaweni eqinisekile engokomthetho. Amabhizinisi, amakhulu nanamancane, adinga ukuqiniseka ukuthi izivumelwano ziyoqiniswa, amalungelo empahla azokuvikelwa, futhi izingxabano ziyoxazululwa ngokufanelekile nangempumelelo. Umthetho womthetho unciphisa ukungaqiniseki nengozi, okukhuthaza kokubili ukutshala imali ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Lapho abatshali besaba ukukhutshwa kwemali, ukufumbathisa, noma ukukhokhwa, noma ukukhokhwa kwemishiswa okunobandlululo, kuyinto eyingozi kakhulu ukubeka inhloko yempahla. Amazwe anezikhundla eziqinile zomthetho ezihlala ziphakeme kakhulu ezinkondlweni zenkululeko yezomnotho futhi ajabulela inzuzo ephakeme ngokwemali. [[FLT:] Imali ye-National Moctaltary Fund iqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zisekwehlela ukukhula kwezomnotho, njengoba enciphisa izindleko zezentengo yomphakathi futhi ebangela wonke amabhizinisi.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukuqina Nokuthula Komphakathi

Ama-socience alawulwa umthetho ayakwazi ukumelana nengxabano. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi isimiso somthetho siziphatha ngokungakhethi futhi izikhalo zazo zingaxazululwa ngezindlela ezimisiwe, azinakukwazi ukuphendukela ebudloveni noma ezindaweni ezizimele. Umthetho unikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi kombuso, naphakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene emphakathini. Futhi usebenza njengesivikelo ekumelaneni nonya olukhulu. Ngisho nalapho iningi lezombangazwe lizuza amandla, umthetho uyawavimbela ekusebenziseni lawo malungelo abo angaphansi noma ukususa isimiso somthetho ukuze kuzuze inzuzo.

Ukuba Nesibopho Sokulandisa Ngamandla

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokubusa komthetho ukuphoqelela amandla nokugcina izikhulu zinecala. Esifundeni sokubusa komthetho, akekho ogonyiwe emiphumeleni engokomthetho. Izikhulu zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nomongameli noma undunankulu, zingaphenywa, zisuswe esikhundleni sokonakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, noma ukwephulwa komthetho. Lokhu kulandisa kuphoqelelwa ngemikhandlu ezimele, umshini okhululekile, nomphakathi osebenzayo. Ngaphandle kokubusa komthetho, amandla ayanganqandeki, futhi inkohlakalo iyachuma. Izimiso ezinjengokuhlola kokwahlulela, inkantolo yokuphatha, namahhovisi enkosi, nokushaya umthetho ziyizibopho zonke izinkulumo zokubusa.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezilawula Ukubusa KoMthetho

Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zinikeza umthetho oyisisekelo. Lezi akuzona izithako ezingeniswayo kodwa izithako ezibalulekile okuthi ngaphandle kwazo le nkolelo ilahlekelwe yincazelo yayo.

Ukweqisa Komthetho

Isimiso sokuthi akekho ongaphezulu komthetho sibaluleke kakhulu. Kusho ukuthi yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni kumelwe ibe nesisekelo esingokomthetho, futhi noma isiphi isenzo esingaphezu kwaleso sisekelo sinamandla kakhulu futhi asisebenzi. Ubukhulu bomthetho busebenza ngisho nakuyi-padrogen: ukuvinjelwa komthetho-sisekelo kulinganisela izinhlobo zemithetho engadluliselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owephula amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo noma owephula umthetho owephula umthetho ubukhoma ubunganqunywa njengongawumthetho.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukulingana phambi komthetho kudinga ukuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo emphakathini, ingcebo, ubuzwe, noma ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe, baphathwe ngokulinganayo ekusebenziseni umthetho. Ubulungisa kufanele buphuphutheki. Lesi simiso sivimbela amalungelo akhethekile amandla futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso ezifanayo ezingokomthetho zisebenza kubo bonke. Kusho futhi ukuthi umthetho awufanele ucwase isivikelo sawo. Ekwenzeni, ukulingana phambi kokuba umthetho ululazwe yimibono ehleliwe esimisweni sobulungisa, kodwa uhlala uyindinganiso ebucayi engokobulungisa. Isimiso somthetho esilahla abampofu kodwa esivumela abacebile ukuba baphume ebhuntshoneni sihluleka ukubusa komthetho.

Ukucaca Nobulula Bemithetho

Imithetho kumelwe itholakale obala, ibhalwe ngolimi olucacile noluqondakalayo, futhi iqinile ngokwanele ukuba abantu bahlele ukuphila kwabo lapho bekhona. Imithetho eyimfihlo noma imithetho engacacisi kakhulu engachazwa ngokungeyonqgobobongela ingangqubuzani nomthetho. Ukubona gcaba futhi kudlulela enqubweni engokomthetho: ukuqulwa kwecala nezahlulelo kufanele kuvulekele umphakathi, futhi ukucabanga okungemva kwezinqumo kumelwe kuchazwe. Lokhu kukhululeka kwakha ukwethemba nokuvumela ukuhlolisiswa komthetho.

Ukukhetha Okulungile Nokungakhethi

Ikomiti yezomthetho ezimele enegunya lokubukeza izenzo zesikhulu nezomthetho-mthetho kubalulekile. Abahluleli akumelwe bakhululeke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukulondeka kwabo, futhi imbuyiselo yabo yanele ukuvimbela ukonakala. Kumelwe banqume amacala asekelwe kuphela emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, hhayi emzwelweni othandwayo noma eziqondisweni zikahulumeni. Ukulunga komthetho, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthola ubufakazi obukhona, nelungelo lokudlulisela imvume, kuyingxenye futhi yalesimiso. Ngaphandle kokungaguquguquki, umthetho uyinganekwane.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Imithetho nezinkantolo azinanjongo uma abantu bengakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo. I-access to Justice isho ukuthi izakhamuzi zinekhono lokufuna amakhambi angokomthetho ngezindlela ezithelekayo, ezifike ngesikhathi, neziphumelelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukutholakala kosizo olungokomthetho kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, ukuba khona kwezindlela zokuxazulula izikhala ezincane ngaphandle kwezindleko ezivimbelayo, kanye nokungabikho kwemingcele engokoqobo noma yokwaziswa ezinkantolo. Ukuvikela umthetho kudinga ukuba amakhambi angokomthetho atholakale ngempela kubo bonke, hhayi nje abacebile noma abaxhumani kahle.

Izinselele Zezwe Langempela Ekubuseni KoMthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwalo okuqinisekisiwe, umthetho uhlala ungaphansi kokucindezeleka ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.

Ukonakala Nokuhlangana

Ukonakala mhlawumbe kuyisitha esiqondile sokubusa komthetho. Uma abahluleli bengafumbathiswa, lapho amaphoyisa efuna ukukhokhwa ngenxa yokwenza imisebenzi yabo, noma lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izikhundla zazo ukuze zicebise umuntu, isimiso somthetho siyeka ukusebenza njengomphathi ongathathi hlangothi. Ukonakala kuqeda ukwethenjwa umphakathi futhi kwakha iqembu labantu eliphumelela ngaphezu komthetho. Ukuhlangana kwabadlali abanamandla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngabe ngabe sezombangazwe noma ngokwezomnotho, kuthumela umyalezo wokuthi umthetho awuphakeme kakhulu. Amazwe ahlala engekho ngokomthetho ngokuvamile abhekana nokonakala okubangelwa yizimiso zomthetho.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe Nenkululeko Yokwahlulela

Emazweni amaningi, ikomiti yamajaji ayizimele ngempela. Ohulumeni bangahlela izinkantolo nabasekeli bomthetho abathembekile, basuse abahluleli ababusa ngokumelene nabo, noma basebenzise izingcindezi ezingahleliwe ukuze bathonye izinqumo. Umphathi angase amane angazinaki iziyalezo zenkantolo ezingathandeki. Uma ijaji liba yithuluzi lombuso wezombangazwe, ukubusa komthetho kuyawa. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubonakala embusweni yemibuso exubile exubile noma ebusa ngentando yeningi, lapho izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zikhona kodwa zikhohliselwa izigwebo zomthetho. Ukuwohloka kwemithetho evikela ukuzibusa ngentando yeningi kuyisixwayiso sokuwohloka kwentando yeningi.

Ukuntuleka Kwemithombo Yengcebo Nekhono

Ngisho nalapho kunesibopho sangempela sokulawula umthetho, izimali ezilinganiselwe zingasenza singasebenzi. Izinkantolo eziminyene, abahluleli abakhokhelwa imali encane nabashushisi, nezimiso ezingenele zomthetho ziphumela ekubekeni izivumelwano nasekubambeni okufana nokuphikwa kobulungisa. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, isimiso sobulungisa asifinyelelwa neze kubantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abasezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Ngaphandle kokutshala imali eyanele ezikhungweni zomthetho, isithembiso somthetho asikagcwaliseki ezakhamuzini eziningi.

Ukungavumelani Komphakathi Nokuncipha Kokwethembana

Ukubusa komthetho kuxhomeke futhi ekuqondeni komphakathi nasekusekeleni. Esikhathini sokungathembi okudlangile, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zomthetho kungancishiswa ngamabomu. Uma izakhamuzi ziqiniseka ukuthi izinkantolo zikhohlakele, amaphoyisa akhohlakele, noma imithombo yezindaba iwumgunyathi, ukuvumelana kwezenhlalo okusekela ukubusa komthetho ophukile. Abaholi bePopulist bavame ukusebenzisa lokhu kungathembeli ekuhlaseleni abahluleli, abashushisi, nezintatheli, ukuze balulaze amasheke abenza bathwale icala. Ukukhomba umphakathi kudinga ukukhanya okungaguquguquki, ukusebenza kwezinhlangano zomthetho nokuzinikela ekutholeni imfundo yomphakathi.

Amasu Okuqinisa Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukuqinisa umthetho kuwumzamo oqhubekayo odinga isinyathelo ezicini eziningi. akukho lushintsho olungawufinyelela; ludinga indlela yokusekela uhulumeni ehilela ushintsho olungokomthetho, lwezombangazwe, nolwezenhlalo.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nezeziqu

Amazwe angathuthukisa umthetho ngokumisa imithetho ecacile, ehlelwe kahle elinganisela ukuqondisisa nokuqondisa okuzimele. Izinqubo zokukhetha ukwahlulela kufanele ziklanyelwe ukuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zokulwa nokonakala zidinga ukuzimela kwangempela, imithombo eyanele, nesivikelo esiqinile kubacuphi bempepho. Izimiso zosizo ezingokomthetho kufanele zandiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwabampofu. Ukunciphisa izinqubo zenkantolo nokutshala ubuchwepheshe kunganciphisa ukulibala futhi kwenze isimiso sobulungisa siphumelele.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Sesivumelwano

Imfundo ephathelene nomthetho kufanele iqale ezikoleni. Izakhamuzi eziwaqondayo amalungelo azo angokomthetho nemithwalo yemfanelo zikwazi kangcono ukuqinisa lawomalungelo nokubeka izikhulu icala. Ukubopha ngezinhlangano, amaqembu omphakathi, nokubhikisha komphakathi, uma kwenziwa ngokomthetho, kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi umthetho ungowabantu. Umphakathi okhuthele usebenza njengelungu eliqaphile, uhlola izenzo zikahulumeni futhi usekela izinguquko ezingokomthetho. Ukucindezela komphakathi kungaba amandla amakhulu okuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela nokuphindisela ekungcoleni.

Ukubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke

Ukubusa komthetho kuyimpikiswano yomhlaba wonke. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iBhange leZwe Lomhlaba, neziqu zezifunda zikhuthaza izinguquko ezingokomthetho ngosizo lobuchwepheshe, ukuqapha, nokuphathana. Izivumelwano nemihlangano yamalungelo abantu zimisa izindinganiso ezibopha izifundazwe. Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke, njengeNkantolo ye-International Criminal, zinikeza ukulandisa ngokuphula umthetho okukhulu kakhulu. Ukuhlanganyela imisebenzi engcono kakhulu nokusekela ukwakhiwa kwamandla angokomthetho emazweni angasungulwanga kakhulu kuyizakhi ezidingekayo zembulunga yonke zecebo lomthetho. Nokho, imizamo enjalo kumelwe ihloniphe ubukhosi besizwe futhi ihlobane nomongozwe ngalinye eliyingqayizivele.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yokwahlulela

Ukuvikela ukuzimela kwamajaji kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka, imbuyiselo eyanele, nokususwa okucacile kwemithetho yokuyala nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe. Abahluleli ngokwabo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokusekela izindinganiso zokuziphatha nokumelana nokucindezela kwangaphandle. Umsebenzi ongokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinxulumani eziphethe nezifundo zomthetho, futhi ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ukuzibusa komthetho nokusekela ukubusa komthetho. Uma kuba khona ukuhlasela kwabahluleli, ukulahlwa komphakathi ngokushesha ezinkampanini ezingochwepheshe nasemphakathini lomphakathi kubalulekile.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa komthetho akuyona inselele yokunethezeka engenziwa ngemva kokufinyelela ukuchuma; kuyimfuneko yokuchuma okuhlala njalo, inkululeko, nokuthula. Kunikeza izakhiwo ezivikela amalungelo abantu, izomnotho, nezingxabano ezixazululwa ngaphandle kobudlova. Nakuba umthetho ubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zenkohlakalo, ukuxhaphaza kwezombangazwe, nokungathembani umphakathi, akuwona umbono ontengantengayo. Ukwakhiwa kwawo amakhulu eminyaka ngempi, inguquko, nokuqapha. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siqinisekise isibopho saso kulesimiso, ngoba lapho umthetho uphelelwa amandla, amalungelo aba angenamibandela, futhi iminyango ivulekele ukungalungisi. Ukuqonda ukuthi kuyini futhi kungani kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuphila emphakathini esikhululekile futhi sizimele.