Emphakathini okhululekile, ukulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu kuyingxoxo engapheli. Izinhlangano zomthetho eziphoqelela ukugunyazwa ziphathiswe amandla amakhulu okuhlola ubugebengu, ukuthatha impahla, nokubopha abantu. Nakuba zingahlolwanga kakhulu, amandla angaphanjwa kalula. Okunye kokuvikela okuyisisekelo kakhulu ekuphathweni uhulumeni okuwumthetho owenzelwe ukunqanda ukunqandwa ("umthetho ongokomthetho) ophoqelela amaphoyisa ukuba athole ukuvunyelwa kokwahlulela ngaphambi kokuhlola okuningi, ukuqubuka, ukuquleka, noma ukuboshwa. Lemfuneko ayikho nje njengesithiyo esivimbela imingcele yomthetho; iyisivikelo somthetho esivikela imfihlo, ukulandisa, futhi igcina umthetho. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kuyimfuneko efuna izimfuneko, zisebenza, nokunganaki, nokunganaki ezinkantolo eziye zaqoshwa ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi ezikhokhwaseni.

Siyini Isikhalo?

Imvume iwumthetho ogunyazwe umahluleli noma imantshi ongathathi hlangothi ogunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba uthathe isinyathelo esithile, njengokuhlola isakhiwo esithile, ukuthatha ubufakazi, noma ukubopha umuntu osolwayo. Inqubo iqala lapho amaphoyisa efaka i-ffidavit efungele amaqiniso athola ukuthi kungenzeka yini abangele ukuhlangabezana nomnyango ongokomthetho. Uma uma umahluleli enelisekile, lo mthetho ukhishwe; uma engaphikwa, ubufakazi bobugebengu bungatholakala endaweni ethile noma ukuthi umuntu othile uye wenza icala. Uma kunjalo, uma ijaji lihlola ukuthi amaqiniso ahlangabezana nomnyango ongokomthetho.

Imvume kumelwe ichaze indawo ekhethekile okumelwe iphenywe futhi kuthathwe abantu noma izinto. Lemfuneko "yokwehlukana" ivimbela izivumelwano ezivamile − uhlobo oluvumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba zisebenzise amakhaya namabhizinisi ngesikhathi senkathi yamakoloni. INkantolo ePhakathi ye-U.S. iye yagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imvume kawonke wonke ayifaneleki" ngaphansi kweSiphendulo sesine. Ngokufuna ukuba amaphoyisa abeke imingcele eqondile futhi athethelele izenzo zawo ngaphambi kokuba angene emkhathini womuntu.

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ukufuna Izinto Ezidingekayo Ezinhle

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa isebenza njengendlela yokuhlolwa okunzima emandleni amaphoyisa. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukubekelwa umthetho kungathatha isinyathelo ngokusolwa kuphela, kuphathwe izakhamuzi ngokuzihlola ngokungenangqondo okusekelwe ekuhloleni okungaphelele nje ekuthatheni isisekelo noma ukucwasana. Ngokomlando, abahleli beBill of Rights babezazi kahle izingozi zegunya lesikhulu esiphethe esingalawulwa. ISichibiyelo sesine sabhalwa ngokusabela okuqondile ekusebenziseni isitha sosizo esivamile saseBrithani, esavumela izikhulu zamasiko ukuba zifune noma isiphi isikebhe, noma indawo yokugcina impahla ngaphandle kwesizathu. Umbhalo we-mendendments uyala ngokucacile ukuthi "akuna Mpi Yezi, kodwa cishe ngesizathu," imisa isithiyo esicacile phakathi kwezenzo ezingokomthetho naphakathi kwamaphoyisa nokuziphazandle okungenalusizo.

Ukwengamela kokwahlulela kuyi-inchpin yalesi simiso. Imantshi ekhululekile, kunokuba ibe isikhulu emkhakheni, yenza isinqumo sokugcina ukuthi imbangela ikhona yini. Lokhu kuveza umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi phakathi kukahulumeni nomuntu, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya kusekelwe emaqinisweni angenaphutha kunokuba kunikezelwe. Imfuneko futhi yenza umbhalo olotshiwe, kunokuba kube yisikhulu esiphethe emkhakheni, yenza isinqumo sokusekela kwayo ukuthi ikhona yini. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi inkantolo neyamphakathi kuyabungaphindelela. Uma izikhulu ziqamba amanga noma zikhipha amaqiniso ayinhloko, isiqinisekiso singabekelwa inseleleka, futhi singacinywa. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomongomongo womlando, bheka [[FLD:] i-ENstruption [FLD] [FF]

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Nokulinganiselwa

E-United States, iSichibiyelo sesine siyisivikelo esiyinhloko esingokomthetho ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nasekuqulekeni. Umbhalo waso unikeza iziqinisekiso ezimbili ezicacile: ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, nemfuneko yokuthi imvume inikezwe kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekile, isekelwe ngesithembiso noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ichaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi ithathwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphenyiswa okungenasizathu [[FLT:] kungenangqondo ngaphandle kokuba bawele phakathi kwento echazwe kahle. Lesi simiso saziwa ngokuthi "impi ethandayo" futhi itshe lokuhlola nokuthumba umthetho.

Nokho, iSichibiyelo sesine asizivikeli ngokuphelele. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi ezimweni ezithile, idinga imvume ingaba yinzuzo noma iphambene nokuphepha komphakathi. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi lokhu kukhetha kumelwe kube kuncane futhi kucatshangelwe. Uma amaphoyisa edlulisa okungaqondakali kwasekuqaleni, ukuphenywa akuvumelani nomthetho, futhi ubufakazi bungakhishwa ngaphansi komthetho wokuzihlukanisa.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqopha izimpawu eziningana lapho amaphoyisa engase afune noma athathe khona ngaphandle kwemvume.

  • Izimo ezingathi shubi: Uma kunesidingo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukulimala okungokomzimba, ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, noma ukuphunyuka kosoleki, izikhulu zingangena ekhaya noma zifune ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa ezwa ukudutshulwa noma ukumemeza ngaphakathi endlini, angangena ukuze anikeze usizo noma abambe ifeyini ebalekayo.
  • I-conect: Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa, akukho mvume efunekayo. Imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi iphoqelelwe, futhi ingakhishwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Amaphoyisa awadingeki ukuba azise abantu ngelungelo lawo lokwenqaba, kodwa izinkantolo zivame ukucabangela ukuthi umuntu wazi ukuthi angasho ukuthi cha. ukucwaninga ngemvume [[ kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zizizwa ziphoqelelwe ukuba zenze ngokuvumelana ngisho nalapho zingenalutho lokufihla.
  • Isenzakalo sokuhlola ukuboshelwa okungokomthetho: Ngemva kokuboshwa okusemthethweni, izikhulu zingase zihlole umuntu oboshiwe nendawo efinyelelwe ngokushesha ("indawo ebekwe kuyo"ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwesikhulu futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Lokhu kuhlola akunakwengeziwe kwekhaya lonke noma imoto ngaphandle kokuba amaqiniso engeziwe ayithethelela.
  • Umbono olula: Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona umphamba noma ubufakazi busobala, bangasithatha ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, isikhulu kumelwe sibe nesizathu esingaba nokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuthi into iwubufakazi bobugebengu, futhi ukutholakala kumelwe kungabi namthetho, futhi angeke asebenzise lokhu kuveza izaba zokunqamula indlu.
  • Ukuhamba ngezimoto ezizimeleyo: Ngenxa yokuthi izimoto zihamba ngokushesha futhi zingaphuma emotweni, amaphoyisa angase afune imoto uma kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inezimpawu zobugebengu. Lokhu kushiyeka akudingi izimo ezizinhle ngalé kokuhamba kwemoto. INkantolo Ephakeme imuva inqume lenketho Collins v. Virginia [2010]], iphethe ukuthi imoto ehlukile ayisebenzi ezimotweni ezipakiwe.
  • Izidingo ezikhethekile ziseshwa: Ezimweni ezithile zokuqondisa noma zokuqondisa, njengezindawo zokuhlola ukuqabula, ukuxilonga kwezidakamizwa izisebenzi zesitimela ngemva kwezingozi, noma izivivinyo zezindiza zokuvikela izindiza, uhulumeni angaqhuba ukuphenya ngaphandle kokusolana. Lokhu kuphenya kumelwe kuklanyelwe ukunikeza "isidingo esikhethekile" ngaphandle kokubekwa umthetho ovamile, njengokuphepha komphakathi noma impilo yomphakathi.

Ngasinye salezi zici ezihlukene siye sacwengisiswa phakathi namashumi eminyaka empikiswano, futhi imingcele yazo isalokhu incintiswana. Ukuze kucaciswe kabanzi, [[FLT: 0] i-Cornell Legin Information Institute ekuphenyeni nasekuphazameni [[FLT: 1] iwusizo olungcono kakhulu.

Umthetho Oyinqaba

Umthetho wokuhlukanisa uyimfundiso eyenziwe yamajaji enqabela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise ubufakazi obutholakele ekuphucweni kweSichibiyelo sesine lapho kuqulwa icala. Yaqala ukusetshenziswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni weeks v. United States [14]) futhi yanwetshelwa ezinkantolo [[FLT:] futhi yabekelwa enkantolo . iOhio [[FLT] [1961].]. Injongo yokubusa iwukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa nokugcina ubuqotho bokwahlulela. Ngaphandle komthetho owe-mthetho owe-aluthangagunyaza, imfuneko ingaba engenazinyo; izikhulu zezokuthola izisusa izisusa ezingokomthetho uma kuthathwa ubufakazi obungavumelekile. Abagxekindlela ebekwe ngayo ngezinye izikhathi imvume yokukhohliswa (imvume engenakuvinjelwe) izikhulu zikahulumeni (inyaniswe ngokunye) futhi izikhulu zikavinywe (ikhulu) (inyaniseke) (e kakhulu). Abagxeki abagxeki abakhonjiwe ngokungafanele babuye bazithole (a ngokungenayo

Imiphumela Yokuhlola Okungenamsoco

Uma ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa kuhlola ngaphandle kwemvume, futhi ngaphandle kokuwela ekuzibekeleni okuqashelweyo. Ngezinga elithile, ukusesha okungenasiqinisekiso kuwukuhlaselwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu okungamlimaza umuntu ondlu noma umzimba wakhe uphenywa ngaphandle kwemvume. Amaphoyisa angamthungatha izinto ngaphandle kokuzithethelela, futhi abangele ukulimala kwengqondo. Ezingeni eliphansi, ukuphenya okungenasizathu kuqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi eqenjini. Izakhamuzi ezinomuzwa wokuthi zingamiswa noma ziphenywe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi azinambi zingakwazi ukubambisana namaphoyisa, ukubika ubugebengu, noma ukunikeza ubufakazi njengofakazi. Lokhu kululaza ukuphepha komphakathi kunokuba kubangele ukulimala okungokwengqondo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubufakazi obutholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni buye bancishiswa ngaphansi komthetho owenziwe ngokukhishwayo, okusho ukuthi abunakusetshenziswa enkantolo yabashushisi. Lokhu kungaholela ekuqedweni kwamacala noma ekuguqukisweni kwezinkolelo ekudlulisweni. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo singu Riley v. California [i-Expane] [iNkakhulu] (i-Ebhukwili, lapho iNkanto ehlangene khona ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuhlola okuqukethwe inombolo yocingo olubambelwe phakathi kokuboshwa. INkantolo yanamuhla iqaphela ukuthi ama-ttleculove aqukethe ukwaziswa okukhulu komuntu siqu, imiyalezo, abangathintwa, amanani emali, amarekhodi emali, amarekhodi emali.[i-importnameters] abonisa ukuthi imfanelo ekhethekile, i-cellney isebenza ngokugcwele ngemva kokuboshwa."kugculo "ensed ) enkathi enqulue" esigaba esilinganiselwe."

Elinye icala eliyingqophamlando lingu Icala eliyikhomba-ndlela elibonisayo lingu-[FLT] (208]), elathintana nomthetho kahulumeni wokuthola ulwazi olungenasisekelo lwe-cell-ecolet (CSLI) kubaphathi be-minuare. INkantolo yathi abantu babelindele ukuba izinto ezimfihlo ezifanele ezihambayo ezibhalweni zabo zomzimba njengoba ziboniswa nge-cell data ye-seyili, futhi ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka sesizathu. Lesinqumo senqaba i "imfundiso yesithathu-partry" eyayikhona ngaphambili eyayithiwe ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwa ngokuzithandela neyayisekwethu. [[FLT] I-FLD][FONT][5] I-octiveternamential [f] ifunda i-octalsting translatemsting trayers]

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa ibhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, izinhlelo zokuhlola, nokukhula kweqoqo lokwaziswa ezinkampanini ezizimele kuye kwayidida kakhulu indlela engokwesiko. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zithembele kakhulu kubufakazi bezibalo(email), imiyalezo yezenhlalo, intengiselwano yezezimali, ngisho namagama avela ezimishinini ezihlakaniphile zasekhaya ezinjenge-Amazomgozop noma ama-Ring bensport. Ezimweni eziningi, amaphoyisa aphikisa ngokuthi awadingi siqinisekiso ngoba i-memory iphathi yesithathu (isisebenzi senkonzo) futhi ngenxa yalokho iwela ngaphandle kweSiphendulo sesine. Nokho, [[FLT:]] Cententreearter [[FLD:1]] isinqumo sokuthi iNkantolomo ephakeme izimisele ukulungisa i-Didercencestion kusetshenziswa ukuze isayensi entsha, ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvithwa kweze-osentube.

Enye indawo ekhathazayo ukusetshenziswa "kokwakha okuhlangene," lapho amaphoyisa ethola khona ubufakazi ngezindlela ezingenamvume" njenge-National Security Agency ahlola i-operacy eqhutshwa ngaphandle komthetho (*) futhi ngokubhekisa emuva akha ukuthethelela okungokomthetho ukuze afihle imvelaphi yayo. Lokhu kululaza imfuneko yokugunyaza futhi kuqede ithonya lokuvimbela ukubekwa kwemithetho. Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ziye zafuna ukuba kubonakale kakhulu futhi izinkantolo ziqikelele ngokuqinile imfuneko zokugunyazwa ngisho nalapho kuhileleke ukuqapha kwezo lesayensi.

Ivimbela isigaba sezizwe zonke, ezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi igcina izimfuneko ezifanayo zokugunyazwa, nakuba imininingwane ihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwe-European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8 ivikela ukuphila kwangasese nakuwo umkhaya, ikhaya, kanye nokubhalelana. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ibambelele ekutheni noma yikuphi ukungenela kweziphathimandla zomphakathi kumelwe kube "ngokuvumelana nomthetho" no"odingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi," okuvame ukudinga imvume yangaphambi kwemvume yokwahlulela. Isimiso sifana: umahluleli ozimele kufanele abukeze isisekelo sokuphazamisa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, hhayi ngemva kwalokho. Umbono olinganayo ngezimfuneko zemithetho enqamula imibuso ongatholakala eNkabeni yenkululeko yabantu ePhaka iSiphakathini 8

Isiphetho

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa akuyona nje inqubo yokulawula inqubo; iyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi. Ngokufaka umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi phakathi kwesifundazwe nomuntu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya nokuquleka kuthethelelwa ngokunokwenzeka, kuhlotshaniswa, futhi kubekwe ekwahluleleni komthetho. Okuhlukile kukhona, kodwa kulinganiselwe ngokucophelela ezimweni lapho isidingo sesenzo esiphuthumayo sidlula isithakazelo somuntu siqu esiphazanyisiwe. Uma lezo zincishiswa kakhulu, noma lapho amaphoyisa ephula imfuneko ngokuphelele, umphumela ngokuvamile uwukwephulwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, ukuncishwa kobufakazi, nokulahlekelwa kwethemba komphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa.

Kulenkathi yokuqapha kwezibalo namathuluzi anamandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, ukugcina imfuneko eyimfuneko kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziwaqonde amalungelo azo, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ekuchazeni iSichibiyelo sesine ukuze ziqonde ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko kubucayi, kodwa imfuneko egunyaziwe inikeza isimiso esiqinile sokuzigcina ulinganisela. Ukusihlonipha akusona isibonakaliso sokusheshisa ebugebengwini; kuyisibopho ekulawuleni umthetho ngokwawo.