Ukubaluleka Kokhetho Olufanele

Okhetho olufanelekile luyindawo yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Abamane nje bawumthetho osemthethweni kodwa bayindlela eyisisekelo esetshenziswa izakhamuzi ukuba zibuse, zigcine abaholi benobuthakazelela, futhi zilolonge isiqondiso somphakathi wazo. Uma okhetho luqhutshwa ngobuqotho / ngaphandle kokuxhashazwa, ukwesatshiswa, noma ukukhwabanisa. .Nkakuba baveza ohulumeni ababonisa intando yangempela yabantu. Lokhu kuyimfuneko ekuzinziseni kwezombangazwe, ukuthembana, nokudluliselwa ngokuthula kwemibuso. Ngaphandle kokhetho olulungile, imibuso ehlukene ingenazingozi ezingeni lokubusa ngempoqoso, lapho ababusi bekhonza khona izithakazelo zabo siqu kunokuba bakhonze izithakazelo zabo emphakathini.

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela esobala yezombangazwe, ukhetho olulungile lunemiphumela ejulile yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ukuhlola kwezizwe zonke kubonisa njalo ukuthi amazwe anezikhundla eziphakeme zokhetho ajabulela ukukhula okunamandla kwezomnotho, amazinga enkohlakalo, nokutshala umphakathi kakhulu emfundweni nasemkhakheni wempilo. I-World Bank iphawule ukuthi imijikelezo yokukhetha ecacile, esobala iheha amanye amazwe ngokuzinza nokubusa komthetho. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, ukhetho ngokuvamile luholela ekuvukeleni ingxabano, ubudlova, nomonakalo owesikhathi eside owesizwe.

Izimiso Zobuqotho Ezingaphucuzekile

Ukwethembeka kobunyani obusemqoka kusekelwe ezimisweni eziningana: ukuvota okulinganayo, ukufihla isisindo samavoti, ukukhululeka ekuphoqelelweni, nasekubaleni ngokunembile. Isimiso ngasinye kumelwe sivikelwe kulo lonke umjikelezo wamavoti (ukusuka ekubhalisweni kwevoti nokusayinwa kwemithetho yokuhlola yangemva kokhetho. Uma noma yisiphi salezi zinsika sihlehliswa, yonke inqubo iyalahlekelwa ukuthembeka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ivota i-vracler arollat ayinembile noma i-divriferiverive, isimiso seze ngokomthetho wezembulunga yonke indawo siyaphulwa. Uma imithetho yezentengo yezentethelelo inciphe, isimiso semithetho elinganayo iyalulazwa [[FLT:], ukulinganisa lezi zilinganiso zempilo ezilinganiswe naphakathi kwezizwe.

Izinsongo Ezinkulu Zokukhetha Okufanele

Naphezu kokuzibopha okusakazekile ezimisweni zentando yeningi, okhetho emhlabeni wonke babhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo. Lezi zinselele azilinganiselwe emazweni asathuthuka; ngisho nentando yeningi emisiwe ibambene nezingozi ezintsha nezingalawuleki. Ukuqonda lezizinsongo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakheni izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokulwisana.

Ukucindezelwa Nokudangala Kwezinto Ezingavamile

Ukucindezelwa kwevoter kuhlanganisa uhide lwezindlela − kusukela kwimithetho eqinile ye-ID kanye nokukhishwa kwemiqolo yamavota ukuze kuncishiswe izindawo zokuvota nokuhlela kwasekuqaleni. ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zivame ukuthinta idlanzana, ukuthatha imali ephansi, nokuvota abasebasha. Ngokombiko Brennan Center for Justice[, phakathi kuka-2020], phakathi no-20, zimisa imithetho yokuvota evimbela imithetho yokuvota. Lezi zinyathelo ngokuvamile zithi zivimbela ukukhwaba, kodwa ukuhlola kubonisa ukukhohlisa kwevota kuyinto engavamile kakhulu. Umphumela wangempela ukuguqula amaqembu cishe awusekeli kakhulu ekusekeleni amaqembu. UGerderman, ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda yenzuzo, ukuhlanganisa le ngxenye ephambili ngokuveza amandla ezindaweni ezithile zokuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impumelelo ezindaweni zokuvota eziphambili.

Ukuphambaniswa Kolwazi Nokusetshenziswa Kwalo

Inkathi yemitapo iye yabangela ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga. IMalign media . .osemuva abadlali basekhaya nabezobuzwe bangaphandle, amawebhusayithi ezindaba, kanye nama-bot ahlangene ukuze asakaze ulwazi ngabazoqulwayo, izinqubo ze-odocratic ngokwayo. Lokhu kungadida abavoti, bacindezele, bavulele, noma bavuse ubudlova. Ukuhlolwa kwango-2018 okwenziwa yi-Compatic Projectal Project ye-paganda yase-Interraclace yathola ukuthi okungenani amazwe angu-48 aye angene emikhankanti yokusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana phakathi kokhetho. Inseleleka kakhulu ngoba amanga anweba futhi afinyelele abantu abaningi kunayo. Ukulwa kwe-transched recorentism kudinga imfundo yokufundisa ukufunda nokubhalane, ukulandisa kwezekelela kwemithetho, nemithetho yokukhangisa.

Ukonakala Nobuciko

Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, okhetho lungcoliswe inkohlakalo eqondile: ukuthenga, ukufumbathisa kwezikhulu zokhetho, noma ukuphatha izinombolo zokuvota. Ngisho nasezimisweni ezinezinhlangano eziqinile, izimali zomkhankaso zingafihla umehluko phakathi kokusekela okungokomthetho nokonakala. Iminikelo engalawulwa kubantu abacebile noma izinkampani ingadala inkundla yokudlala engalingani, lapho izithakazelo zabambalwa zidlula khona izidingo zabaningi. [inhlangano yezombangazwe] igcizelela ukuthi ukuthembeka kwezombangazwe kudinga ukuxhasana kweqembu, imingcele yeminikelo, imingcele emikhankanti, nokuqondisa kokusetshenziswa kwemikhankanti.

Ukwesaba Nobudlova

Ukukhetha kungaphikiswa ngobudlova. Ukusongela abavoti, abavoti, noma izisebenzi zokukhetha zingacindezela ukuhlanganyela nokuguqula imiphumela. Kwezinye izindawo, amaqembu ahlomile noma amabutho ezokuphepha esabisa abasekeli bokuphikiswa. I-International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) ihlola ubudlova bokhetho embulungeni yonke futhi imibiko yokuthi eshumini leminyaka elidlule, amazwe angaphezu kuka-85 aye abhekana nohlobo oluthile lobudlova obuhlobene nokhetho. Ukuvikela inqubo yokhetho akudingi nje imishini yokulondeka kodwa futhi nezimiso zokuxwayisa, izimiso zempi, kanye nezibophophophozo zempi ezihambisana nokungaphazameli.

Ukuqinisa Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokuthemba Umphakathi

Ukubona gcaluku kuyindlela yokuqeda ukungathembani. Uma izinqubo zokukhetha zivuleka ukuba zihlolwe, amathuba okukhwabanisa ancipha, futhi ukuqiniseka komphakathi kuyanda. Ukubona gcaba gca kumele kugcinwe kuzo zonke izinga: ngaphambi, phakathi nokuvota, nangemva kokuvota.

Izindikimba Ezizimele Zokuqondisa Ukuvota

Isisekelo sokhetho olubonisayo siyikhomishane yokukhetha ezimele, engochwepheshe, negunya elifanele. Izindikimba ezinjalo kumelwe zivinjelwe ekungeneleni kwezombangazwe, zinikezwe ochwepheshe abangeyabo, futhi zinikwe amandla okuphoqelela imithetho ngokungakhethi. Amazwe anjengeCanada, iNdiya, ne-South Africa anezibonelo zokuphatha kokhetho ezihlonishwa kabanzi. i-Special Rapporteur kwesokudla ukuze ihlanganyele ezindabeni zomphakathi [[ itusa ukuba amanxusa okhetho avikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho-mthetho futhi anikezwe i-equator ezinqumiotis ezinquisiweni zokusebenza, kuhlanganise nokuhlela nokuhlela umthetho.

Imfundo yevoter nokwaziswa okufinyelelekayo

Abavoti abanolwazi bagunyaziwe ukuba bavote. Imikhankaso yemfundo yamavoti e-oversi egunyaziwe . I-U.U.Umkhankaso wokufundisa ngokubhalisa izinqubo zokuvota, izindlela zokuvota, iziteshi, nendlela yokubika okungahambi kahle mayelana nokwenza okukodwa . Kuyi-democracy, imfundo yomphakathi ihlanganiswa nezifundo zesikole zesikole futhi ithakwe ngezimemezelo zenkonzo yomphakathi. Amathuluzi e-Unitel, njengezinsthi zokuvota kanye nezivota, ayasiza futhi. Ukubona kahle kuvumela ukuvota ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-colotteo bakha izibalo zephepha labo abavoti benziwe kahle, ngokusebenzisa imishini yemikhondo yezincwadi zezincwadi ze-voti (VPAT) ezisebenza ngomshini wokuvota.

Ukugcinwa Kokhetho Nokuphishekelwa Kwalo

Kokubili izingqapheli zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe zifeza indima ebalulekile. Ukuba khona kwazo kuvimbela ukukhwabanisa futhi kunikeza ukuhlola okunenjongo kwenqubo. Izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke ezisemihlanganweni enjenge ] OSCE Office yeDemocratic Institutions neHuman Rights (ODIHR) zihlola ukhetho ngokumelene nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. Nokho, ukuhlola kwasekhaya kubaluleke ngokulinganayo, njengoba amaqembu endawo ngokuvamile enolwazi olujule kakhulu futhi ekhona isikhathi eside. Izibalo zenani lokuhlola izingozi ze-democratic `s profectals proftiesssss processsssssssss procepticesssss athecial ahlola ukunembana kokhetho olusemthethweni. Uma lokhu kuboniswa ngemiphumela enziwa ngokusobala futhi kwenziwa obala ngokuseduze, ziqinisa ngisho nasemphakathini emncintiswaneni.

Ukutholakala Kwemali Nemithombo Yezindaba Ebonisayo

Imali kumele ibonakale. Abasakazi bafanelwe ukwazi ukuthi ubani oxhasa imali kanye nemikhankaso. Izimfuneko zezezimali, ukuchitha imingcele, nokuvinjelwa kweminikelo engaziwa kuyimfuneko edemokrasi eningi. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yokungena kwezezindaba engakhethi iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mfantu ongaminza ngengcebo ephelele. Abasakazi bomphakathi kufanele banikeze intengo elinganiselwe, futhi amapulatifomu ezenhlalo kufanele abhale izikhangiso zezombangazwe futhi adale abaxhasi bawo. [FLT: 0] I-International Intelligement Dimoclation media yezepolitical CD[[

Indima Yobuchwepheshe: Isithembiso Nesinxephezelo

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kwemishini yokuvota, kodwa futhi buletha ukuhluleka kokukhetha okusha.

Ukubhalisa Ngezinombolo Nokusebenzisa Imishini

Ukubhalisa i-internet kwenza kwaba lula ngezigidi ukuba zibhalise futhi zihlaziye ulwazi lwazo, zithuthukise ukuthatha iqhaza phakathi kwentsha namahamba-ndlela. Imishini yokuvota yombane (eVM) ingasheshisa futhi inciphise iphutha lomuntu. Nokho, kumelwe iphinde iqinisekise. Umehluko phakathi kochwepheshe be-computersecurecurety uwukuthi noma isiphi isimiso sokuvota ngemishini ye-electronic sikhiphe irekhodi lephepha elingabhaliswa. Estonia, iphayona elivotayo, lisebenzisa isimiso esivumela ukuvota kwabo ngomshini weselula, kodwa ngisho nalapho, ochwepheshe bakhuthaza ukuqapha. .S. I-Ikhomplate Comment ye-octive [[FLT] inikeza iziqondiso zokuvota kanye nezokufaka izingozi engozini yokuvota.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nezobuchwepheshe Ezixubile

I-Blockchain ihlongozwe njengekhambi elilondekile, lokuvota okusobala ngenxa yokuhola kwayo okungaguquguquki. Imisebenzi eminingi yomshayeli, kuhlanganise naseNtshona Virginia nase Switzerland, iye yahlola ukuvota okusekelwe kuma-blockchain phesheya kwezwe futhi abavoti abangekho. Nokho abagxeki baveza ukuthi ubuchwepheshe abunakuyixazulula inkinga eyisisekelo yokuqinisekisa noma ukulondeka kwethuluzi ngokwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntula iphepha umkhondo kwezinye izinqubo zomqobo kwenza kube nzima ukuphindela. Nakuba i-brekichain ingaba nezicelo ze-paceace ye-pace yethemba lokhetho. Okunye ithembisa intuthuko ekudlulisweni kwemininingwane elondekile, ukukhonjwa, nokugcinwa kokuvikelwa kwe-opera.

Usongo Lokuphepha

Isisekelo sokhetho siyisisulu esiyinhloko sokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi. Kusukela ekusebenziseni ama-coffrate alawula ukubika ngobusuku, abadlali abanonya bafuna ukululaza ukwethenjwa. Ukhetho lwase-2016 lwase-U.S. lwathola imizamo emikhulu yokuphula izimiso zokubhalisa, futhi usongo olufanayo luye lwabhalwa eNetherlands, e-Ukraine, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Iziphetho zihlanganisa ukuhlola okuvamile, ukuqinisekisa okuningi, izinhlangano ze-atting, nokusabela okukhulu. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, njengangendlela yokukhetha EE's uhlaka lokukhetha , zisiza ukuhlanganyela inqubo engcono kakhulu nesixwayiso sokuqala.

Izindinganiso Nezimpawu Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Imithetho yomhlaba wonke inikeza ukukhomba okukodwa kokukhetha okulungile, kodwa kuveza ukuvumelana okukhulayo phakathi kwemibuso yentando yeningi.

Izinsimbi Eziyinhloko Zamazwe Ngamazwe

  • Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu (Artle 21): “Intando yabantu iyakuba isisekelo segunya likahulumeni; lokhu kuyoboniswa ngokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile nolweqiniso oluyokwenziwa ngevoti yendawo yonke futhi elinganayo futhi luyobanjwa ngevoti yangasese noma ngezindlela zokuvota ezilinganayo.”
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke somphakathi kuMalungelo oMphakathi nawasepolitiki (i-Artle 25): Zonke izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuvota nokukhethwa okhethweni lwezikhathi ezithile ngaphandle kwemingcele engathi sína.
  • Ibhukwana i-OSCE Copenhagen (1990): Inikeza izibopho eziningiliziwe okhethweni lwentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokukha amaqembu ezombangazwe, izimo zomkhankaso wobulungisa, kanye nejaji elizimele.
  • Itshati yase-Afrika ngedemokrasi, ukukhethwa noBusa: igcizelela indima yokhetho ekuvimbeleni izinguquko zikahulumeni ezingavumelaniyo.

La mathuluzi ayisisekelo sokuhlola ukhetho nezinhlelo zosizo lobuchwepheshe, futhi asebenza njengezimpawu zokuthi izakhamuzi zibonelela ngohulumeni bazo.

Ukulinganisa Ubuqotho

I-Electoral Perfect Project (EIP) iveza uhlu lwe-Elecceptions of Electoral Perfective (PEI) oluhlola ukhetho emhlabeni wonke ngezimpawu ezingu-49 ezinqamule izigaba ezingu-11. Imininingwane yamuva kakhulu ibonisa ukuthi nakuba amazwe amaningi ephuma phambili ezigabani zokuvota (njengokubhalisa okusemthethweni), izigaba zokuvota (njengokubala nokuvota) njalo zithola isilinganiso esiphansi. Leligebe liqokomisa lapho imizamo yenguquko kufanele igxile khona. Ngokufanayo, iprojekthi ye-defau ye-decimal (V-DEM) inikeza ukwaziswa okuneyo okungahluliwe ngenkululeko nangokhetho oluhle, ivumela ukuqhathaniswa phakathi nesikhathi esingaphezu kwesikhathi.

Ithonya Elisemqoka Lokukhetha Izimiso Ezinhle

Imiphumela yobuqotho bokukhetha idlulela ngalé kosuku lokhetho.

Ukuqinisa Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Uma ukhetho lulungile, amaphalamende nababusi babusa ngemvume eyamukelwa kabanzi. Lokhu kulunga kwenza kube lula ukudlulisa umthetho onzima, ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana komphakathi nemithetho, kanye nezinkinga zezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ukhetho lubhekwa njengoluphoqelelwe, amaqembu aphikisayo angase aphelelwe ukholo kuzo zonke izinhlangano. Ukuncishiswa kwethemba kungaholela ekuphambukisweni kwentando yeningi, njengoba kubonakala emazweni anjenge-Hungary ne-Venezuela.

Ukunciphisa Ukuxabana Nobudlova

Ukhetho olulungile lunikeza enye indlela yokulwa ngezikhali. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi amazwe anezinqubo ezithembekile zokukhetha abhekana nezimpi zombango ezimbalwa nemizamo yokugumbuqela. iUnited States Institute of Peace iphawula ukuthi ukhetho olungcono lungasingatha izikhalo, luhlanganisa amaqembu acushiwe, futhi amise imithetho yokulawula amandla. Nokho, uma ukhetho lunephutha, lungaba izikhombi ezicathulisayo zobudlova. Ngakho, izinga lalenqubo lihlobene ngokuqondile nokuzinzisa umphumela.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubusa Okuphelele

Ukhetho olulungile luqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nabesifazane, amaphaphu esizwe, nabantu abakhubazekile, amelelwa. Ukudwetshwa, iziteshi ezifinyelelweyo, nezinyathelo zokulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane kuyi-webhusayithi zonke zikhona ezifaka iqhaza emiphumeleni egcwele. Ukucwaninga kwabesifazane kweUN kuveza ukuthi lapho abesifazane bekhethwa, izinqubo zemfundo, impilo, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Ngokufanayo, ukumelelwa kwabantu bomdabu nabambalwa kuholela ekunikezeni inzuzo elinganayo. Ngakho, ubuqotho be-Electoral buyithuluzi lobulungisa benhlalo.

Ukukhula Kwezomnotho Nokutshala Imali

Abatshali bamasheya bayazi ukuthi kuyoba nokugada. Umjikelezo wokhetho othembekile unciphisa ukungaqiniseki ngesiqondiso senqubo namalungelo empahla. IInternational Monetary Fund iye yaphawula ukuthi amazwe athembekile kakhulu ekukhetheni athambekele ekunciphiseni izingozi ezikweletini zobukhosi futhi ahehehe imali eyengeziwe kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuhlukile, ukungaguquguquki kokhetho okubangelwa ukukhomba kungaholela ekuthatheni inhloko-mali nasekuthatheni izivumelwano zezomnotho. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhetha kubonisa intando yangempela yabantu, imiphakathi yakha isimo esizinzile sokuchuma isikhathi eside.

Isiphetho

Ukhetho olufanele alusona isiphetho ngokwalo kodwa indlela yokufinyelela ukubusa okusemthethweni, okusabelayo, nokunokuthula. Indlela yokukhomba evolweni idinga ukuqapha njalo ngokumelene nezinsongo ezindala nezintsha .(ukusukela ekucinizelweni kwevoti kanye nokuxoshwa kwezeze-ibhulhamba kanye nenkohlakalo). Izinyathelo zokubonakaliso, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa okuzimele, ukuqashwa, nokuthola ukwaziswa okungafinyeleleki, ziyisivikelo esiphumelela kakhulu. Izindinganiso zomhlaba zinikeza uhlelo oluphumelelayo, kodwa ekugcineni umthwalo wemfanelo umi nezakhamuzi, abaholi bezombangazwe, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba zifune futhi zivikele izinhlelo ezilungile. Njengoba i-democraferal emhlabeni wonke izinselele ezibhekene izinselele ezingakaze ziseyikhohlakale kakhulu, ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wabantu, ngabantu, ngoba abantu ngeke babhubhe emhlabeni wonke.