Isingeniso: Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni siyisisekelo semfundiso engokomthetho evimbela ukumangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yabo esobala. Lesi simiso, esisekelwe kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwe-unistism yaseMelika, sisebenza njengokuhlolwa okubalulekile emandleni okwahlulela kahulumeni futhi sivikela izimali zikahulumeni emacaleni azimele. Lemfundiso iqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso esithile sokuzimela esimisweni sikahulumeni, sivimbela uhulumeni wezwe ekusebenziseni izinsimbi eziyimfihlo njengemishini yokuphazamisa inqubo noma izimali. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-U.S. Congresssions ye-seat inegunya lomthetho-mgaganiso lokulawula i-mgaqo we-jikelelo ngokomthetho we-atrounia, noma ukuvikela okungathyo emongomongongongongokwayo nyaka kamashumi amaningi amandla asungule ukuphikisana kwempikiswano. Ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni ungawuguqula kanjani umbuso wezwe elinguwongame lokuvikela i-engameswosebuswayo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yombuso Wobukhosi

Izimbangela Zomthetho Ovamile WesiNgisi

Umqondo wokugonyelwa kokuzivikela kombuso ubuyela emuva emthethweni wamaNgisi ovamile, lapho i-monarch , umbusi , engakwazanga ukumangalelwa khona ezinkantolo zakhe ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Isaga esithi "inkosi ayenze phutha" sabonisa umqondo wokuthi umqhele wawungavikeleki enqubweni engokomthetho. Lomgoqo wawungeyilungelo lomuntu siqu kodwa wawuyimfanelo eyisisekelo yobukhosi ngokwabo. Lapho amakoloni aseMelika ehlukana neNgilandi, azuza lelisiko elingokomthetho, kodwa ngokujikijelwa: umbusi wayengaseyona inkosi kodwa abantu ngokwabo, esebenza ngohulumeni bombuso.

Ukutholwa Kwabantwana BaseMelika Bakuqala Nempikiswano YamaChisolm

ERepublic yakuqala, imfundiso yokugonyelwa kwesimiso sombuso sokuzimela yayisikude kakhulu. [Umthetho-sisekelo awuzange ubhekisele ngokuqondile ekhonweni likahulumeni. Lokhu kuqonda kwaholela ngokuqondile kwelinye lamacala eNkantolo ePhakeme ephambili: Shisolm v. [1793]. [[FLT]] [[FLTYM] , iNkantolo, esinqumweni esingu 4 761], ikholelwa ukuthi iSiphakathi III somthetho-sisekelo sezwe waseNingizimu Carolina savumela isakhamuzi sezwe ukuba siphinde sizuze isikweleti sesizwe phakathi nesizwe sempi ye-Rokraual. Umbono kaJames uJacelson Wilsonson waphikisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni wandisa izikhulu zesizwe futhi asivumelane esinye isimiso sombuso esisha, futhi asivumelangasivumendawo sisebenzisa isimiso esisha.

Isinqumo sabangela isiphepho esisheshayo. Amazwe ayesaba ukuthi ayezoququlwa amacala ngenxa yezikweletu ezingakhokhelwa nangesikhathi sempi. Ekuphenduleni okuqondile, kwahlongozwa futhi izifundazwe zagunyaza iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ngo 1795, esagumbuqela iChjolm[ ngokunikeza:

Amandla Okwahlulela aseUnited States ngeke athathwe njengodlulisela noma yikuphi ukufaneleka emthethweni noma ukungakhethi, okuqalwe noma okuqulwe ngokumangalelwa komunye weUnited States yizakhamuzi zaseZweni Elinye, noma yizakhamuzi noma izihloko zanoma iliphi IZwe Langaphandle.

Lokhu kulungisa kwaba yindawo yombhalo yokuvikela uhulumeni ekubuseni, nakuba ukufinyelela kwawo okunembile kwakuzosetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka.

I - Constitution Foundation: ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nangaphezulu

Umbhalo Nencazelo Yangaphambili

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye, ngolimi lwaso olulula, sifaka kuphela izibopho kuhulumeni wesinye isifundazwe noma izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe. Ngesobuso bayo, ayivimbeli isutu ngezakhamuzi zikahulumeni noma ngohulumeni ngokwawo. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokushesha yandisa imfundiso ngokungcono kakhulu ngalé kombhalo ongokoqobo. [[FLT:] [FLD] [0] uLouisiana[[FLT] v. [[FLT] [1990] [1890], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi isakhamuzi saseLouisiana ngokwaso sasingeke sikhohlise isimo sayo siqu ngaphansi kweNkakhulu lika-Claus Claus. INkantolo yabonisa ukuthi iSigeqe se-Agalelo-Engulayidemi (iNkakhulu]) yayingekhona umthombo wesimiso sokuzivikela sombuso, kunalokho, isilinganiso sesimiso sombuso, ngaphandle kokuba ivunyelwe ukuba ivunyelwe umthetho womthetho.

yamisa ukuzivikela okubanzi komthetho-sisekelo okusebenza kuwo wonke amasudi ngokumelene nesifundazwe enkantolo kahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizakhamuzi ze-paltiff. Lokhu kugonyela ukulingana neshedi kuphela nemali ewohlokile kodwa futhi nasezinhlotsheni ezithile zokukhululeka kwemali. Nokho, iNkantolo yaqopha futhi okubalulekile: isutiss, igwesi kahulumeni wezwe, kanye nesuti yenkululeko ye-octive ekhoneni likahulumeni ngaphansi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela kodwa futhi nezindlela ezithile zokukhululeka ezithiyo ezithiyo zivumela ukumiswa kwezikhulu eziphethe eziphethe umthetho ngokuphumelelayo.[FLT:] (1910) ngokuvamile kuyavunyelwa. [FLT:] Ingxenye engcono kakhulu [FLD [F:]]

Umsebenzi Wanamuhla: Ukuhlangana KukaHulumeni Njengesimiso Somthetho - sisekelo

Namuhla, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibheka ukuvikeleka kombuso ngokusemthethweni njengesici esiyisisekelo somklamo womthetho-mthetho, hhayi nje umthetho ongokomthetho noma umthetho ofanayo. Seminole Tribe yaseFlorida v. Florida [1966], iNkantolo yaphetha ukuthi iNkantolo ayinakuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho ezimele ngeSiphakamiso I (njengeNkathi ye-Interstatestate Confection Claus). Amagunya agunya anikwe i-5 kuphela ngaphansi kweNguqulo ye-145th Refection Refection Refection . [[Fluencystending]] evumela ukuba iziqinisekiso zenqubo nesivikelo esilinganayo zigcinwe njengesisekelo esiqinile. Lesi sinqumo samandla alinganiselwe kakhulu okungathwalwa kwemithetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wombuso (njenge-mthetho we-unignignignomentine, iqhubeking.

Amandla KaCongress Kumbusi Wezwe Wase - abrogate

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Njengendawo Eyisisekelo

Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, uKhongolose ulinganiselwe ukuba unqande ukuvikela kombuso ekuzimela. Ilungiselelo eliyinhloko yisiHlelo 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esinikeza: "Ingqungquthela izokuba namandla okuphoqelela, ngomthetho ofanele, amalungiselelo alesi sihloko." iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi la mandla avumela iSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba sivikeleke uma senza isenzo sokulungisa noma sokuvimbela ukuphulwa kweSichibiyelo seGajimezi se 145, inqubo engaphansi kwe-intshiwe, isivikelo, kanye namalungelo noma izikhungo zesizwe.

Ukuze i-abrogated, uKhongolo-kahle kumelwe lugcwalise izimfuneko ezimbili. Okokuqala, kumelwe iveze inhloso yalo ngokungenaphutha ukuzivikela kombuso okuzimele embhalweni we-statory. Amasumumu e-state angokomthetho angakhululeki. Okwesibili, ukuhlaziywa kumelwe kube "okuhlangeneyo nokulingana"ukusabela esithombeni sokuziphatha okungahlanganiyo. Uma umhlangano usenza sisebenze ngendlela ebanzi. Lokhu kuhlola, kumiswe iSiko LeBoerne v. Flores [1997], kudinga ukuba umthetho uhlolwe ukuba uvimbele noma ulwe umthetho okhethekile. Uma uthatha indawo ebanzi kakhulu [indlela yokuhlukanisa okungeke kuhlanganise umthetho.]

Izitebhisi Ezinkulu Ezivimbela Umbuso Wase - brogate

UKhongolose uphumelele ekulweni kwesimiso sombuso sokuvikela uhulumeni ngokusebenzisa amandla aso engxenyeni 5 emithethweni eminingana ephawulayo. Izibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1944 (Isihloko VII): Isho ukuthi abaqashi bomuntu siqu nomphakathi bangabakhethi bemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nohulumeni bombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme, Futzpatrick v. [1976], isekele igunya leSishaya-Hulumeni kumthetho owenqatshelwa ukuvikela u-Clavice VII ngoba umthetho wawuklanyelwe ukuphoqelela isivikelo esilinganayo sika-Claus Claus. EUnited States manje ingase igwetshwe ngenxa yokucwa kwezelelwa emsebenzini ngaphansi kwesihloko VII.
  • [[FLT: 0] AbaseMelika abanoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA): Isihloko I (imisebenzi) nesihloko II (inkonzo yomphakathi) zihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuveza igebe. Board of Trustees of University of Alabamaustem v. Garrett [2001]] [iNkantolo], iNkantolo yashaya ihliswa ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi (isihloko) ngoba iSishaya iSishaya isisekelo ngenxa yokuthi iSishaya - mthetho asizange sibonise inqubo yokucwaswa okungenangqondo ngokumelene nokukhubazeka okungagunyaziwe okuthethelela ikhambi. Nokho, [FLT:] yabona ku-v. [FLT][FFFF:] [5] [2004] [200]]), iNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkathi ye-stiki exhakakhulu le-Intshiwe ukukhohloku esebenzela yenkosi yenkosi yezelelwe ukuba isetshenziswe njengendawo ye
  • I-Family and Medical Let (FMLA)[FLT:] Ilungiselelo leFMLA "ukuzinakekela" (ukuvumela ikhefu lezempilo engathi sína yomqashwa) lahlaliswa [[ iColeman v. Inkantolo yezikhalo zikaMary[[[FLT]]] [FLT]]] [2020] ngenxa yokuthi ingqungqungquthela yayintula ubufakazi besimo sobulili. Nokho, ilungiselelo lomkhaya lokunakekela (ithuba lokunakekela umntwana omusha noma ilungu lomkhaya eligula) lasekelwa [[FLT] NVADA yomnyango weZinkomba zengcebo. [bb][5][5]
  • I-Agescrititution in Observatom Act (ADEA): Kimel v. Ibhodi ye-Florida yeRegents [2000], iNkantolo yathi iSishayamthetho ngeke sikwazi ukuvikela umbuso ngaphansi kwe-ADEA ngoba umthetho wenqabela ukucwasa ngokwenkathi ngokuvamile okungangqubuzani i-Classiste que quence Classia (okuvumela imibandela yobudala obusekelwe ngaphansi kokubukeza kwe-filimi).
  • Umthetho we-Fair Labor Act (FLSA) nezinye izimiso I : Ngemva [[FLT:] SAMINOLE VER [, iSivumelwano asinakusebenzisa amandla aso ezentengiselwano noma esinye iSiphakamiso I sokuvikela uhulumeni ohlukene. Ngaleyondlela, isuthi ngokumelene nemithetho yokukhokha imali eyengeziwe ngaphansi kwe FLSA iyavinjelwa ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni noma uhulumeni wezwe. Alden v. Maine [1999] [ukuhloka okumelene nemithetho emishayo yenkantolo kanye)]

Lamacala abonisa ukulinganisela okubucayi: Izingqungquthela zingase zivimbele uhulumeni ngokungemthetho lapho zithatha isinyathelo sokuphoqelela iSichibiyelo Se - 14 (Isinqumo Se - 14), kodwa iNkantolo izohlolisisa kokubili umlando wemithetho kanye nokubaluleka okuphakathi kwekhambi nokwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokwahlulela Egunyeni Lomphakathi

Uhlanga LukaSeminole Nesihloko I Bar

Isinqumo sango-1996 USiminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida kwakuyisikhathi esipholile. Inkantolo, engokwamahluleli kaNkulumbuso Rehnquist, yanquma ukuthi i-Indian Commerce Commerce Claus (ISiphakamiso Sokulawula) ayizange inikeze iSishaya-mthetho wesimiso sombuso. Icala lavela kumthetho we-Indiya Gaming Religalitation Act, eyavumela izizwe zama-indiya ukuba zinqume ukukhothamela ukuhothana kwezelela ama-game. Inkantolo ye-Pronayingizimu (i-Gath Empereance). INkanto enziwayo enziwa yisinqumo kuphela. [Foctalson:] [Foctive] [5] [5] i-G.V.U.U.U.S.upton (e.S.S.G.4] ingu, ingunyunyunyulu, imvume yesinqumo, i-G

Ukuqamba Nokuhlola Izindawo

Ku iDolobha eliseBoerne v. Flores (1997), iNkantolo yamisa indinganiso "yokuvumelana" yokuhlola umthetho omiswe ngaphansi kweSiqesha 5 seSiphendu se-145. Icala elihilela iNguquko yokuVumelanisa iNguquko (RFRA), iNkanto ebekwe iSishaya umthetho. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi i-RFRA yayingesona indingasiyo isilinganiso senqubo ephawulwe ngokwemithetho yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (inkululeko yenkolo). Uvivinyo olufanayo luye lwasetshenziswa enqandabeni yomthetho: uma umthetho wezokuvikelwa kwemithetho, ikhankambi ihlola ukuthi umbhalo wemvume uveza indlela ebanzi yokusebenza yesivumelwano, i-scrooctive nenqubo yenqubo ye-e-productive.

Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaveza imiphumela engavumelaniyo. [Ilungiselelo lomkhaya] lixhaswe, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi izikhulu zasendulo zazicalule ngokwesisekelo sobulili ekunikezeni ikhefu, ngakho ukucotsholo kwakulingana. Gett [ [isihlomo] [isihlomo engisiwe] [i-ADA]), iNkakhulu linqume ukuthi ukucwaswa kwecala ngomthetho kubantu abakhubazekile akwanele ukuthethelela ukucwasana okubanzi. [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [5] [ict:] [i] isihloko se II sisekela ekutholakaleni kwenkantolo nasekwe-komitini yokwahlulela, kodwa inkantolo ivule i-okene. Lokhu kuhlola okungangokwakhelwane.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo Ephakeme Ziveza Imikhawulo

  • ISAKUMINOLE FURT of Florida v. Florida (1996): Akukho Siphakamiso I sokuhlikihla.
  • Dolobha lase Boerne v. Flores (1997): Isikomune nokuhlolwa kokulinganisa.
  • Florida Preparey Face Secondary Education Board v. College Savings Bank (1999): Ukuqeda ukukhishwa kwemvume emacalani agunyaziwe nawalokho okuphawulwayo; akukho indlela yokugqekeza kwezwe.
  • Kimel v. Ibhodi yeRegents (2000): ADEA ukugwetshwa akusebenzi.
  • U-Board of Trustes of University of Alabama v. Garrett (2001]: Isiqu I-ADA I-abrogles asebenzanga.
  • Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs (2003): Umkhaya weFMLA ugunyaziwe ilungiselelo lokunakekela.
  • [[IQUL:0] I-Lenssée v. Lane [2004]: I-ADA Isihloko II ukuhlatshwa kwe-aver kusekela ukufinyelela kumalungelo ayisisekelo.
  • United States v. Georgia (2005]: Isihloko II sigunyaza ukwephulwa kwangempela kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane.
  • Coleman v. Inkantolo yokudlulisa yaMaryland (202): Ilungiselelo lokunakekela lodwa i-FMLA
  • Allen v. Cooper [20]): Ingqungquthela ayinakuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezwe ngaphansi koMthetho we-copyright Remedification Clarity Act ngenxa yokungalingani komklami womthetho osemthethweni ophulwayo.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ilungelo lombhali nempahla Ebalulekile

[[FLT: 0]] Allen v. Cooper [20] [20], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi i-Congrepy Remedification Clariation Act (CRCA) ka 1990, eyathiwa isesilinganisweni sombuso sokunqanda ukulungiswa komgunyazo, ayizange isebenzise i-alltugate. INkantolo yasebenzisa i-conformation kanye nokulinganisa futhi yathola ukuthi i-Congress Congressbource ayifakanga isampula isilinganiso semithetho ephuleni eyanele ukuthethelela ukuthambeka kwemvume. IJajini lenkantolo, isikisela ukuthi i-Propolay [Fogle] [F3] futhi iveza ukuthi i-Forse]

Ukubhange Kanzima Nezinye Izikhungo Zokuxhumana

Enye indawo yobunzima i-accel producement producement producement. Ngaphansi Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006]], iNkantolo yathi ivimbela ukuvinjelwa kwazo ngokuvumela iBankruptic Claus ye-Constitution, ivumela ukuncishwa kwemali egciniwe yemali nokubuyiselwa kwezinto ezisezizweni. Lendaba ingaphezulu ngenxa yokuthi isekelwe ku-"inkolelo ye-Constitution" `igrafe'' ye-sethive ye-mthetho ngokwayo isho ukuthi imvume yemithetho ethile. Ukugwetshwa kwemithetho emelene nezindawo kuhlala kuvumelekile. Nokho, iNkantolo ayiyinwebi nalokhu icabangela kwezinye izindawo.

Izimpahla Zikahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Nakwamanye Amazwe

Kuqinisekiswe kahle ukuthi uhulumeni ngokwawo ungamangalela imibuso ngaphandle kokwephula ukuzivikela kobukhosi. Bheka United States v. Texas (1892). Ngokufanayo, omunye uhulumeni ungamangalela omunye umbuso egunyeni leNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kushiyeka kusekelwe emqondweni wokuthi isivikelo sobukhosi sivikela amazwe kubantu, hhayi kuhulumeni, izigebengu.

Ikhambi Elikhulu Lentsha

Ngisho noma iSishaya-mthetho singenakukwazi ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa okungalawuleki, abakhokhi bomthetho bangafuna impumuzo engathi sína ezikhulwini zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye- ex ngxenyee Young imfundiso. Lokhu kuvumela izingcezu ukuba zinqande ukuphulwa komthetho kahulumeni okuqhubekayo ngezikhulu zikahulumeni (umz., ummeli jikelele noma inhloko yenhlangano) esikhundleni sabo esingokomthetho. Ikhambi lilindele (isithi `isithi isithi thi thi thi thi thi thiza ukulimala esikhathini esizayo) futhi ayidingi ukukhokhwa okuvela emphongweni wayo. Lemfundiso ihlala iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokufaka amalungelo kahulumeni ngokumelene nezifundazwe, ngisho nalapho izindleko zingekho.

Imithetho Yamanje

KuMaKhomishana yamuva, abamisi-mthetho baye bacabangela izindleko eziningi zokubuyisela ikhono lokumangalela izizwe ngenxa yokwephula imithetho kahulumeni. "Umthetho Wombuso Immunity Reformation Act" ungazama ukuqeda iSiphakamiso SeNkantolo I ngokucela amandla eKhongolo ngaphansi kwe-Active and Sed Clause Clause ihlangene negunya lokugunyaza iSimemezelo se-14 seSichibiyelo. Nokho, izindleko ezinjalo zibhekene nezithiyo ezingokomthetho-mthetho. INkantolo ibambelele njalo ukuthi ukuqonda okungokomlando kwemingcele yesimiso sokuzivikela kombuso kungathi iMithetho yeSishayamthetho, futhi noma imuphi umthetho omusha uyakudinga ukwanelisa imvume nesilinganiso esiqinile sokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho eqinile yesizwe yokuziphatha okubi.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zokuqondiswa Nokubuswa

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukulinganiselwa ekuhlawulweni kwemithetho kunezimiphumela yangempela. Uma izifunda ziphula imithetho yenkululeko kahulumeni elawula amalungelo abantu, abantu ngabanye bangase bangakwazi ukuthola umonakalo wemali enkantolo kahulumeni. Kumelwe bathembele ekunikezeni usizo, izinqumo zemvume, noma izenzo zokuqinisekisa okwenziwa yi-U.S. Justice of Justice. Lokhu kunganciphisa imiphumela evimbelayo yamalungelo abantu futhi kubeke umthwalo onzima ekubambiseni kwemithetho yezomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, abaqashi abakhetha izisebenzi ezikhubazekile abangekho ukukhohliswa ngempoqo ngaphansi kwe-ADA (uma icala liba lingaphandle kwe-] ), ngaphandle kwe-partum], beshiya isisebenzi sinomthwalo onzima kakhulu ekubekeni imvume yokungavumelekile noma imvuzo sikahulumeni uma kuvunyelwana.

Ubumbano Nokulandisa

Abasekeli besimiso sokuzivikela esiqinile sobubusi baphikisa ngokuthi sivikela igugu likahulumeni ezingozini ezingalindelekile, sivumela amazwe ukuba anike imithombo ngokwesinqumo sentando yeningi. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukumangalela ngasese akuyona indlela engcono yokulungisa isimo sikahulumeni; kunalokho, inqubo yezombangazwe nokuphoqelelwa kombuso kunikeza ukulandisa okwanele. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela kokuziphatha okubi ngokuvamile kushiya izisulu zikahulumeni ngaphandle kwekhambiso, kunciphisa umthetho. Umbango phakathi kwalemibono uthuthukisa izimpi zokwahlulela nezokulwa kwemithetho eqhubekayo.

Indima Yokuvumelana NoMbuso

Amazwe angawalahla ngokuzithandela amasosha awo okuzivikela azimele, ngokuvuma ukuvumelana nenkantolo kahulumeni ngokuvamile noma ngokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni ezingaphansi kwesisu esinjalo. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa abaphangi abalinganiselwe ngezenzo zetort noma ngokuvumela izivumelwano ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uhulumeni esusa icala enkantolo kahulumeni, kungabhekwa njengokuthi ugonyelwe ekuvimbeleni ukumangalelwa. Nokho, abahluli kumelwe bafake izivumelwano eziqinile futhi baqiniseke.

Isiphetho: Ingxoxo Ehambisana Nomthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo sezwe sokuzimela sombuso sisalokhu siwumkhakha futhi siphikiswana ngomthetho-mthethweni. ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye, ekuqaleni sinciphe kakhulu e . IChhoolm[, iye yachazwa ukuhlanganisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esibanzi sokuvikela ukunqanda imishado nempahla. ISishaya-mthetho, nakuba inamandla abalulekile okuvimbela ukuvikeleka ngaphansi kweNkathi yeGazehlo 5 yeGenethi, kumelwe isebenze ngaphakathi kwemingcele eqinile yokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuncintiswana kwemithetho nokungalinganiyo kuvimbela ukungenwa okusemthethweni okusekelwe ekwahlulelweni somthetho kunakho, kunokuba kuthathwe ekuthandeni umthetho womthetho wemithetho wemithetho. [FFodsonson] Kukho kugunyazwe wonke umuntu, futhi kugunyazwe uhulumeni omunye, noma umqulu wabafundi abambalwa, umqulu ongokomthetho ongokomthetho, uyavuma ka-Kooctivev.[F]

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola lokhu okulandelayo: