ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu: I - cornestone Empini Yokulingana

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, esagunyazwa ngoDecember 6, 1865, singenye yezintuthuko ezishintshe kakhulu ezingokomthetho emlandweni waseMelika. Ngokuqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo − ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu − ngokuyisisekelo sachaza indlela isizwe esiqonda ngayo inkululeko nesithunzi sobuntu. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ukubaluleka okugcwele kwalenguquko kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni iqoqo lamalungelo omphakathi waseMelika kanye nokulwa okuqhubekayo nokungalingani kwezimiso. Lesi sihloko sihlola imisuka engokomlando, incazelo engokomthetho, kanye nokufaneleka kwanamuhla kweSichibiyelo se-Gastimethi seshumi nantathu, kunikeza umbono ogcweleyo wokubaluleka kwaso okuhlala njalo.

Umlando Wesichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu asizange siphume esimweni esiphansi. Sashoshozelwa amashumi eminyaka okubhikisha kokuziphatha, izingxabano zezombangazwe, nempi yombango echitha igazi. Maphakathi nekhulu le-1919, ukumiswa kobugqila kwase kugxile kakhulu kwezomnotho nakuhlelo lwezenhlalo lwaseNingizimu, kuyilapho ukunqandwa kweSiphelo seNyakatho kwakhula kakhulu. IMissouri yahlehla ngo-1820, ukuhlehla kuka-1850, kanye neKansaska ka-Nera Act ka-1854 bonke babezama ukulawula ukwanda kobugqila bangene emasimini amasha, kodwa lamazwi ezombangazwe avele anciphisa ukugcinwa.

Ukukhethwa kuka - Abraham Lincoln ngo-1860 eqophelweni lokwanda kwezigqila kwashukumisela amazwe ayishumi nanye aseNingizimu ukuba angene e-secede, akha i-Conferate States of America. Okwalandela kwaba yimpi enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni waseMelika . iMpi Yangaphakathi (1861-1865). Njengoba impi yayiqhubeka, uLincoln wabona i-Lincoln hhayi nje kuphela njengesidingo sezempi kodwa njengemfuneko yokuziphatha. iEmancipeation Proclaturation kaJanuary 1, 18663, yamemezela ukuthi abantu abagqitshwe yizigqila bakhona bakhululekile, kodwa kwakuyisilinganiso sesikhathi sempi esilinganiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuthunyelwa komthetho-omthetho kwakungadingenzeki nje kuphela njengesidingo esihlala njalo kodwa njengokuyimfuneko.

Inhlangano yokuqeda izikhali, eholwa amanani anjengoFrederick Douglas, uWilliam Lloyd Garrison, noHarriet Tubman, yayilokhu yakha amandla amashumi eminyaka. Ukuzimela kwabo okungakhathali okungayekeleli − ngezinkulumo, izincwadi, nezenzo zokumelana nezikhali − kwadala ukucindezela kwezombangazwe nokuziphatha okudingekile ukuze umthetho-sisekelo ushintshe. Lapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sidlula zombili izindlu zeSishaya-Hulumente ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1865 futhi savunyelwa kamuva ngalowonyaka, sasimelela ukuphela okungokomthetho kwesimiso esasigqile izigidi futhi sonakele izinhloso zesizwe.

  • Umzabalazo wokuqeda uhulumeni waba namandla anzima emashumini eminyaka aholela ekulungisweni, enamanani anjengoFrederick Douglas neSojourner Truth.
  • UMongameli u - Abraham Lincoln waba nendima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ukuvuselelwa kwempi, eyicindezela ngeSishaya - mthetho esihlukene futhi esebenzisa inhloko - dolobha yakhe yezombangazwe ukuze ithole amavoti.
  • IMpi Yangaphakathi yaba imbangela yoshintsho enonya, iphoqelela isizwe ukuba sibhekane nokuphikisana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwezimiso zaso ezishiwo zenkululeko nobugqila babantu.
  • Lenqubo yokuhlunga yayidinga ukuvunyelwa abantu abathathu kwabane bamazwe, isithiyo esiyinselele esanikezwa ukuhlubuka kwamuva nesidingo sokwakha kabusha ohulumeni baseNingizimu.

Umbhalo Nezakhiwo Ezingokomthetho ZeSichibiyelo Se - 13

Umbhalo weSichibiyelo se - 13 ufingqiwe ngokuphawulekayo unikezwa ukubaluleka okuphawulekayo, unezingxenye ezimbili:

" Ukuhlanganisa 1. Ubugqila noma ubugqila obungahlosiwe, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu lapho lowo muntu eyobe ebekwe khona icala, kuyakuba khona e-United States, noma kunoma iyiphi indawo engaphansi kwegunya lakhe. Ingxenye 2. Izingqungquthela ziyoba namandla okuphoqelela lesi sihloko ngomthetho ofanele."

Ulimi lwenguquko lugcwele futhi luqondile. Alunqabeli nje ukugqilazwa kodwa futhi luvimbela "ukugqilazwa ngokuzenzekelayo," igama elibanzi elihlanganisa izinhlobo zemisebenzi ephoqelelwe ngaphandle kobugqila. Nokho, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu, kwakha imbobo ephawulekayo eyayingaba nemiphumela emikhulu enkathini yangemva kokuhlelwa kwesivumelwano futhi iqhubeke ibumba izimpikiswano mayelana nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi namuhla.

Isijeziso SikaClaus Nemiphumela Yaso

I-rego j·" ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu lapho iqembu lizobe lalahlwa khona ngokufanelekile""" kwakuwukwehlisa ukuvumelaniswa okufakwe ukuze kuzuze ukusekela komphakathi olinganiselwe nakumeleli bomngcele. Ngalesosikhathi, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lamane alondoloza umsebenzi okhona wokusebenza kwesijeziso. Nokho, livule umnyango wezwe laseNingizimu ukuba lifake "Imithetho Engathandeki" futhi kamuva lifake imithetho ethi "Jim Corow" ekwenza amacala amancane amacala bese libophela iziboshwa emasimini angawodwa, izimayini, nakumasimijantshi. Lesimiso sokugweba isigwebo saqhubele phambili ngokuphumelelayo isimo sobugqila phambili kuwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iMelika athinte ngokungenangozi.

Isazi esingokomthetho nesazimlando uDavid M. Oshinsky, encwadini yakhe ethi Pultitzer Prize-winning Werse Thursty Under Uster u, wafakazela indlela isijeziso esasetshenziswa ngayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukulawula kohlanga nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho eNingizimu. Ifa lale nkulumo liseyimpikiswano eqenjini lanamuhla lezezomthetho nezezezeluleko.

Amandla Aphoqelelwayo Negunya Lombuso

Ingxenye 2 inikeza i-Congress amandla okuphoqelela ukulungisiswa ngomthetho "osemthethweni osemthethweni". Lomthetho wokuphoqelela wawubalulekile ngoba wamisa igunya likahulumeni lokungenela ezindabeni zombuso ukuze kuvinjelwe amalungelo abantu. Leli lungiselelo labeka isisekelo somthetho-mthetho somthetho wemithetho elawula amalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise ne-Civil Rights Act ka-1866, i-Civil Rights Act ka-1875, futhi, ngokungaphezulu kakhulu, i-Civil Rights Rights Act ka-19646. Act yeSinyuselo se-Adremplete se-inthath ibanzi kuneSichimbishini seNguqulo se- - 148 ngezindlela ezithile ngoba asilinganiselwe esithatha isinyathelo somthetho sokuziphatha kwangasese, yenza ukuba sibe yithuluzi elinamandla elimelene nezindlela zocalucalucalucalu-calu-calu-lu.

Umphumela Osheshayo Nenkathi Yokuvuselelwa

Ukubekwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu ngokushesha kwalandelwa inkathi yokuguqulwa okukhulu kwezenhlalo nezombangazwe okwayaziwa ngokuthi iReconstructionon (1865-1877). Phakathi nalenkathi, uhulumeni wazama ukuhlanganisa abantu ababeyizigqila ngaphambili nomphakathi waseMelika njengezakhamuzi ezikhululekile ezinamalungelo alinganayo. Ukulungisa kwavula indlela yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane (1868), esaqinisekisa ukuba nezakhamuzi nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, kanye neNguquko yeshumi elinesihlanu (1870), eyayinqabela ukucwasana ngobandlululo lwezinhlanga ngokhetho.

Nokho, isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kweSivumelwano sahlala isikhathi esifushane. Ukuhoxa kwamabutho kahulumeni eNingizimu ngo-18877, kulandela ukuhlehlela emuva kuka-18877, kwavumela amazwe aseNingizimu ukuba aphinde abeke imibuso emhlophe esikhundleni sokuphakama ngobudlova, ukwesabisa, nomthetho wokulawula. ISivumelwano sokugcinwa kwemithetho yeSimemezelo se-Prefection seshumi nantathu sashintshwa kakhulu yiNkanto echaza ukuqedwa kwecala ngokuncane [FLT: 0] [FLT]] Ukubulala - Izindlu zendlu (1873]) kanye [[FLT] kanye ne-United States]. Crushbank [FLT] [12:3] 76]. Lezi zinqumo eziphambili zokuvikela amalungelo abantu abaphumayo, ukukhushuba nokuhlanganyela kwezimiso zobugqi, izimo zezenteyina, ezivame ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano zezentengo.

  • Le nguquko yanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho se - Freedmen’s Bureau, eyasiza abantu ababeyizigqila ngemfundo, umsebenzi, nesivikelo esingokomthetho.
  • Kwavula ithuba lokudluliswa koMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka - 1866, owathi bonke abantu abazalwa e - United States bayizakhamuzi kungakhathaliseki uhlanga lwabo.
  • Isivumelwano sokuphoqelela ukuphoqelelwa kwalempi sasetshenziselwa ukubekela iBlack Codes − imithetho eyavimbela inkululeko nokuhamba kwama-Afrika aseNingizimu.
  • Naphezu kwalentuthuko, ushintsho lwezimo lwaqala ukubonakala njengoba amazwe aseNingizimu athola izindlela ezintsha zokulawula umsebenzi omnyama nokucindezela amandla ezombangazwe ezimnyama.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu Nezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi Zanamuhla

ISichibiyelo Se - 13 siye sanikeza izinhlangano ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha ezigxekayo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. izimiso zaso ziye zasetshenziswa abashisekeli benkolo, abameli, nabahluleli ukuba baphikise izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo nokusebenza ngokuphoqelelwa.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Yawo - 1950 Nawo - 1960

Nakuba iziNguqulo zeshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu zazivame ukuba senkabeni yezivumelwano zomthetho phakathi neNkathi Yomphakathi Yamalungelo Abantu, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu sasebenza njengencwadi egcizelela ukungavumelani ngokokuziphatha nokungalingani kobuhlanga. Abaholi abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr. nezinhlangano ezifana neNaACP ezadweba esithembisweni sokulungisa inkululeko yendawo yonke yokuphikisana nenkululeko yomphakathi, ukulwa nenkululeko yokulwa nenkolo, ukuchitha ukuncishwa kwenkululeko, nokuxhaphaza kwezomnotho. Enkosini yakhe edumile "Inephupha iNhlombe", yavusa i-promission ye-promistion noIntection of Confectionation, kodwa iSimendezimende, kodwa i-1057 kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiqinisekile ekugcwaliseni leso sithembiso ku-Blallands.

Izinhlangano Zanamuhla: Ukuphila Okunsundu Kubalulekile Nangaphezu Kwalokho

Kulelikhulu lama-21, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu siye sasetshenziswa yizinhlangano ezinjenge-Black Lives Contificiate, eziqokomisa ifa eliqhubekayo lokungalingani kohlanga esimisweni somthetho womthetho. Isijeziso sokujeziswa kwabantu esiye saba isikhungo sabagxeki bokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, abaphikisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwesijeziso kwesigwebo sesigwebo sesigwebo kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe uhlobo lwanamuhla lwezisebenzi ezizimele. Ngokwezejele i-Prisonly Dimitice, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-9 baboshwe eUnited States, ngesilinganiso esicishe sibe sihlanu sesilinganiso sabamhlophe baseMelika abavalelwe. Izeluleko le 13 lezehlolo liyaqhubeka liyiphuzu lokuphikisana okungokomthetho nezimiso zezemthetho, njengoba izimiso zezisebenzi zasejele ezivalelwe emazweni amaningi ezikhokhelwa izisebenzini ngehora ngalinye.

Ifilimu efilimiwe th (206) ngu-Ava DuVernay waletha ukunakekela komphakathi kulomagazini, elandelela umugqa oqondile osuka ekulungiseni isijeziso kuya esikhathini sokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. Ifilimu yaphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sobulungisa somthetho sisetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokulawula uhlanga, ngokuphumelelayo iqhubekisela phambili ukulawulwa kokubekwa kweSiphendulo seshumi nantathu.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezindawo Ezintsha

Amacala anamuhla ayaqhubeka ehlola imingcele yeSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu. Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa indinganiso emacaleni ahilela ukushushumbisa abantu, ukufushaniswa kwezikweletu, nokukhokhwa kwezikweletu. I-Fractyngzing Zingcungcungcus Protection Act ka 2000 kanye nokuphinda kugunyazwe kabusha kwayo kusetshenziswa amandla omthetho kaKhomishani ngaphansi kwesigaba 2 ukulwa nohlobo lobugqila. [FLT: 0] United States v. Kozminski (1988), iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi iSiphendulo seshumi Nesithathu seSigqi sivimbela zonke izinhlobo zezenzo zobugqili zobugqibo ngokuzizekelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iSigamumu noma ngasese, nokuthi uhulumeni angamangalela labo abaphoqeqe abanye ngokuphosa noma ngokuphoqesha okungokomthetho.

  • Le nguquko iye yasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele ubugqila obukweletwayo nezimiso zokukhokha izikweletu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela izisebenzi zasezweni elivela kwamanye amazwe nezisebenzi zasemapulazini.
  • Amaqembu ayisisebenzi njenge - National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation aye anxusa ukuba kulungiswe izinqubo ezihilela ukuhlangana ngempoqo, ephikisa ngokuthi izimfuneko ezinjalo ziwubugqila obungahlosiwe.
  • Lenguquko inikeza isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo somthetho - sisekelo esimelene nokuthunjwa, ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ujezise labo abazuzayo ngokugqilazwa nokushushumbisa ubulili.
  • Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zahlola ukuthi lesinguquko singasetshenziswa yini ezindabeni ezinjengenkonzo yezempi ephoqelelwe noma ukuhlangana okungakhokhelwa, nakuba lezimpikiswano zisaphikiswa.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwangesikhathi Esizayo: Ukungalingani Ekhulwini Lama - 21

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sisalokhu sibaluleke kakhulu njengoba i-United States ilwisana nokungalingani okuphikelelayo kobuhlanga nomnotho. Ifa layo liyabonakala ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nenguquko yobulungisa bobugebengu, amalungelo ezisebenzi, nokuhweba ngabantu. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokulungisa okuqhubekayo kudinga ukuhlola indlela amalungiselelo ayo aqhubeka ngayo ehlela umthetho nomphakathi waseMelika.

Ukujezisa Kwabaningi Nesijeziso SikaClaus

Impikiswano yamanje ephikisana kakhulu ezungeze iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu yinhlekelele yokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. Isijeziso, esivumela ukugqilazwa ngokungenhloso njengesijeziso sobugebengu, siye sakha uhlelo olungokomthetho lapho abantu ababoshwe bephoqelelwa ukuba basebenze ngeholo elincane noma bangaholi lutho. Ezizweni eziningi, ukusebenza ejele kusetshenziselwa ukuveza izimpahla nezinkonzo ezincintisana nezimboni ezizimele, kubangele inzuzo enkulu yezindawo zokulungisa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso siwuhlobo lokuxhaphaza kukahulumeni okuthinta abantu ngebala ngokungenangqondo.

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zamisa umthetho wokulungisa imithetho yazo ukuze zenqabela ngokuqondile ubugqila kuzo zonke izimo, kuhlanganise nesijeziso sobugebengu. I-Colorado, i-Nebraska, i-Utah, i-Alabama, i-Oregon, i-Tennessee, ne-Vermont zonke ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokususa izigaba ezihlukile emithethweni yesizwe. Le mizamo iveza ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi indinganiso yeSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu ayivumelani nezindinganiso zanamuhla zesithunzi nokulinganisa.

Amalungelo Ezisebenzi Nobulungisa Bezomnotho

Ukunqatshelwa kokugqilazwa ngempoqo kuhlanganisa amalungelo ezisebenzi ngaphandle kwesimiso sejele. Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nezimo zemisebenzi, ukweba, nokuphoqelela ukukhokhwa ngokuvamile zisekela izimiso zeSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu. Umqondo "wobugqila" uye wasetshenziswa abashisekeli bezisebenzi ukuveza ukufana phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuxhashazwa ngokungafanele namalungelo enkonzo anqatshelwe ukubuyiselwa. Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zalahla izimpikiswano zokuthi iholo eliphansi noma izimo zemisebenzi eziphansi ziwumsebenzi ezingezibolile, ukubuyiselwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha nengokomthetho kunikeza uhlelo lokusekela inzuzo yezomnotho.

Ukushushumbisa abantu kuseyinkinga ephikelelayo eUnited States nasezweni lonke. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene Yezisebenzi ilinganisela ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 40 embulungeni yonke bayizisulu zobugqila banamuhla, kuhlanganise nokugqilazwa nokuphoqelelwa komshado. ISichibiyeli seshumi nantathu sinikeza isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo semizamo yokulwa nokushushumbisa, futhi iSishaya - mthetho siye sasebenzisa amandla aso ukudlulisa umthetho owenqabela ukushushumbisa futhi usekele abasinda. Izinhlangano ezinjengoPolariss neCoalition to Abolish Slard Slavery ne-Rtrankking (CAST) zisebenza ukuze zibone futhi zisize izisulu, zidweba izisulu eziphethwe yikhosela phambili engokomthetho ekwakhiweni.

Ubandlululo Lokwakha Nokungalingani Okuqhubekayo

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila ngokusemthethweni, asizange siqede izakhiwo zesigaba sabefundisi sobugqila esiye sadalwa. Isithembiso senkululeko sancishiswa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, ubandlululo, nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho okwaqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu ngemva kokuthatheka kwayo. Ifa lalenguquko engakapheli libonakala ngokuhlala njalo ezigebengwini zengcebo, imfundo, impilo, nobulungisa bezegebengu. Ngokwe - Economic Policy Institute, ingcebo yeminde yemikhaya emhlophe cishe iphindwe izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili ngokwezezelele. Lezi zimo ezidiyo aziyona ingozi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungabangelwa yimithetho nemikhuba yokuthi inguquko yeshumi namashumi amathathu nanye yayihloselwe ukuvimbela kodwa yayingeke, ngokwayo, ukuqothulwa kwayo.

  • Lenguquko isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi ushintsho olungokomthetho lulodwa alwanele ukufinyelela ukulingana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho — kuyadingeka futhi.
  • Izinhlangano ze - Grasroot ezinjenge - Aumement Justice Initive zisebenzisa iSichibiyelo Se - 13th se - Reformation njengesisekelo somsebenzi wazo wokubekela inselele ukungabi nabulungisa kobuhlanga nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi.
  • Isinqumo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi leli qembu lisebenza ngokusemthethweni sinikeza isisekelo somthetho sisekelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokuxazulula ubandlululo lwesimiso, nakuba lungafezeka.
  • Izici ezihlanganisa i - Universal Declaration of Human Rights, zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, zisebenzisa izimiso ezifana nalezo eziseSichibiyelweni Se - 13 seSichibiyelo.

Indlela Yokufundisa Yokufundisa ISichibiyelo Se - 13

Kubafundisi, ukufundisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu kunikeza ithuba lokufaka abafundi imibuzo enzima ngenkululeko, ubulungisa, nomsebenzi ongakapheli wentando yeningi. Indlela ephumelelayo idlulela ngalé kokuthatha ngekhanda izinsuku nemibhalo, ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba balwe nomlando olungisiwe, ukulinganiselwa, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo.

Ukusebenzisa Imithombo Eyisisekelo

Imithombo eyisisekelo inikeza abafundi ukufinyelela ngokuqondile emaphini nasezimpikiswaneni zesikhathi esidlule. Izinqolobane zeNational zinikeza amakhophi ahlangeneyo eSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu sokuqala, kanye nemibhalo yengqungquthela, izincwadi, nezinkulumo ezivela empikiswaneni yokuhlobanisa. Izinkulumo zika-Douglas, njengekheli lakhe elingu-1865 "Lokho Umdabu Ofuna Ngako," zinikeza ukuqonda okunamandla emathembeni nasemathembeni abantu ababegqitshwe izigqila ngaphambili. I-Aylyksibili ka-Intalialculication, eyanikezwa emasontweni ambalwa nje ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, inikeza uhlelo lokuziphatha nezenkolo lokuqonda impi yomphakathi nomphumela wayo.

Ukuqhathanisa umbhalo weSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu neSiphendulo se-Emancipation kuvumela abafundi ukuba babone umehluko phakathi kwesilinganiso sesikhathi sempi noshintsho oluhlala njalo lomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlola ama-Black Code adluliswa yizifundazwe zaseNingizimu ngo-1865-18666 kwembula indlela isithembiso sokulungisa esabekelwa inselele ngayo. Le mibhalo isiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi umlando awuyona indaba elula yentuthuko kodwa indawo encintisanayo yezithakazelo eziphikisanayo nemibono.

Impikiswano Ekhuthazayo Nokucabanga Okubucayi

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu siphakamisa imibuzo ecebile yenkulumo nengxoxo. Ingabe isigqebhezana sesijeziso kufanele sisuswe kuMthetho-sisekelo? Ingabe ukusebenza ejele kuwuhlobo oluthile lobugqila banamuhla? Imiphi imithwalo yemfanelo uhulumeni okumelwe iqinise isithembiso senkululeko? Lemibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ukuxabana nayo kusiza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele amakhono okucabanga agxekayo nokuqonda ngokujulile incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Imisebenzi yokudlala ingaphumelela kakhulu. Abafundi bangathatha izindima zezikhulu zezokulwa eziphikisana ngo-1865, noma abasekeli besikhathi samanje abaphikisana nokushintshwa kwemisebenzi yasejele. Lemisebenzi idinga abafundi ukuba baqonde imibono eminingi futhi bakha izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ebufakazini.

Ukuqinisekisa Imicebo Yemithonje Yezinto Eziningi

Imithombo yama-mimedia ingaletha isichibiyelo seshumi nantathu ekuphileni kubafundi. Ikhodi th iyatholakala ku-Netflix futhi inikeza ukuhlola okunamandla kwefa le-memode. Amavidiyo ama-vidiyo avela emithonjeni enjenge-PBS, i-Relect Channel, noma i- Constitution Center [ yesizwe] anikeza izingeniso ezifinyelelekayo emlandweni wenguquko nokubaluleka. I-interlinearline yesikhathi namabalazwe angasiza abafundi ukuba babone ukunwebeka kobugqila, inkambo yeMpi Yomphakathi, noma inqubo ye-ratmotioty.

Imidlalo enjenge i-Scene ku-Radio's "Ukubona uchungechunge lwe-White" kanye no-'FLT] olusuka ku-NPR lunikeza ukuhlola okubanzi komlando kokungalingani kohlanga e-United States. Lemithombo inganezela ingxoxo yekilasi futhi inikeze amaphuzu amaningi abafundi aba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufunda.

Ukuhlanganisa Isikhathi Esidlule Namanje

Enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokufundisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa kokwaziswa okuphathelene nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuxoxa ngemizamo yamuva yokuqeda ukugqitshwa ejele, noma ukuhlaziya amacala okuhweba kwabantu anamuhla kusiza abafundi ukuba babone ukuthi ukulungisa akuyona nje incwadi engokomlando kodwa incwadi ephilayo esebenzayo esebenzayo. Imisebenzi efundwayo yenkonzo esetshenziswa izinhlangano zendawo ezisebenzela ukulungisa ubugebengu noma ukuvimbela ukushushumbisa abantu kunganikeza abafundi amathuba okuhlanganyela kulezi zindaba.

I- Justice e-Initive inikeza ingcebo yemfundo nokuhlangenwe nakho okunamandla emnyuziyamu eMontgomery, e-Alabama, okulandelela umlando wokungalingani kohlanga kusukela ebugqilini kuya ekuboshweni komphakathi. Umbiko wabo ngefa lobugqila nesidingo seqiniso nokubuyisana unikeza uhlelo lokuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu njengengxenye yendaba enkulu yokulwa nokuzinza.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ongachithwa Wenkululeko

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu singenye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Sayiqeda ngokomthetho inqubo yokugqilazwa kwemiba futhi samisa isimiso sokuthi ukugqilazwa ngempoqo akunandawo emphakathini okhululekile. Nokho isithembiso sokulungisa sihlala singenamkhawulo. Isijeziso sakha indida eye yasetshenziswa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 150 ukuqhubekisela phambili izinhlobo zemisebenzi ephoqelelwe nemithetho ephansi yobuhlanga. I-antemplication's joval, nakuba ibanzi ngokwenkolelo, ngokuvamile iye yalinganiselwa ngencazelo yokwahlulela nangentando yezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu kudinga ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwaso okukhulu nokulinganiselwa kwaso okukhulu. Kwakuyisimo esidingekile kodwa esinganele sokufinyelela ukulingana kwezinhlanga nezomnotho. Umsebenzi wokwakha umphakathi ophila ngokuvumelana nesithembiso senkululeko yendawo yonke usaqhubeka namuhla. Kubafundisi, ukufundisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu akusona nje inqubo yokuhlola umlando. Kubafundi ukumenywa ukuba babe izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezibophekile ezingaqhubeki umsebenzi wobulungisa ongakapheli.

Ifa leSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu lisikhumbuza ukuthi inkululeko ayilungiswa unomphela. Kumelwe ivikelwe, ichazwe futhi inwetshwe esizukulwaneni ngasinye. Ngokufunda umlando wenguquko, ithonya layo, nokubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo, thina nabafundi bethu sizihlomisela ukuba sihlanganyele ngokunenjongo kulowo msebenzi obalulekile wentando yeningi.