Amagunya aphethe kaMongameli wase-United States aphakathi kwezici ezinamandla kakhulu neziphikiswana kakhulu zokubusa kwaseMelika. Kusukela ekumiseni isimiso sangaphandle sokuyala amabutho ahlomile, uMongameli usebenzisa igunya elikuhlela ngokuqondile ukuphila kwesakhamuzi ngasinye. Nokho la magunya awaphelele; achazwa futhi aqiniswa ngokucophelela, avinjwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, izimiso, nesibonelo sokwahlulela. Ukuqonda isilinganiso esiqondile salokho uMongameli angakwenza futhi angeke akwenze ukuze aqonde ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe usebenza kanjani, indlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela ezilinganiswa ngayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. Lokhu kunikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwemithetho yezokwengamela, izisekelo zawo zomthetho, izicelo ezisebenzayo, nemingcele ebucayi elondoloza ukulandisa ukubusa kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Alawulayo

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ufaka amandla okuphatha ngaphansi kukaMongameli oyedwa uArticle II, isiqephu 1, esiqala ngokuthi: “Umbuso ophethe uzakubekwa kuMongameli wase-United States of America.” Lemithetho ebekwe ihunyushwe kabanzi esikhathini eside ukuze ihlanganise kokubili amandla akhahliweyo nalawo ashiwo yisidingo sokuphoqelelwa umthetho kahulumeni futhi uphathe igatsha eliphethe. [[FLT:] [FLT:] Yamukela uClauska u[[[FLT:]] eSigabeni II, isigaba sesi-3 siqhube umongameli ukuba “aqaphele ukuthi uMthetho ukhishwe ngokwethembeka, ukumisa umsebenzi wobumongameli ukuba aqondise ukumiswa kwemithetho.[FOFF]

Ngokungafani negatsha lemithetho, elithola uhlu oluningiliziwe lwamandla adwetshiwe eSiphakamisweni I, isigaba samandla aphethe sikhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kungaqondakali kwangamabomu kuye kwavumela abaMongameli ukuba bavumelane nezimo ezishintshayo zehhovisi kodwa futhi kubangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngemingcele yegunya likamongameli. INkantolo [[[FLT]] ilinganiswe kaningi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezifana nentsha ehovayo ehloza i- sholowth & Tube. [192], eyathiwenzisa umthetho wokuthi uProdentialo lwensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea ludlule igunya lakhe. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso zezimiso zokuqala zanamuhla kuyi-moduralder.

Amandla Abaqondisi Bomongameli

UMongameli usebenzisa uchungechunge lwamandla angahlanganiswa ngezigaba eziningana eziyinhloko. Ngazinye zisekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo, umthetho kahulumeni, noma umkhuba osunesikhathi eside ukhona, futhi ngalinye lihlolwa uMkhandlu nejaji.

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Okususwa

UMongameli umisa izikhulu eziyinhloko ze-United States, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamakhabethe, amajaji angokomthetho (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), amanxusa, kanye namanhloko ezinhlangano ezizimele, ngaphansi kwe- imvume yeSigele [ kanye nokuvunyelwa yisikhulu segatsha (Isigaba II, iNhlandla 2). Lombuso uvumela uMongameli ukuba alolonge ubuholi begatsha eliphethe igatsha nefilosofi yokwahlulela amashumi eminyaka. Nokho, iSigele angalahla ama-minenene, futhi uMongameli angasusa izikhulu ezithile zegatsha eziphethe ngaphandle kwemvume yeSishayamthetho, nakuba ukususwa kwezinhlangano ezizimele kungase kudingenye yenqubo evelele kakhulu phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe amagatsha omthetho nezomthetho.

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli unamandla okuvimbela umthetho odluliswa yi-veto, ubuyisela umthetho ngokuphikisa. UKhongolo-mkhandlu lungawudlulisa nge-veto neningi eliyisithathu kuwo womabili amagumbi (Artle I, Ingxenye 7). I-veto iyithuluzi elinamandla elisiza uMongameli ukuba avimbe izikweletu azibona zingavumelani nezikweletu, ezingahlakaniphile, noma ngokuphambene nemigomo. Futhi abaholi basebenzisa i- i-pocket to[, eyenzeka lapho izintambo zomkhandlu zithunyelwa ngezinsuku eziyishumi zokuthumela isibambiso semibango noMongameli zingenzi senzo, ukubulala ngokuphumelelayo isigebozo ngaphandle kokubuya okusemthethweni. Amandla aye asetshenziswa ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingu-500, ngaphezu kwekhulu le-10%.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Iziqondiso zeziphathimandla ziyiziqondiso ezikhishwa nguMongameli zokuphatha imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni. Banegunya lomthetho wabaphathi bamagatsha abaphethe kodwa kumelwe basekelwe egunyeni elikhona noma eMthethweni ngokwawo. Abayona imithetho emisha; bayala izinhlangano ukuthi zingachaza futhi zisebenzise imithetho kakade. Futhi abameli bakhipha iziphakamiso [izenzo ze-authorics , ezivame ukubekwa noma ukudluliselwa kwemithetho, futhi aziyona imithetho emisha, efana neyayaqalayo ukumiswa kodwa ngokuvamile engekho umthetho. I-Cevision Review Act ivumela ukuvinjwa kwezenzo ezithile phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-60 zokubusa. Imithetho ye-Grouption iye yaphikisana kakhulu lapho iphikisana nomlando.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Nesivumelwano

UMongameli ungumphathi wezwe. Uxoxa namanye amazwe angaphandle, kodwa izivumelwano zidinga imvume ebopha izigebengu ezimbili-ntathu. Ukuze bagweme inqubo yesivumelwano esinzima, abaMongameli bavame ukuthembela kuMongameli izivumelwano zokubulala [[ namanye amazwe, angafuni ukugunyazwa kwegebe likamongameli. UMongameli uyaqaphela futhi ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, uthola amanxusa, nokuziphatha. Nakuba i-Constitution inganikezi uMongameli igunya elingokomthetho wakwamanye amazwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela isifunda isifunda igunya elikhethekile lomongameli ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi lapho umongameli esebenza ngokugunyazwa kwemvume noma ngokusabela ekusongweni kwesizwe.

Amandla Empi Njengomkhuzi Wempi

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesibili, uMongameli unguMkhandlu iComper-in-Chief weButho, iNavy, kanye nombuso wamabutho lapho ebizelwa ekukhonzeni uhulumeni. Lendima inikeza uMongameli umyalelo omkhulu osebenzayo emabuthweni ahlomile. Nokho, uMthetho-Constitution ugcine amandla okumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, futhi unikeze ibutho lempi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaMongameli baye bafaka amabutho ngaphandle kokumemezela okusemthethweni impi, ukuveza isidingo sokusabela ezingxabazinisweni noma ekuvikeleni i-U. Izithakaze. [[FLT.2] Imposo yeSishaya-Mthethweni we-Pronti] idinga uMongameli u-1950 emahoreni nasemini angu-60 (usuku angu-30) ngaphandle kokuba i-uni yempi iqhubeke.

Amandla Aqhakazayo

UMongameli unamandla okunikeza isigwebo sobuningi futhi axolele amacala kahulumeni (Artle II, Ingxenye 2), ngaphandle kwalapho kungenziwa khona. Lamandla acishe aphelele: uMongameli angathethelela abantu ngaphambi kokuba basolwe, ngemva kokuqiniseka, noma ngisho nangemva kokuba sebeye bagwetshwa. AmaPardon angagcwala noma aphele, futhi abuye avikele umuntu ekulahlweni. Izibonelo ezingenakuba zihlanganisa ukuxolelwa kukaMongameli uRichard Nixon noMongameli uCarter i-Relevansched yempi yangaphambili yaseVietnam. Intethele ingaba inye yeziphathimandla ezingagwegwegwesi kakhulu zikamongameli, nakuba ingenakuvikela umuntu ekushunyangweni.

Imingcele Nezinhlolo Ezingamandla Omongameli

Isihloko esiyinhloko sesimiso somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika siwukuthi akukho gatsha elisebenza ngokuhlukaniswa. Imibuso kaMongameli ivinjelwe ukwakheka okuqinile kwemikhankaso evela eMkhandlwini, ezinkantolo, nenqubo yezombangazwe.

Ukuqondisa Nokushaya Imithetho Kwenhlangano

ISishaya-mkhandlu singalinganisela ukuthatha isinyathelo sikamongameli ngezinqubo eziningi. Ingakhipha umthetho onciphisa igunya eliphetheyo, odinga ukubika, noma izinqubo eziqondile. Ungakhipha izinqubo eziqondile, wenqabe ukuqinisekisa ama-minea, futhi uphike ukuxhasa ukusungulwa komongameli ngamandla emali. UKhomishano futhi uhlola futhi ubambe izimemezelo zokuhlola izenzo zegatsha. Government Accounting Office futhi uphikise ukusekela ukuxhaswa kwemali kwamandla emalini. futhi ufaka izinhlangano ezinhlanganweni. Uma umongameli enqaba ukuvumelana neqembu, izimpikiswano ngokuvamile ziphelela enkantolo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ijaji likahulumeni, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, linamandla okubukeza izenzo zobuphathi futhi lizimemezele zingavumelani nomthetho kahulumeni. [FLT]][1] [[FLT] bury v. Madison[[FLT] [185]] [185], iNkantolo yamisa isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela ngezenzo zeKhongolo, futhi inyuse lelogunya egatsheni elikhulu. [FT] Ize yandisa lelo lungelo eliphethe igatsha elikhulu. [[FLT] [[5]] Izehlakalo] [[5], [FLT], [FLT] ilinganiswe yikhomumumunyu], [5] [5], [ingxenye ephakeme kakhulu ye-Expocup], futhi iyakuveza imvume (i-FT]).[10], i-Exmongledurainst], i-furreyisi, iveza imvume ye

Ukuzifunela

Indlu yabameleli ingamphoqa uMongameli nge- “Icebo, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme.” Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala, futhi i-35 covtice iyadingeka ukuba iboshelwe futhi ikhiphe uMongameli ehhovisi. Ukukhipha inqubo yezombangazwe, hhayi ubugebengu, futhi kusebenza njengendlela yokugcina yokuhlola ukuxhashazwa okungathi sína kombuso. Omongameli ababili baye balahlwa yindlu (Andrew Clinton, Bill, noDonald Trump kabili), kodwa akukho okuye kwalahlwa futhi kwasuswa. Usongo lwezehluleko lungavimbela ukuziphatha komongameli ngisho noma ukususwa kungalindelekile.

Ukusekela Nokusikisela

UMongameli angase ahlosele uhlelo lokuhlela imali, kodwa kuphela uMkhandlu onganikeza imali efanele. [FLT: 0] Imithetho yoMthetho-sisekelo ka-Claus [[FLT: 1] inikeza uKhongolo u-Indlalo lokulawula iNdawo, okusho ukuthi uMongameli akanakuyisebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume yokugunyaza. Lokhu kuhlola kunamandla ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zangaphandle nakwezempi, lapho iSishaya-mthetho singalinganisela khona ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi ethile. [[FLT:]] I-Impeandondiumment Act Umthetho wokulawula ka- 1974] ulinganisela ikhono likaMongameli lokungameli lokungasebenzisi imali efanele, ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kweminyango yokusebenza kwemisebenzi ethile.

Ukuhleleka Kwesimiso Esiphethe Ngokujula

Iziqondiso zabaqondisi ziye zaba elinye lamathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu futhi aphikiswana kakhulu amandla obupresidente. Nakuba zisekelwe ngokomthetho eMthethweni we-tack Care Clause nasemsebenzini kaMongameli njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, azinamkhawulo. Wonke umthetho wesikhulu kumelwe ubhekisele emthonjeni wegunya elingokomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi livela eMthethweni noma ewumthetho. Angabekelwa inselele enkantolo, futhi angashintshwa uMongameli olandelayo noma umongameli weSishaya-Hulumeni ngemithetho.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nethonya Lazo

  • Ukuveza (1863): uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa amandla akhe empi njengomphathi-nhloko ukumemezela ukuthi izigqila ezisezifundazweni zeConferate zazikhululekile. Nakuba zingazikhululanga ngokushesha zonke izigqila, yaguqula iMpi Yombango yaba ukulwela inkululeko yomuntu futhi yahlela indlela yeSichibiyelo sekhulu sekhulu le-13.
  • I-Exective Order 906 (1942): uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wagunyaza ukuthutha nokufakwa ngempoqo kwamaJapane angaphezu kwe-110 000 phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Lomyalo kamuva walahlwa njengokwephulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi futhi waholelwa e-Civil Liberes Act ka-1988, eyanikeza iziphakamiso. Uhlala uyisibonelo esiyisixwayiso samandla okulawula phakathi nempi.
  • Isenzo esiceliwe se-Dianalverations (DACA) (202)[FLT:: uMongameli Barack Obama wakhipha i-memorandum yokuqondisa uMnyango Wezokuvikela i Homeland ukuba ubambe ukudingiswa kwabafuduki abathile abangabhalwanga ngeminyaka eyalethwa e-U.S. njengabantwana. DACA yabekelwa inselele enkantolo, neNkanto ePhakathi egcina isekela ukugcinwa kwayo ngokomthetho kodwa yashiya isimiso sisengozini yokubuyiselwa. Isiya kubonise indlela isenzo sesikhulu sokulawula esingayibeka ngayo i-projectived lapho sibhekene nokungaqiniseki ngokomthetho.
  • I-Exective Order 13769 (2017): uMongameli Donald Trump’s “ukuvinjelwa kwezakhamuzi” emazweni amaningana amaSulumane-majorce wabangela izinselele ezingokomthetho ezisheshayo. Ngemva kokubukeza okuningi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela inguquko elungisiweyo [[FLTL:2] v. Hawaii[[[FLTYM:3]] 2016], yathola ukuthi uMongameli unegunya elikhulu ekuthuthweni kwezindawo zomphakathi nasekwenzweni kwesizwe. Icala laphinde laqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho neziyalezo zezikhulu zezempikiswano zingasinda ekuhlolweni komthetho uma zisekelwe egunyenisweni kwemithetho.

Ukuphikisana Nemingcele

Iziqondiso eziphetheyo azinakwakha imithetho emisha, imali efanelekile, noma iziphikiswa imithetho ekhona. Zilinganiselwa futhi yimfundiso yokungagunyazi, edinga ukuba uKhongolo lunikeze “isimiso esingaqondakaliyo” lapho luphathisa uMongameli igunya lokubeka umnyango. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abaholi baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zezimiso zokuqondisa ngezinye izikhathi ukuze bafeze imigomo engekho umthetho ukuthi uMkhandlu udlulise, iholele ekumangaleleni kwempathi yempathi yesikhulu. [FLT] ] ukucwaninga ngemithetho yenkonzo yobukhompuyusa.[FLT][FLT] [FLT] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] unikeza ukuhlolwa komthetho nezimiso zobuphathiselo.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nasezinkingeni

Amagunya kaMongameli anwebeka phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, kodwa ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, angaphansi kwemithetho eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. UMthetho wesizwe we-Emerdiations ka-1976] omisiwe izinqubo zokumemezela nokuqeda izimo eziphuthumayo, ezifuna uMongameli ukuba achaze iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho ezimiswayo futhi abike izikhulu zemithetho ezinikezwayo futhi abike kuKhomishane. Kukhona manje kunezimo eziphuthumayo ezisebenzayo zesizwe ezingaphezu kuka-30, ezihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ebuphekulawulweni kuya ezinsongweni zempilo yomphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwebutho Lempi Ngaphandle Kokuvunyelwa Yizingqungquthela

Abameli baye bathumela amabutho kaningi kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi − eKorea, eVietnam, eBalkan, eLibya, nasemaqenjini amaphekula. Amandla eMpi yeMpi ifuna uMongameli ukuba abike iKhomishana yeSishaya-mthetho nemingcele yezinsuku ezingu-60 (izinsuku ezingu-30 zokuyeka) ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze amaProfenti aqhubeke nezenzo. [FLT:] Omongameli abaningi baye babheka isinqumo sokuphikisa kwegunya labo eliphethe isikhulu, kanye nokuphumelela kwabo okusaqhubeka. [FLT][FLT][F] BNT] isikhungo somthetho [FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [FLD] [5] [5]

Ezinye Iziphathimandla Eziphuthumayo

Phakathi nosizi oluphuthumayo, uMongameli angaqondisa izimali zikahulumeni (ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile), amise iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile okwesikhashana, athumele impi ukuze abuyisele ukuhleleka ngaphansi [[FLT: 0] UMthetho wokuthutha futhi anxuse u-, futhi afake u-Demennen Develotion Act ukuveza ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT] u-HPAI Act uvumela uMongameli ukuba athathe izimfuneko ezithile zokufuduka. Nokho, iNkanto ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ngisho namandla angenamkhawulo ombaza uma kungathi athengwane, [FLD:6] [FLT] [F:], inqaba iNkademoult, isikhulu seNkadelela izikhulu seze izigwebo, noma uhulumeni womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kuphela, kodwa uvumele ukuba uvumele ukuba u

Amandla Angabhalwanga Nangaphikiswayo

Ngaphandle kwemithetho - sisekelo ecacile, abaMongameli baye bamisa amandla engeziwe asekelwe ekuziphatheni komlando, ekudingekeni, noma egunya elisikiselwe.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Kahle

Ilungelo eliphethe livumela uMongameli ukuba avimbele ukwaziswa koMkhandlu nezinkantolo ukuze avikele ukucubungula kobumfihlo begatsha eliphethe ihhovisi. Akushiwo ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa kuye kwaqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme eUnited States v. Nixon [177]], ekholelwa ukuthi lelilungelo liyafaneleka futhi kumelwe linikeze izidingo ezingokomthetho zokumangalelwa kwecala. Lelilungelo lisetshenziswa njalo ezimpini zobungamele, futhi izinga lalo lihlala liyindaba yenkulumo - mpikiswano engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe.

Ukusayina Izinkulumo

Abaholi bafaka izinkulumo lapho kusayina isikweleti emthethweni, ngezinye izikhathi ukuze babonise ukuthi ngeke baqikelele amalungiselelo athile abawabheka njenge-programme. Umkhuba usukela emuva eRiphabliki yakuqala kodwa waba ovamile kakhulu enkathini yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi koMongameli uReagan, uGeorge H.W. Bush, noGeorge W. Bush. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukusayina izimemezelo kulingana ne-ocet-ocet wintontontontontonto (lapho iNkanto iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha umthetho ozimeleyo) futhi yalulaza ukwehlukana kwemibuso. I-American Bar Association iye yawulahla ngokuqinisekile lomkhuba ngemongosi. Ayikho inkantolo ewushicishicilo yomthetho wemithetho ebanzi.

Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Okuhlala Njalo

Igatsha eliphethe liyihhovisi elilodwa elibonakalayo nelinamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni wase-U.S., kodwa amandla alo abekwa ngokucophelela. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo, abaqaphile ngokubusa kwe-monarch, bakha isimiso lapho uMongameli angenza khona ngokungaguquki kodwa angawenzi ngokulandelana. [[[FLT:]] amasheke namashekethe [[[FLT:] phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, isakhiwo esiwumbuso [[[FLT]]] esigcina khona amandla amaningi awezifundayo, futhi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] isibopho sokuphendula [[FLT] yenani elingujuqu isilinganiso sokuhlola igunya. Ukuqonda phakathi kwezwe eliphakathi kwezwe elingenze impumelelo futhi elibalulekile lelizwe elibalulekile, inselele, ukusukela kumandla aphakeme emhlabeni wonke, ukumelana nokwanda kwenani elingumasipalame. Ukuqonda ukwanda kombuso kuyoqhubeka kulelo oluphambili.