Eminyakeni yamuva, izimiso zokubonana nohulumeni obanzi ziye zasuka ezimisweni ezifinyelelwe zithathe izici eziwusizo ezihlela indlela idemokrasi yanamuhla esebenza ngayo. Izakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke zifuna ngokungagcini nje ukuba ohulumeni bazo banikeze izinkonzo ngokunempumelelo, kodwa futhi nokuthi labohulumeni basebenze ngezindlela ezibonakalayo, zokuhlukanisa, nokuziphendulela. Lokhu kuveza ukuqaphela okukhulu ukuthi ukubonakala ngaphandle akuyona nje i-propatialfection engcono. Kuyimfuneko eyinhloko yokuthemba, ukuthembeka, nokubusa okusebenzayo. Kusukela ekusebenziseni i-Open Government Priverteneary yembulunga yonke ukuze kuthathe izinyathelo zokuhlela imali, ukuveza ukushekela kobunye ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe nezakhamuzi zabo.

Ukuqonda Ukubona Ingaphandle Nohulumeni Ovulekile

I-Transparency ibhekisela ezingeni lapho izenzo zikahulumeni, izinqumo, kanye nokwaziswa kutholakala khona emphakathini. Ivame ukusebenza ngenkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa, ngezimiso ezivulekile, nangokunyatheliswa kwemininingwane kahulumeni. Ivula uhulumeni, umqondo obanzi, uhlanganisa ukubonakala nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nokubambisana. Icabanga ngesibonelo esilawulayo lapho izakhamuzi zingabamukeli nje kuphela izinkonzo kodwa zisebenzisa abasunguli abakhuthele besimiso nobuphathi.

Ngokomlando, ukuphoqeleka kokuvuleka kwenkululeko kwanda ngekhulu lama-20 ngokudluliswa kwenkululeko yokwaziswa emazweni anjengeSweden (1766, i-United States (1966), kanye naseYurophu emashumini eminyaka alandelayo. Muva nje, ushintsho lwezinombolo luye lwayisheshisa lemizamo. Ohulumeni manje basakaza imininingwane engosini ye-ingosi ye-inthaneti, baqhuba ukuhlola komphakathi ngezindawo ze-tektroniki, futhi basebenzise imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo ukuze bahlangane nezakhamuzi ngesikhathi sangempela. Nokho, ukubonakala nohulumeni obanzi nomphakathi ovulekileyo kusalokhu kuphikisana, ngezincazelo ezihlukene ezimisweni zezombangazwe namasiko.

Izinsika Eziyinhloko Zikahulumeni Ovulekile

  • Access ku Ulwazi: Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokucela nokwamukela amabhukwana kahulumeni nemininingwane, okungalinganiswa njengokulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuthungatha umuntu.
  • Ukuthatha Ingxenye: Izinqubo zihlanganisa izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo ukuze izakhamuzi zifake imibono yazo, kusukela ekuhloleni okungokomthetho kuya emihlanganweni ethatha imvume.
  • Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingakwazi ukulandisa ngemali: zizakulandisa ngezenzo zazo, kanye nezindikimba zobubonisi (umk., abaphathi, i-ombudsmen) zihlola ukusebenza nokwethembeka.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ubuchwepheshe nokulungisa: amathuluzi ezibalo asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala, ukuphumelela, nokusabela kokubusa.

Ukubaluleka Kokubona Izindawo Ngokubona Kahle Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Ukubona gcaluza akuyona nje into enhle evamile; kunemiphumela engathi sína engeni lokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukucwaninga kweBhange Lomhlaba nezinye izinhlangano kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amazinga aphakeme okuthulula izigwegwe zikahulumeni ahlangene nenkohlakalo ephansi, ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo yomphakathi engcono, nokuthenjwa kwezakhamuzi. Lapho izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani nokuthi izimali zomphakathi zisetshenziswa kanjani, zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zigcine abaholi benecala.

Ngaphandle kokulandisa, ukuveza izakhiwo kukhuthaza izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Embusweni wentando yeningi, abavoti badinga ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa ukuze benze izinqumo ebhokisini lokuvota nokusekela izimiso ezivumelana nezithakazelo zabo. Ngaphandle kokubonana ngalé kokwaziswa okungachuma, ukuncishiswa kwesisekelo sokuhlela ngentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kokuhlelwa kwemali kuye kwathola ukuthi uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni, zisekela kakhulu imithetho yentela futhi zizimisele kakhulu ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubonakala kwangaphandle kudala ithonya elivimbelayo ekulimaleni. Ithuba lokuhlola umphakathi lingakukhuthaza ukuziphatha okungenazimiso phakathi kwezikhulu. Yingakho amazwe amaningi emise izinhlangano ezizimele zokulwa nokonakala kanye nemithetho yokuvikela impepho, okuthi kokubili kuthembele ekubonakaleni ngaphandle ukuze kusebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Ubufakazi Bokusebenzisa I - emperor Bethonya Lokubonisa Imibala

  • Ukuhlola okwenziwa i - Open Government Partneship engu - 2020 kwathola ukuthi amazwe anemikhuba kahulumeni evulekile abhekana namazinga aphansi abonakala ephansi.
  • Ucwaningo lwe - OECD lubonisa ukuthi ukubonakala kwemali yomphakathi kunciphisa ukuthenga okufunwa umphakathi futhi konga ohulumeni ngesilinganiso sesilinganiso se - 8 -10% ngezindleko zesivumelwano.
  • Ukuhlola okwenziwa iPew Research Center kubonisa ukuthi ukwethembela kuhulumeni kuphakeme kakhulu emazweni lapho izakhamuzi zibika khona ukuthi kutholakala kalula ukwaziswa okungokomthetho.

Izinyathelo Ezivulekile Zikahulumeni Emhlabeni Wonke

Ohulumeni baye bathatha izinyathelo eziningi zokusebenza ukuze bakhululeke. Lemizamo iqala ngezindawo zokufaka ukwaziswa ezivulekile, ezinyathelisa imininingwane ephathelene nemali, imali esetshenziselwe ukuyisebenzisa, umthetho, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Imininingwane ye-UK.gov.uk, imininingwane ye-US.gov, nemininingwane yemininingwane evulekile ye-techbologov iyisibonelo esivelele. Kodwa uhulumeni ovulekile udlula kude nokukhishwa kwemininingwane yezezimali, i-(it) ehlanganisa nezinkonzo zokwakha izakhamuzi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ukuthi zihlele kanjani ingxenye yemali yomphakathi. Ngo- 1989, lomkhuba wasakazekela emadolobheni angaphezu kuka-3 000 emhlabeni wonke. EParis, izakhamuzi zivota minyaka yonke ukuthi zingasebenzisa kanjani imali eyizigidi ezingu-100 zemali yedolobha. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwemali yokuhlela imali kwandisa ukuthembisana kwesizwe futhi kuqondisa imali emiphakathini encikene.

Ukuhlola Omphakathi Nokuzilibazisa

Ohulumeni abaningi manje baqhuba ukuhlola komphakathi ngezimiso ezintsha, imithetho, nezimiso. I-Commission’s “Izwi lakho” licela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphawule ngomthetho ogunyaziwe. E-New Zealand, uhulumeni wasebenzisa inqubo yokuzikhulula ekuthuthukiseni “Uhlelo Lwezinto Ezinhle,” ihlanganisa ukufakwa kwezakhamuzi ezintweni eziza kuqala njengempilo yengqondo nobumpofu bezingane. Ukuzisebenzela − lapho izakhamuzi nezikhulu zithola khona izinqubo zokuklama ezindaweni ezifana nokuhlelwa kwedolobha kanye nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe.

Izindinganiso Zokwaziswa Ezivulekile Nokubambisana

Ukuze bandise ukubaluleka kokwaziswa okuvulekile, ohulumeni bamukela izindinganiso ezinjenge-Open Contracting Data Standard ne-International Aid Transparency Initive. Lezi zindinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni ehlukene kungaqhathaniswa futhi kuhlanganiswe, kusize izinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba ziqaphele ukusebenza kukahulumeni futhi zisekele intuthuko.

Izinselele Zokusebenza Ngokushintsha Izindawo Nokuthola Uhulumeni

Naphezu kwentuthuko, ukufeza ukukhanya nohulumeni ovulekile kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Enye inselele enkulu ukumelana nezikhulu ezibusayo. Izisebenzi zombango ezijwayele ukusebenza ngemuva kweminyango evaliwe zingabheka ukubonakala ngaphandle njengosongo egunyeni lazo noma njengomsebenzi owengeziwe. Ukushintsha kwenhlangano kudinga ukuhola okuqhubekayo nezisusa.

Ukuba Wedwa Kwemininingwane Yezokwelapha Nokulondeka

Ukungezwani phakathi kokubonana nokufihla imfihlo kuyindaba ephindaphindwayo. Ukukhulula ukwaziswa kukahulumeni kungadalula ngokungaqondi ukwaziswa okusheshayo ngabantu ngabanye, njengemibhalo yempilo noma imininingwane yomuntu siqu yezimali. Ohulumeni kumelwe bathuthukise izindlela ezinamandla zokuveza amagama nezimiso ezicacile zokuthi kungakhishwani. I-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) inikeza uhlelo, kodwa ukulinganisela ukuthululeka kobuso becala kuhlala kuyinselele eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha.

Ukuhlukana Kwezinombolo

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezivulekile zivame ukuthatha ukuthi izakhamuzi zine-inthanethi yokungena nokufunda nokubhala. Eqinisweni, ukuhlukanisa kwezibalo kuyaqhubeka ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamazwe amaningi athuthukayo. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, i-intanethi ingaphansi kwe-50%, futhi ngisho nasemazweni acebile, asebekhulile, imali ephansi, futhi abantu basemaphandleni bangase bantula ukuhlangana noma amakhono okusebenza kumapulatifomu. Ohulumeni kumelwe bagcwalise amathuluzi emishini e-tecryth ngemistror-optom / cishe njengemihlangano yomphakathi, ukusakaza, kanye nezinto ezinyathelisiwe .

Intando Yezombangazwe Nokuzinza

Izinguquko ezibonisa isimo zingaba buthaka. Uma izinguquko zezombangazwe zishintsha, ukuthatha izinyathelo zikahulumeni ezivulekile kungalahlwa noma kuncishiswe. Kwezinye izimo, ohulumeni baye basebenzisa iziteshi zemininingwane ezivulekile ukuze banyathelise ukwaziswa okungacatshangelwe lapho befihla izinqumo eziphikisanayo. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuzimele nokucindezela komphakathi, ukubonakala ngaphandle komthetho kungaba yisici sekhono lokubukeka kunokuba kube yithuluzi eliqotho lokulandisa.

Ukuhlola Izimo Ngokubona Izindawo Nokuvula Kukahulumeni

Estonia: Iphayona Elisebenzisa Izinombolo

I-Estonia ivame ukuvezwa njengomholi wembulunga yonke kuhulumeni nokukhanya. Izakhiwo zayo ze-X-Road zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuhwebelana kokwaziswa phakathi kwezindawo zomphakathi nezingasese, zinikeza izakhamuzi izinkonzo zemishini yobuchwepheshe engaphezu kuka-700. Zonke izinqumo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemihlangano yekhathekhathi, zibhalwe phansi futhi zifinyeleleka ku-ingosi ye-inthanethi. Uhlelo lwase-Estonia lokulawula luvumela abantu abangewona umsunguli ukuba bahlanganyele emkhakheni wezomnotho. Impumelelo yalelizwe iqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuvumelana kwezombangazwe, isimiso esiqinile sezemthetho sokuvikela ulwazi, kanye nenjwayeko yemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe.

INew Zealand: Ingxenye Futhi Ivula

I-New Zealand iphakeme ngokungaguquki ekuvezeni iziqu ze-paredis. Uhulumeni wayo uzimisele ukuvula ukwaziswa, ukuveza imvume, nokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Uhlelo lokuHlanza Imali lwasungulwa ngokuhlola umphakathi okukhulu, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi ye-intanethi okwathola ukusabela okungaphezu kuka-40 000. INew Zealand futhi ikhipha “Isithakazelo sesizwe sokuhlola” kuzo zonke izivumelwano zomhlaba, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibukeze futhi ziphendule ngaphambi kokukhangisana. Indlela yaleli zwe ibonisa ukuthi ukuvuleka kungahambisana nokulawula okuphumelelayo.

Canada: Vula ngokwephutha

Canada yasungula inyathelo layo lobuPhofuku likaHulumeni ngo-2011, ukwamukela “inqubo ehleliwe”. Ukuvulwa kwe-data ye-portal, evuliweyo.canada, kunikeza amakhulu ezinkulungwane ze-meya. i-Canada futhi isebenzisa izinqubo zokuhlanganisa njenge-“Izimemo zokuhlolwa kwe-Cualicmentations” ukuthuthukisa indlela ehlanganisa ngayo izakhamuzi. Uhulumeni uhlanganise ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane yemininingwane ye-i-data, i-GBA+ ekwakhelisweni, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhanya kuhlanganisa ukunaka okune ngokomthetho. Nokho, izinselele zikhona, njengokuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi yomdabu iyakwazi ukufinyelela nokungena okunenzuzo.

U - Uruguay: Impumelelo yaseNingizimu Melika

IUruguay iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo seGlobal South. I-Open Government Plan ihlanganisa indawo yokwaziswa evulekile, imali yokuhlukanisa, nomthetho wokuveza ukwaziswa oqinisekisa ukutholakala kokwaziswa. Impumelelo yeUruguay kuthiwa ibangelwa imifelandawonye yomphakathi, ukuqina kwezombangazwe, kanye nokusekela kwezizwe zonke okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge - Open Government Partneship.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuthuthukiseni Ukubona Okuthe Ngqó

Ubuchwepheshe buyinkemba enezintambo ezimbili ukuze kubonakale. Kwesinye isandla, busiza ukuba kutholakale ukwaziswa futhi busiza isakhamuzi ukuba sithembisene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, buphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuqapha, ukucwasana kwemithetho, nokukhishwa kwamanani.

Ukubukeka Kwemininingwane Nokubukeka Kwe - AP

Amatheku aphakathi njengemininingwane.gov kanye nokwaziswa kwe-EU.eu aggretatete memonsi evela kwizinhlangano eziningi. Izinhlelo zezinhlelo zezinhlelo zivumela abathuthukisi bezinhlelo ukuba bakhe izinhlelo ezisebenzisa imininingwane kahulumeni, kusukela ekuhleleni izibalo zobugebengu kuya ekulandeleni izindleko zomphakathi. La mathuluzi anika amandla izintatheli, abacwaningi, nabashisekeli bomthetho ukuba babeke isibopho kuhulumeni.

Ukuvimbela Ukwethemba Nobuqotho

Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain bunikeza amathuba okugcina amarekhodi okungangeni shript. Abanye ohulumeni bazama uku-blockchain ukuze bathole ama-registry ezwe (umzk., Georgia, Sweden), ukunikeza amaketanga okulandelelana, ngisho nokuvota. Ngokudala amarekhodi ahlala njalo, amavingco, anganciphisa amathuba okonakala nokusebenzisa amandla. Nokho, ukukwazi ukukwazi ukuwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuhlala kunezihibe zokutholwa.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nokubona Okusobala Kwemithetho

Ohulumeni basebenzisa i-algorithm ngokwandayo ukunikezela imithombo, ukubikezela ubugebengu, noma ukuhlolwa. Nakuba i-Al ingathuthukisa impumelelo, futhi iyingozi yokuqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo noma ukusebenza njenge “bhokisi elimnyama.” Ukubona ngale kudinga ukuba ohulumeni bavule indlela yokusebenza kwemithetho-algorithm, ukuthi iziphi izinqumo abazisebenzisayo, nokuthi zibukezwe kanjani. Izinyathelo ezinjenge-AIAI Now Institute ne-OECD's AIP zibiza ukukhanya okungalamfaza-althism kanye nongameli babantu. Amanye amadolobha, njenge-Amsterdam, asungule “indlela yokubhala ama-althrithrigistries” ukuze achaze indlela izimiso ze-AIS.

Ukusebenza kwaso sesoftware kanye nokubika kwezakhamuzi

I-apps ehambayo yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukubika izinkinga − njengemigodi noma inkohlakalo . I-Platforms enjenge-Fix MyStreit (UK) ne-I Paid iSifumba (India) ziphumelele ekuthumeleni imvume yezakhamuzi nasekucindezeleni ohulumeni ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Le zinhlelo ziveza ulwazi olungacaciswa ukuze kucaciswe izindaba zesimiso.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuba Nethemba Nokuvula Kukahulumeni

Ikusasa likahulumeni ovulekile lizololongwa yizimo eziningana ezivumelanayo. Okokuqala, kunesidingo esikhulayo sokubona ngokomthetho ("ilungelo lokwazi ukuthi izinqumo ezizisebenzelayo zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwezakhamuzi."Njengoba ohulumeni bethatha i-AI kukho konke kusukela ekufezekeni kwenhlala- kahle kuya ekubuthweni kwamaphoyisa, umphakathi uzophikelela ekuqondeni nasekuncintisaneni nalezi zimiso.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okungenanjongo

Kukhona ukubuya kwesithakazelo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi okungalawuleki, lapho izakhamuzi zikhethwa ngamabomu ezindabeni ezingokomthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izigijimi zezakhamuzi, amabhodi, nemihlangano emikhulu. I-Ireland Vanitizens’s Convention on Climate Change ye-French ithonye inqubo. Lezi zimo ezibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni ovulile kumelwe athathe indawo ngalé kokwenza ulwazi oluqinile.

Ukubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezindinganiso

Imizamo enjenge-Ouble Governmental Priveneship (OGP), ehlanganisa amazwe angu-75 nohulumeni bendawo abangu-109, ikhuthaza ukufunda nokulandisana. Amalungu e-OGP athatha amasu ahlanganisa ukuveza isimo esithile nokuhlanganyela. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-OECD ne-World Bank zinikeza izisekelo nezimpawu zokulinganisa uhulumeni ovulekile. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo izoxhomeka ezindabeni ezingcono ezinjengokuba ngcono kobunikhazikhazikhazikhazi, ukuveza obala, nokuveza imininingwane yesimo sezulu.

Ukulinganisela Ukubona Okuqondile Nezindaba Ezingadingekile Nokulondeka

Njengoba ohulumeni beqoqa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, ukuncintisana phakathi kokuvuleka kokukhululeka nesivikelo kuzoba kukhulu. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokugcina izinto zomuntu siqu, njengobuyimfihlo obuhlukene kanye nokuthola izibalo eziningi ezilondekile, bungenza ohulumeni bakwazi ukuhlanganyela ukuqonda ngaphandle kokwembula imininingwane yomuntu ngamunye. Ukwethemba umphakathi kuyoxhomeka emithethweni ecacile, ekuqondiseni ngokwaphezulu, nasezindleleni ezinengqondo zokuvuma.

Isiphetho

Uhulumeni obona kahle novulekile awuzona izinqubo eziqhubekayo kodwa udinga umzamo oqhubekayo, intando yezombangazwe, nokuqapha. Izinzuzo . "Ukunciphisa inkohlakalo, ukwethembana okukhulu, izinqubo ezihlanganisa izinto eziningi" zifakazelwe kahle. Kodwa izinselele zingokoqobo: i-intellibacy instentia, imicimbi yemfihlo, izibalo zomuntu siqu, izibalo ezihlukaniswa ngokwezinombolo, nengozi yokuguqula okungasho lutho. Inguquko engcono ikhona ikhona ekusebenziseni inzuzo eyisisekelo, ukutshala izinhlangano nobuchwepheshe obuzisekelayo, futhi inika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele. Njengezibonelo ezivela e-Estonia, e-New Zealand, e-New Zealand, e-Uruneziya, ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka intuthuko. Umbuzo ungaba uhulumeni emhlabeni wonke uyaqhubeka ukuthatha isinyathelo ekubonakaleni kwesithembiso sokubonakala ngaphandle kwendlela njengendlela.