Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo

Isimiso senkantolo sakha umgogodla wobulungisa kunoma yimuphi umphakathi, sinikeza inkundla ehleliwe lapho izingxabano zixazululwa khona, imithetho ichazwa, futhi amalungelo avikelekile. Nokho, kumuntu ovamile, indawo engokomthetho ingabonakala isabeka, igcwele izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi nolimi olusemthethweni. Nokho, ukwazi ukusebenza ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo akuwona nje umehluko phakathi kwabameli noma abahluleli abanamandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo, ukuqaphela lapho lawomalungelo esengozini, futhi uthatha isinyathelo solwazi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nethikithi lemoto, izivumelwano zesivumelwano, noma indaba yomkhaya, ukuqonda izisekelo zesimiso senkantolo kungenza umehluko phakathi komphumela olungile nokungabikho kwethuba. Lokhu kukhipha izinhlelo ze-ministiki, ukubeka izakhiwo, izinhlelo, amalungelo, nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo ezidinga ukuthatha imvume yokulungisa izinhlelo zomthetho.

Izakhiwo Ezimbili Ezihamba Ngekhulu: Izinkantolo Zomphakathi NeziHulumeni

Enye yemiqondo yokuqala okumelwe iqondwe ukuthi i-United States isebenza isimiso senkantolo : izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ziyafana kodwa zihlukile, ngalinye linegunya, imithetho, nezindawo zegunya. Amacala amaningi aqala futhi aphele ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba zokubaluleka kwezwe noma komthetho-mthetho.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Izinkantolo eziphethe i-Federal zimiswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi kusingathwa izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, noma amaqembu avela ezifundeni ezihlukene (ukulawula impikiswano) uma isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka-R35 000. Izigaba eziyinhloko zihlanganisa amaphepha aphundlekile, amaphepha asemthethweni, asemthethweni omthetho we-cristom, kanye nomthetho oweqashe oweqalwe ngemigqa enqamula imigqa. Izibuko zabefundisi ezihlanganisa izinkantolo: .S. [FLT. [FLT] [F:] [FULT] [FUF]

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziningi kakhulu futhi zisingatha izimpikiswano ezinkulu ezingokomthetho zenza kube nokungemthetho komkhaya kanye nokuphulwa kwezimoto kuya ekulimaleni komuntu siqu nasemacala esivumelwano. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-sisekelo wawo kanye nesimiso senkantolo, kodwa inqubo evamile ihlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi eziphakeme, izifundazwe, noma izinkantolo zesifunda ezihlukene), izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme. Amanye amazwe anezigaba ezikhethekile njengezinkantolo zomkhaya noma izinkantolo ezisezinkantolo ezisezingeni lokuqulweni. Ukuqonda inkantolo enegunya enkantolo (ngokuyinhloko yezindaba ezihlangene nendawo esendaweni ethile) kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokwazi ukuthi ungaba khona noma ungaba ngendawo ethile.

Ukuwa Nokususwa

Amanye amacala angaqulwa kunoma yisiphi isimiso uma ehilela kokubili izindaba zomthetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumangalelwa kombuso wombuso nokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kahulumeni kungakhishwa ummangalelwa esuka enkantolo kahulumeni ukuya kuhulumeni. U.S. ingosi yezinkantolo inikeza izincazelo ezicacile zalemingcele.

Izinga Lezinkantolo: I - Hierarchical Ladder

Zombili izimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zihlelwe ngamazinga amathathu ayinhloko. Izinga ngalinye lisebenza umsebenzi ohlukile esithuthwini secala.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Izinkantolo Zokuqala)

Izinkantolo zecala zilapho amacala eqala khona. Ubufakazi bunikezwa khona, ofakazi bafakazele, futhi umahluleli noma umsizi wejaji unquma amaqiniso futhi asebenzise umthetho. Emacaleni obugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo; emacaleni omphakathi, ummangaleli kumelwe abonise icala ngokuqapheka kobufakazi. Izinkantolo zenkantolo ziwukuphela kwezinga lapho izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso zixazululwa khona. Uma iphutha lomthetho likhona, umshushisi angadluliswa.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinkantolo ezihlolayo aziwasekeli amaqiniso. Kunalokho, zibukeza irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala elithintela amaphutha angokomthetho, ukuvunywa kobufakazi, iziyalezo ezingalungile, noma amaphutha angokwe-procebralture. Iqembu lamajaji (ngokuvamile amathathu) lifunda izimpikiswano ezifingqiwe, izwa izimpikiswano, nezindaba ezibhaliwe. Uma inkantolo ye-applate ithola iphutha elithinte umphumela, lingase libuye libuye lishintshe, libuye libuye livume (libuye lilungisele ukuqulwa kwecala elisha), noma lilungise isinqumo. Esiminyangweni sikahulumeni, lezi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezokudlulisa izikhalo; ezisho ukuthi izikhulu zika-U.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni ngasinye (8) inkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. "iyisithakathi sokugcina."Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zihlola ngokusemthethweni, okusho ukuthi zikhetha maphi amacala okuzwa. Zisingatha izindaba zesimiso esingokomthetho esibalulekile, njengomthetho-mthetho noma ingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ihlola amacala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziphakeme (lapho kuhileleke icala likahulumeni). Isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme sibopha inkantolo ephansi kunazo zonke.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Ngendaba

Ngaphandle kwesigaba esivamile, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zikhethekile ukusingatha izigaba ezithile zamacala. Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo indaba yakho engalondoloza isikhathi futhi ivimbele amaphutha alawulayo.

  • Inkantolo yamaCivil:[ isingatha izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele (abantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano) efuna umonakalo wemali noma umsebenzi othile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukuxabana kwempahla, nokumangalelwa komuntu siqu. Indinganiso yobufakazi iphansi kakhulu kunasezicaleni zobugebengu.
  • Izinkantolo ezithathelwanayo: Amacala aqulwa nguhulumeni ngokumangalelwa ngabantu ngokuphula imithetho. Izinkantolo zobugebengu zisingatha konke okuvela emaphutha (umz., ukweba okuncane) kumacala amacala (umk., ukuphanga, ukubulala). Abalweli bavikeli baye baqinisa isivikelo somthetho-mfantu, kuhlanganise kwesokudla sokuqulwa kwecala, ilungelo lommeli, nelungelo lokuthula.
  • Izinkantolo zomkhaya:[ Isigaba esikhethekile ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhuluma ngobuhlobo basemakhaya /divoce, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, iziyalezo zobudlova zasekhaya ezivikelayo, nokubelethisa. Izinkantolo zomkhaya zivame ukugcizelela ukuxhumana nesinqumo ngenzuzo engcono kakhulu yezingane.
  • Iziphakamiso Ezincane zezinkantolo: Izinkantolo zethukela eziklanyelwe izimpikiswano eziphansi ze-dollar (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-R35 000 kuya ku-R9 000 kuye ngokwezwe). Ama-athorney ngokuvamile awadingeki, futhi izinqubo ziyalandelana. Izinkantolo ezincane ziyindlela efinyelelekayo kubantu ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngokomthetho.
  • [ Iprojekthi:[ Icala lezivumelwano, izakhiwo, imikhumbi evikelayo, nezindawo zokuqondisa. Lezinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi impahla yomuntu ofile yabelwa ngokwentando yakhe noma umthetho kazwelonke nokuthi abantu abasengozini banesivikelo esingokomthetho esifanelekile.
  • [[INkantolo:0] Izinkantolo zentela ezikhethekile zikahulumeni ezilalela izimpikiswano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela neNkonzo yeNguquko yeMpahla (IRS). Izinkantolo zentela zombuso zikhona kwezinye izifundazwe zezimpikiswano zentela yendawo.
  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic: izinkantolo ze-Federal ezisingatha izingqwembe zomuntu ngamunye nezokwehla kwemali kwebhizinisi ngaphansi kwe-Bankruptic Code. Amacala angahlanganisa ukushwabadela (Ikhampasi 7) noma ukuhlelwa kabusha (Ikhampasi 11 noma 13). I-Bankruptic imisa ngokuzenzakalela izenzo eziningi zoqoqo lwempahla ngokuzisebenzela.

Ukuze ingene juqu ezinhlotsheni zezinkantolo zikahulumeni, i-Cornell Legal Information Institute’s Wex ikhasi ezinkantolo[[FLT: 1] inikeza ukukhomba okunokwethenjelwa.

Amalungelo Akho Angokomthetho Enkantolo: Yazi Okufanele Ukulindele

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho enkantolo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uphathwa ngokufanele nokuthi noma isiphi isahlulelo esimelene nawe siyasebenza.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

[[QLT:0] IsiHlumulo se-SSY [[FLT: 1] siqinisekisa ukumangalelwa kwecala elibolileyo elisheshayo neliyilungu lomphakathi ngejaji elingenacala esifundeni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona. Abameleli kumelwe bakhethwe ngaphandle kobandlululo, futhi abamangalelwa banelungelo lokuba khona, ofakazi babhekane nabo, futhi baqhubele ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi obuhle (amandla aphezulu). Ezenzweni zomphakathi, iSimemezelo sezehlolo secala [ [[FLT]] sekhulu] kumelwe bagcine ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala emafashinini enkantolo yomphakathi emali e-ohulumeni, nakuba izinkantolo eziningi zinesivikelo esifanayo.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthule Futhi Umelane Nokuzilimaza

Ngaphansi [[QT:0] kweSichibiyelo se-FT , akekho umuntu ongaphoqelelwa ukuba abe ufakazi omelene nabo ecaleni lobugebengu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akudingeki ukuba ufakazele, futhi ukuthula kwakho akunakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi becala. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ilungelo lincane kodwa liyasebenza uma ubufakazi bungakwembula emacaleni obugebengu.

Ilungelo Lokuthola I - Athoryney

Abamangalelwa besigebengu abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli banelungelo lokumisa omunye ngezindleko zikahulumeni, kodwa izinhlangano eziningi zomthetho ezinikeza usizo zinikeza izimpawu kubantu abaphansi ezimweni ezibucayi ezinjenge-clock, ubudlova basekhaya, nelungelo lokuhlala. Ngisho noma uzimelela wena ([FLT:]1]). Ezicaleni zomphakathi, akukho lungelo lomthetho-mmeli okhululekile, kodwa izinhlangano eziningi zokusiza ezingokomthetho zinikeza izimpawu zokuthola abantu abaphansi ezindabeni ezibucayi ezifana nokuxoshwa kwendlu, ubudlova, nelungelo lokuhlala. Ngisho noma uzimelela wena ngokwakho ([[FLTLD:2]] pro[FLT] [FLT]], unalokuxoxa nommeli ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo ezigxekayo.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

Isichibiyeli se-Forenth sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba unciphe umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumelwe uthole isaziso esifanele nganoma yisiphi isenzo esingokomthetho nethuba elibalulekile lokuzwakala phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi besiphambano, futhi ube nemithetho esekelwe emthetho nasebusweni kunokuba ucwase.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Nakuba engaphelele, ummangalelwa wesigebengu ngokuvamile unesicelo esisodwa esizenzakalelayo esivela enkantolo (ngaphandle kwamacala athile anecala). Abamangalelwa bomphakathi banganxusa futhi ukuba kudluliswe izahlulelo zokugcina. Ngokuvamile unefasitela elilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30) ukuze ubhale isaziso sokudlulisa icala. Izinkantolo zibukeza amaphutha omthetho, hhayi amaqiniso, ngakho kubalulekile ukulondoloza izimpikiswano lapho uqulwa.

Ukuze kuhlolwe lamalungelo ngokuningiliziwe, i-Melikan Bar Association yemfundo yomphakathi [ inikeza izincazelo eziwusizo, ezilula.

Ukuphoqelela Isimiso Senkantolo: Izinyathelo Eziwusizo

Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingakusiza ukuba uqhubeke nenqubo yasenkantolo ngokuqiniseka okukhulu nangamandla akho.

Zinqumele Isinqumo Sakho Sobufandazwe Ne - Venue

Bheka ukuthi icala lakho lisenkantolo kahulumeni noma kazwelonke. Indaba i-gudroup (icala elingani) ne-custory (lapho kuhlala khona noma kusebhizinisini) kumelwe yaneliswe. UVenue ubhekisela endaweni ethile yezwe-(ngokusho indawo) yesifunda lapho kwenzeka khona isenzakalo noma lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona.

2. Ukuqonda Imithetho Yenqubo

Zombili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-procedective eningiliziwe (umzk., Federal Misl of Civil Procediture, iziqondiso zikahulumeni zenqubo yomphakathi). Lezi zilawula indlela yokubhala isikhalo, yokukhonza elinye iqembu, ukusabela, ukusungula, nobufakazi obukhona. Ukungazi imithetho akuvamile ukwamukela njengezaba. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza izikhungo zosizo noma omabhalane bekho ukuze ziqondise.

3. Butha Amadokhumende Futhi Uhlele

Icala ngalinye lincike ebhukwini: izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, ama-lisithi, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, imibiko yamaphoyisa, iposi, nanoma iziphi iziyalezo zenkantolo ezingaphambili. Yenza amakhophi (angazange aqale) ukuze aqoqe futhi agcine iqoqo lezenzakalo. Ukuze uqule uhlu lwemibukiso futhi ube namakhophi amaningi umahluleli, umabhalane, iseluleko esiphikisayo, kanye nejaji uma kufanelekile.

4. Funa Incazelo Noma Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Nakuba kungenzeka ukuba uzimelele, izigxobo zivame ukuba ziphakeme kakhulu ukuba zingahamba udwa. Ummeli oqeqeshiwe angahlola inzuzo yecala lakho, anikeze iziqondiso ngenqubo, afake amaphepha angokomthetho, futhi aphikisane nawe. Uma izindleko ziwumgoqo, cabangela usizo olungokomthetho, izinhlelo ze-probo, imithola-mthola-mpilo yesikole, noma ukuhlelwa kwemithola mvume elinganiselwe (izinkonzo ezisemthethweni ezingagunyaziwe).

5. Ukuphatha Izinsuku Zenkantolo Nezigwegwe

Uphunyuke isikhathi esimisiwe futhi ungalahlekelwa ilungelo lakho lokufaka impendulo noma isikhalo. Sebenzisa uhlelo lwekhalenda (ikhasi noma iphepha) bese ubeka izikhumbuzo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi qinisekisa izinsuku zokuzwa nehhovisi lomabhalane. Fika ekuseni kakhulu, ugqoke kahle, futhi ulethe zonke izinto ezidingekayo. Uma ungakwazi ukuya, bhala indlela yokuqhubeka kahle kakhulu kusengaphambili.

Okungasetshenziswa Enkantolo Yesiko

Akubona bonke abantu abaxabanayo okudingeka baxazululwe ngaphakathi enkantolo. izindlela zokuxazulula i - Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) zingashesha, zingabizi kakhulu, futhi zingabizi kakhulu.

  • Ukuzwana: Ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) isiza ukukhulumisana phakathi kwamaqembu ukuba afinyelele indawo yokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli sinqumo. Ukuthula kuvamile emndenini, ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi, ngisho nasezindabeni ezithile zobugebengu (umz., isisulu sokuxhumana). Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna amaqembu ukuba azame ukuzama ukudlulisa izindaba ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • I-Arbitution: Isiphathi somphakathi esingathathi hlangothi sizwa ubufakazi futhi sinikeze isinqumo esibophekayo. Ukuthatha izivumelwano zezentengiselwano nemisebenzi. Nakuba kusetshenziswa kancane njengenkantolo, ukuthatha imvume ngokuvamile akunamalungelo aphelele atholakalayo atholakalayo nadluliswayo.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa: inqubo engahleliwe evame ukusetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni ezincane noma emphakathini. Imicimbi ixoxa ngokuqondile noma ngosizo ukuze kuthole inqumo eyamukelekayo.

Ukukhetha i-ADR kungalondoloza ubuhlobo, kunciphise izindleko ezingokomthetho, futhi kugcine izindaba ziyimfihlo.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngesimiso Senkantolo

Ukungaqondi ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo kungaholela ezinqumweni ezimbi.

  • : u-“ Ungamangalela noma ubani nganoma yini.” Imithetho kumele ibe nesisekelo esingokomthetho (ukuma, imbangela eqashelweyo yesenzo, kanye negunya elifanele). Ukumangalelwa okunezimanga kungaxoshwa ngesijeziso, kuhlanganise nentela yommeli.
  • thyth:[ . Olunye uhlangothi kumelwe lukhokhe intela yakho engokomthetho uma uwina.” Ukubusa kwaseMelika ngokuvamile kudinga uhlangothi ngalunye ukukhokha izindleko zalo ngaphandle kwesivumelwano noma umthetho ovumela ukushintshwa kwenkokhelo.
  • Umthungo:[ ngingazimelela futhi kulula/kungabahluleli abaningi kusiza ekusebenziseni izithakazelo.” Abahluleli abathathi hlangothi futhi abanakho ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho. I-proligigians ibambelele ezindinganisweni ezifanayo zomthetho njengabameli. Ingozi yokwenza iphutha elibulalayo le-procted disture.
  • Myth:[ "Isikhalo sisho ukuqulwa kwecala elisha". Izikhalo zibukeza amaphutha angokomthetho, hhayi amaqiniso. Awunakho ukunikeza ubufakazi obusha; inkantolo ye-appeltate isebenza ngokusuka erekhodini lokuqulwa.
  • Myth:[ [izinkantolo ezithi zincane] zingezezindaba ezingelutho.” Nakuba imingcele iphansi, izinkantolo ezincane zisingatha izimpikiswano zangempela", izikweletu ezingakhokhelwanga, izikweletu zephutha, ukulungiswa kokhuseleko. Isinqumo sibopha ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Zinike amandla ngolwazi

Isimiso senkantolo singabonakala njenge-labyrinth, kodwa sakhiwe ngezimiso zokulunga, ukubonakala, nokuhleleka. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo esimbaxambili sezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezezwe, isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala namazinga azimeleyo, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zezinkantolo, namalungelo akho angokomthetho, uzihlomisela ukusingatha izinselele ezingokomthetho ngokucacile. Uma ufuna ubulungisa, uzivikela ekutheni uyavuma, noma uzama nje ukuzwa i-agnomeo, ulwazi olukulokhu kucacishwa lunikeza isisekelo esiqinile. Khumbula ukuthi inzuzo engcono ilungiselelwe njalo ngokwemithetho, kodwa isakhamuzi esifundile kakade sesithatha isinyathelo ngaphambili. [[FLT:]. [U.S]. izimali zokufundisa [FLD:], amavidiyo, namavidiyo, i-messacences ashukumisa amathuluzi akho kuphela.[='As]