Ukwakhiwa Kukahulumeni Wase - United States Nomphumela Wawo Kuwe Nsuku Zonke

Uhulumeni akuwona umqondo okude, ofiphele ohlala eWashington D.C. kuphela izakhiwo noma amagumbi okuhlala. Yiwo onquma ijubane emgwaqweni wakho, izinga lamanzi ompompi wakho, iziyalezo ezifundiswa esikoleni sengane yakho, nezindinganiso zokuphepha zemoto ohamba ngayo. Lezi zinqumo zenziwa ngesimiso esisodwa esiqinile sombuso, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo, ngalinye elinamandla ahlukene nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuqonda indlela la manani asebenza ngayo esikoleni sengane yakho, nokuthi igele likanjani imoto yakho eliqondana nebanga lokuqala lokuba isakhamuzi esifundileyo ukuze sibe yisona esilawula ngokuphumelelayo isimiso esilawula ukuphila kwakho nomphakathi.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Igunya Lesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphethe isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu segunya eUnited States, uthola amandla ayo kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.I. ifinyelela izindaba zezwe ezidinga ukuhlangana kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50. Kusukela ekuvikelekeni kwesizwe kuya ekuhleleni ukufudukeni, izinqumo zayo zimisa isimiso sokulawula nokulawula okungokomthetho phakathi kwezindawo ezisebenza kuzo izifundazwe nemiphakathi. Nakuba ngokuvamile kubonakala sengathi zikude kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ithonya laso ligcwele: imithetho kahulumeni ivikela ukulondeka kokudla kwakho, ilawula izindiza zethelevishini yakho ne-Internet, futhi iqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yamakhoba

  • Isizwe sokhuselo nomthetho wobuzwe: I-operacters, izivumelwano ze-amenthentians, nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zehla ngaphansi kwe purview kahulumeni. UKhongolo lunamandla okumemezela impi, kuyilapho uMongameli esebenza njengoMyaleli-ku-Mphathi-i-Chiefo futhi eqhuba izingxoxo namazwe angaphandle.
  • Entengiselwano ye-Interstate: I-Claus yezentengiselwano inikeza uhulumeni wezwe igunya lokulawula izimali ezinqamule imingcele kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa amabhanki, izimakethe zamasheya, kanye nezimiso zokuhamba emhlabeni wonke njengezindiza nesitimela.
  • Umthetho owenziwe nge-Federal Enigration kanye noku-opera: Izimo ezinjenge-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ne-Immigration Service (USCIS) zisingatha ubugebengu obunqamule imigqa yombuso nemithetho yokuphoqelela ukufuduka.
  • Umshuwalense we-social and Healthchare: i-Social Security Administration, Medicare, nengxenye ephawulekayo yezimali ze-Medicaid ilawulwa ezingeni likahulumeni, imisa ukusekela okuyisisekelo kwabakhulile, abantu abakhubazekileyo, nemikhaya ehliswayo.

Ukuhlelwa Nokuncishiswa Kwezinto

Uhulumeni uhlukaniswa ngamabomu waba amagatsha amathathu, isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba iqongelele amandla amakhulu. Lokhu kuhlukana, kuhambisana nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuqinisekisa ukubambisana nokuqondisa.

  • Igatsha eliphethe: Eliholwa nguMongameli, leligatsha liphoqelela futhi libeke imithetho kahulumeni. Lihlanganisa iminyango yeKhabhinethi (umz., uMnyango Wemfundo, uMnyango Wezokhuseleko Lase Homeland), izinhlangano eziphethe, nezisebenzi zikahulumeni. UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress nowahluleli bezwe, kuhlanganise nomthetho ophakeme weNkakhulu (ngokuvumelana kweNkathi yeNkathi).
  • Igatsha elinomthetho: IBandla le-bimear (Indlu yabameleli neSigele) linecala lokudala imithetho, ukukhokha intela, nokugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni. Indlu yabameleli inikeza izihlalo ezisekelwe kubantu bombuso, inikeza amazwe amakhulu izimpawu ezilinganayo. ISishaya-mthetho u-Amperary u-senary u-sensite. Ingqungquthela ingakhipha umongameli ngesilinganiso esingunxantathu emagumbini womabili.
  • Igatsha elibuJuda: INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kanye nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi zichaza umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni. Zinamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela . "Izenzo zomthetho zokushaya umthetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingekho ngokwemithetho esemthethweni. Amajaji abekwa ukuze asindise ukuphila, azivikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Lesi sakhiwo sisho ukuthi ngisho noma umthetho kahulumeni ushaywa, ukumiswa kwawo ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ohulumeni bakahulumeni, nezinhlangano zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezesisekelo omkhulu odluliselwe ngokwezinga likahulumeni (njenge-Infrablicrective Information Investicement and Jobs Act) uhambisa izimali kuMnyango Wezokuthutha wezwe, obe uphethe imisebenzi yokwakha ngokubambisana nohulumeni besifunda namadolobha. I-Evironmental Protection (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zesizwe zamanzi ahlanzekile, kodwa izifunda zisebenza ngokugcinwa kwalezo zindinganiso.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Izisebenzi Zentando Yeningi

Isebenza phakathi kwesambulela sikahulumeni nezindawo ezikhathalelayo zendawo, ohulumeni bezwe baphethe inkululeko ephawulekayo namandla. ISichibiyelo seshumi kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Amandla agciniwe ngokukhethekile angaphathiswanga uhulumeni wezwe. Lo "magunya agciniwe" avumela izigaba ukuba zisebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola izimiso ezizimele, zikhulume ngezinselele eziyingqayizivele zesifunda nezindinganiso. Njengoba i-Supreme Court Louis Brandeis iphawulwe ngokudumile, isho ukuthi i-"isebenza njengendawo yokucwaninga ngesayensi yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo nezomnotho; futhi zama ukuhlola okuqandatsha ngaphandle kwengozi kulo lonke izwe.""

Umtapo womtholalwazi nemithwalo yemfanelo

  • Imfundo:[ Ohulumeni bombuso baxhasa futhi baqondise imfundo yomphakathi K-12, bamisa izinga lezifundo zezifundo (kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu zasesikoleni esiphakeme), baphatha amayunivesithi kahulumeni nezimiso zomphakathi zasekolishi, futhi ngokuvamile baqondisa iziteshi zemfundo yesikole.
  • Izakhiwo: amaZwe anomthwalo wokwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo kahulumeni, amabhuloho, nezikhumulo zezindiza. Zinezindlela eziningi ezinkulu ezixhuma amadolobha namadolobha, futhi zivame ukwengamela ukubhaliswa kwezimoto nokufakwa kwabashayeli.
  • I-Public Health and Safety:[ iminyango yezempilo yoMbuso iphatha amarekhodi abalulekile, ilawula izibhedlela namakhaya asebegugile, iqondisa izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi ezihamba phambili zikahulumeni, futhi ihambisane nokusabela ekuqubukeni kwezifo. Amaphoyisa ambuso aphoqelela imithetho emigwaqweni emikhulu kahulumeni futhi asize ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo.
  • Imithetho nezimiso zomthetho: izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho yomthetho yobugebengu, kuyilapho izimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho (i-divorce, izivumelwano, izivumelwano zokuqulwa kwecala). Amajele oMbuso abamba amashwe agwetshiwe, futhi amabhodi ezikhulu alawula izinhlelo zasekuqaleni.
  • Isimiso somthetho wezemvelo:[ Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni ziphoqelela ukuphathwa kokungcola, zilawula amapaki kahulumeni nemizamo yokulondoloza izilwane, futhi ziqondise izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni njenge Clangac Water Act phakathi kwemingcele yazo.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Kahulumeni

Ihlola isampula likahulumeni, wonke umbuso unamagatsha amathathu, nakuba iziqu nemibuso ethile ingahluka. Igatsha eliphetheyo liholwa uMbusi, okhethwe uhulumeni wonke futhi onamandla okwengamela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ahlongoza izimali, futhi asayine noma asayine umthetho kahulumeni. Igatsha lezemithetho livame ukuba ne-biobaral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enesishaya-mthetho esine-mthetho esine-ayesracracy) futhi linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela nokudlulisa imithetho kahulumeni. Imithetho yomthetho yamazwe ikhethwa ezifundeni phakathi kombuso. Igatsha ebusayo ichaza imithetho yesifundazwe nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho, kanye nezindawo ezithile eziphethe ukhetho lwabahluleli.

Ubukhosi bukahulumeni busho ukuthi imithetho ingahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yentela − ihlanganisa intela eholayo kanye nentela elinganiselwa kumaphesenti akhona . . Ezinye izifundazwe azinayo intela yomuntu siqu yeholo (umz., Texas, Florida, Nevada), kanti ezinye zinezakhiwo zentela eziqhubekayo (umk. California, New York),. Ngokufanayo, amazwe anenkululeko ebanzi ngemithetho yensangu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendlela esemthethweni yokuzijabulisa kuyilapho ezinye zikwenqabela ngokuqinile. Lomehluko uthinta ngokuqondile lapho abantu bekhetha ukuphila, ukwenza ibhizinisi, nokuthatha umhlala phansi.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Iqoqo Eliyinhloko Lenkonzo Yomphakathi

Uhulumeni wendawo uyizinga elisheshayo nelibonakalayo kakhulu likahulumeni kuleyo nqubo yakho yansuku zonke. Uphatha izinkonzo zezandla ezithinta ngokuqondile impahla yakho, ukuphepha, kanye nezinga lokuphila. Izindawo, amadolobha, amadolobha, amadolobha, namadolobhana, nezindawo ezikhethekile (njengezikole, izifunda zomlilo, neziphathimandla zamanzi) zikha indawo kahulumeni wendawo. Nakuba zingaphansi kokuqondisa umbuso futhi zithola igunya kuhulumeni, zivame ukuba nenkululeko enkulu ezindabeni zendawo.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • Ukuphepha kobuPublic: Iminyango yamaphoyisa yasendaweni, iminyango yomlilo, nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo (EMS) yiziphetho zokuqala ezinkingeni endaweni yakini. Izimiso zokuziqondisa zinquma ukwakha imithetho yokuphepha nezindawo. Imithetho yezimoto, imithetho yeminyango yokupaka, nemithetho yomsindo iphoqelelwe endaweni yakini.
  • Imisebenzi yePublic ne-Infracture: Ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imigwaqo phakathi kwemingcele yedolobha, balawula izimiso zamanzi nendle, baqoqa udoti, bagcine amapaki nezindawo zokuzilibazisa, futhi basebenzise izinqubo zokuthutha zomphakathi (izimboni, izinja ezilula).
  • Izigodi zeSikole zase-Local: Ezifundazweni eziningi, amabhodi ezikole (okhethwe noma amisiwe) engamele imisebenzi yansuku zonke yezikole zomphakathi, abaqashwa, abaqashi, abahleli bemali, futhi baqondise amaholo nomthetho wezivumelwano phakathi kwezimiso zemfundo zikahulumeni.
  • Ukukholisa nokuzingela: Ohulumeni bendawo bakha amasu abanzi okusebenzisa indawo, bamise imithetho enquma ukuthi yini engakhiwa lapho (izentengiselwano, ezentengiselwano, ezezimboni), imvume yokwakha, nokuphoqelela imithetho yezindlu ukuqinisekisa ukuhlala.
  • Izinkantolo zendawo:[ izinkantolo zikaMasipala zisingatha ukuphulwa okuncane, amathikithi omgwaqo, nezimpikiswano ezincane zomphakathi. Izinkantolo zamasifunda zisingatha amacala angathi sína kakhulu kodwa ziseyingxenye yesimiso sokwahlulela sikahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zohulumeni Wendawo

  • UMincalities (Iziqu Nezimo zomphakathi): ngokuvamile ibuswa umphathi-dolobha okhethiwe (obulala) nomkhandlu wedolobha (ohluphayo). Abanye basebenzisa isimiso "sonamandla" lapho umphathi-dolobha aphethe khona amandla aphawulekayo okulawula, kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa isimiso "i-council-manager" lapho umphathi wedolobha oqeqeshiwe, emiswe umkhandlu, eqhuba imisebenzi yansuku zonke.
  • Izindawo ezinkulu ezihlukene phakathi kwezindawo ezihlanganisa kokubili izindawo zasemadolobheni nasemaphandleni, kuhlanganise nomasipala abahlukahlukene phakathi kwemingcele yabo. I-Counivation isingatha izinkonzo ezidlula imingcele yedolobha ngalinye, njengezinkantolo zesifundazwe, intela yempahla, amajele, imitholampilo yomphakathi, nesisekelo sezindawo phakathi kwamadolobha (umz., imigwaqo yasemaphandleni, amapaki esifunda).
  • Izifunda ezikhethekile: I Independent, amaqembu kahulumeni alinganiselwe asungulwe ukunikeza inkonzo ekhethekile. Ezivame kakhulu izifunda. Ezinye zihlanganisa izifunda zamanzi, izifunda ezivikela umlilo, izifunda zomtapo, neziphathimandla zokuthutha. Zinezikhundla zazo zokubusa ezivame ukukhethwa izakhamuzi ezimngceleni wesigodi.

Izinqumo zikahulumeni wendawo zinethonya eliqondile emazingeni empahla nasemkhakheni womphakathi. Isinqumo somkhandlu wedolobha sokubuyisela indawo engenalutho ezindaweni zokuhlala kuya kwezentengiselwano eziphakeme singashintsha umuzwa womakhelwane ebusuku. Imali yebhodi yesikole ingasusa umculo noma izinhlelo zezemidlalo. Umthola-mpilo wesifunda sokugoma ungavimbela ukuqubuka kwesifo. Ukuya emhlanganweni wesikhamu sedolobha noma isiqephu sebhodi lesikole ngokuvamile kuyindlela eshesha kakhulu yokubona ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngezenzo zezindaba ozikhathalelayo.

Indlela Lezi Zinga Ezihlangana Ngayo Nokuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho

Ukuqonda izingqimba kubalulekile, kodwa ukuqonda kweqiniso kuvela ngokubona indlela ezisebenza ngayo kanyekanye, noma ngezinye izikhathi ezinjongoni eziphambanayo − ukuveza imiphumela eyenzekayo. Akukho mpikiswano enkulu exazululwa ngesilinganiso esisodwa. Cabangela lezi zibonelo:

  • Imfundo Yomntwana Wakho: Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza izimali ezithile (umzk., isihloko engisinikezayo ezikoleni ezitholakele eziphansi) futhi umise izimfuneko ezibanzi zamalungelo omphakathi. Umbuso uhlela izilinganiso zezifundo, usebenzise izivivinyo ezivamile, futhi izimali zinkulu zemali yesikole ngentela kazwe. Ibhodi yesikole iqasha othisha nothisha, inqume ikhalenda lesikole, futhi ilawule indawo ezungezile yesikole ngosuku lwesifundo. Uma umzali ekhathazekile ngekhono lothisha noma izinga lesayensi, indawo yokuxhumana kwabo yangasese yisikole sendawo, hhayi i-Washington C.
  • Ikhomu Lakho: I- Interstate Highway System yaxhaswe uhulumeni futhi yakhiwe ngokwezindinganiso zikahulumeni. Umnyango wezwe wezokuthutha ugcina imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni nezingxoxo zezifunda ezisemingceleni yayo. Uhulumeni wedolobha lendawo unomthwalo wokulungisa imigodi emigwaqweni yedolobha, ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya kwezimoto ezinqamuleni, nokususwa kweqhwa emigwaqweni eseduze. Isakhiwo esikhulu sokwakha umgwaqo singahlanganisa iminikelo kahulumeni, ukuhlela isifundazwe, nemvume yendawo.
  • I-Qureary yempilo: Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza asebekhulile iMedicas futhi umisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokuhlanganisa izinqubo zomshuwalense wempilo ngaphansi koMthetho we-Afford Care Act. Amazwe asebenzisa izimakethe zawo siqu zempilo, izinkampani zomshuwalense, futhi aqondise i-An Health Inshuwarectory Program (CHIP). Iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza imitholampilo yamahhala, ihlola izindawo zokudlela, futhi inikeza imfundo yezempilo yomphakathi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukhokhela: Ukhokha intela yeholo kahulumeni kuMnyango Wezentengiselwano. Ukhokha intela yemali kahulumeni (uma uhlala nombuso) futhi uthengise intela yempahla ekuthengeni. Ukhokha intela yempahla yendawo esifundeni sakho noma edolobheni, izikole zemali, imigwaqo, nezinkonzo zendawo. Ingqikithi oyikhokhayo ixhomeke ezinqumweni ezithathwayo.

Uma uhlelo luphumelela, wonke amazinga athola ukuthenga ngesikweleti. Uma kuhluleka, izinga ngalinye lingase lisolwe elinye. Kodwa ukuqonda isilinganiso somthwalo wemfanelo kukusiza ukuba uqondise ukuthembisana kwakho ngokuphumelelayo. Uma ufuna ukuthutha umphakathi kangcono, kufanele wazi ukuthi indaba iphathelene yini negunya lebhasi lakho lendawo, indlela yakho yokuhamba ngezimali, noma impatho kahulumeni yokuthutha.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokubambisana Nohulumeni Wakho

Ukwazi ukuthi inqubo isebenza kanjani kuyingxenye yesilinganiso esiyingxenye kuphela, ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo zakho nezindinganiso zimelela okuthile. Ungahlanganyela kunoma iliphi izinga, kodwa ukuthembisana okuphumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile kubeka isilinganiso esikhethekile segunya phezu kokukhathalela kwakho.

  • Imihlangano yeNdawo:[ Imihlangano yomkhandlu wedolobha, iziqephu zesifunda, nezindawo zokulalela isikole zivulekele umphakathi. Eziningi zihlanganisa inkathi "yokukhulumela obala" lapho ungakhuluma khona ngokuqondile nezikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe ngezindaba zendawo imizuzu emithathu kuya kwemihlanu.
  • Ukuvota kuNhlanhlohlo ngalunye: Kukhetho lwendawo nombuso ngokuvamile kuphansi, kusho ukuthi ukhetho lwakho luthwala umthwalo ongaphezulu. Ukhetho olukhethekile lwezibopho zesikole, umthetho-mgunyathi wedolobha, nezikhundla zesifunda zingaba nethonya elikhulu, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abavoti abafanele abalinganayo bangafaka amabhola.
  • Xhumana nabameleli Bakho: Izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, nezincwadi endabeni yehhovisi lommeleli wakho. Ngezindaba zikahulumeni, thintana noMmeleli noma izikhulu zakho ze-U.S.. Ngezindaba zikahulumeni, thintana noMmeleli wezwe lakho noma i-State Senator. Ezindabeni zendawo, thintana nelungu le-Commission noma iKhomishane.
  • Phakamisa ibhodi lomphakathi noma iKomiti:[ Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bavolontiye amabhodi okufaka izintambo (izindawo zokuhlela izinhlelo, amapaki namabhodi okuzilibazisa, amabhodi omtapo) amiswe umphathi-mtapo wezincwadi.
  • Sebenzisa Amathuluzi enombolo: Iwebhusayithi ezifana .gov inikeza indlela yokungena ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni nokwaziswa ngawo womathathu. I-National Gugarsts Association inikeza ukuqonda kwimibazwelo kahulumeni. Ukwaziswa kwendawo, funa idolobha lakho noma ingosi yezembobo ezisemthethweni. Ohulumeni abaningi bagcina imihlangano yeningi kuzo zonke izigaba ze-injini futhi bamukela izinkulumo zeningi nge-imeyili noma ngezinhlelo ze-webhu.
  • Landela amaphephandaba endawo yonke ne-Community Groups:[ Zibophelele ephephandabeni lakho lendawo noma landela izingosi zezindaba zomphakathi. Hlanganisa amaqembu ezokuxhumana aseduze (njengamaqembu aseduze noma asendaweni yeFacebook) lapho izakhamuzi zixoxa ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni nezimpikiswano.

Isiphetho

Imifantu kahulumeni eUnited States ayiyona nje imiqondo engabonakali ekuhlolweni komphakathi. Bakha isimiso sokusebenza somphakathi wakho, umbuso, nesizwe. Uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa imithetho ebanzi futhi unikeze imithombo yezwe. Ohulumeni bahlela leyo mithetho ngokwezidingo zezifunda futhi balawule izinhlelo ezinkulu zasekhaya. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezenza ukuphila kwansuku zonke kube nokwenzeka futhi kube ngcono. Ngokuqonda ukuthi ubani ophethe ithuluzi lenkinga yenkinga ethile, futhi usebenza kanjani ngokuvota, ukuya emihlanganweni, noma ukuxhumana nezikhulu zezikhulu − ungaguqula izinhlelo ezinkulu zenkonzo zikahulumeni ube umsizi okhuthele ekulungiseni indawo ezungezile yakho. Qala ngezinga eliseduze kakhulu ekhaya, ngoba kulapho ithonya lakho likhona futhi uyobona khona imiphumela emikhulu kakhulu ekuhlanganeni kwakho.