Iziqu zikahulumeni ziyisisekelo sesimiso sokhetho lwaseMelika, esisebenza njengendlela yokugcina amaqembu ezombangazwe anciphe ngayo umkhakha walabo abazokhethwa. Lokhetho luqhutshwa kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50 (izindawo ezihlukene) ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene kakhulu, ukuthonya owehlelayo, ukuthi ukuqhathaniswa kwe-colorate, nokuthi kuphikiswana kanjani nokukhetha okuvamile. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi iUnited States ikhetha abaholi bayo kanjani, ukuyiqonda kahle izimpawu eziyinhloko nezinqubo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo ehloniphekile engathi i-mqophelweni, ibheke ngokugunyaziwe embusweni kahulumeni, ukuhlelwa kwemilandulo, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, nokuphikiswa kwezingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziwamukelayo zobuchwepheshe zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwemilandu KaHulumeni

Isimiso sokukhetha esiyinhloko njengoba sazi namuhla asizange sibe khona eminyakeni yokuqala yeRepublic. Kusukela kuma 1790 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-mineine akhethwa amaqembu nemihlangano emikhulu[ ebuswa amaqembu. Le ndawo egcwele" iveza abathandi bezifundo eziphambili. Le zindawo “zigcwele" ezivezweyo ezithakazelelwayo ezithakazelweni ezivamile kunamalungu abanzi. I-Primetic Era (cishe 1890620) yaletha izinguquko ezigcweleyo ezihloselwe ukuguqula inqubo.[[[Finversil:1] yawumthetho wokuqala oyinhloko eqondiswe ngo1903, futhi ngo-19172] ibone ukuthi kungani lemithetho enziwa kakhulu iqala ukuvota ngokuqondile. Lezimiso zokukhetha eziyinhloko zakuqala zanikezwa kakhulu, imvume yokuvota okuthatha ingxenye enkulu yeqembu (ie) engxenyeni yemithetho ehlukene, iphinde ikhiphe amashumi eminyaka, futhi ikhiphe izinhlelo zemithetho ehlukene, ezihlukene, ezinikeza, ezibonisa inye, futhi izamayo

Izinhlobo Zezigebengu ZoMbuso: Ukuhlola Okunemininingwane

Izindawo zikahulumeni ziwela ezigabani eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye echazwa ukuthi ubani ongase avote emncintiswaneni wokuthatha umfantu. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso kungathinta kakhulu imibono yomfundi, umvoti, kanye nokuzinza kweqembu. Ngaphansi sihlola izinhlobo ezine ezivamile, kanye nezinzuzo zazo, nezimo ezingezinhle, nezibonelo zanamuhla.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Kusekugcineni okuyinhloko, abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe neqembu elithile abangase bavote. Ozimele noma ozimele akafakwanga ngokuphelele, njengamalungu anoma yiliphi elinye iqembu. Lesi simiso siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu azinikele kuphela afuna ukukhetha isigaba esivamile somphathi. Abaxhasi bangaphikisa ukuthi ukuvala iziqu zivimbela “ukuvota” ngqa lapho amalungu eqembu elithile ewela khona ukuze akhethe umthathi obuthakathaka kakhulu kweqembu eliphikisayo. (nendlela yokukhuthaza ukuba aqonde kahle kakhulu amapulatifomu aqonde kahle. Abagxeki, nakuba, phawula ukuthi i-pritantherinss zisusa inani elikhulayo lokuvota (manje eliyi-36) futhi likwazi ukuphonsela i-ose kakhulu izikhundla ze-tooki ezise. I-New York, i-toda, i-Newday.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Izindawo zokuvota zivumela noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe ukuba ahlanganyele kunoma yimuphi umvoti oyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaliphi iqembu. Ezizweni eziningi, abavoti bacela nje ibhola lombango ngosuku lokhetho; kwezinye, bathola ibhola elilodwa elidweba bonke abavoti futhi bakhethe ukuthi yiluphi uhlanga lweqembu lokuvota. Lesi simiso sigujwa ngokufaka iqhaza umvoti nokunika iphiko elinamandla enqubweni yokuvota. Isibonelo, uMichigan no-Minbornesartam asebenzisa izintambo ezivulekile. Inkinga eyinhloko ingaba namandla okuvula ukuvota okukhetha. Iqembu elikhulu lingazi ukuthi amalungu eqembu elilodwa lingavota ngamabomu alo awo angenza imvume yokunga eqekelelene empini emunye. Ngokungakhonziswayo, nakuba iqembu eliyinhloko lingaselele ukuvuma kweqembu elikhethiwe.

Ama - “demoriva ”

Isimiso esivalekile sishaya isilinganiso sokuzilawula phakathi kwezimiso ezivaliwe nezivulekile. Amalungu eqembu abhalisweyo angavota kuphela esimisweni sawo esiyinhloko, kodwa abavoti abangakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amahhala amaqembu angahlanganyela kuwo. Lelilungiselelo lilondoloza izinga elithile lokulawula kuyilapho kusazama ukuhlasela. Lisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Colorado, i-Oklahoma (amahhovisi athile), ne-Massachusetts. Ama-cript angakhetha isandiso esiphansi ngokuzithoba ngokuzihambela phambili ngokufuna ukuphuma ngokuzimela kuyilapho amalungu amanye amaqembu angazama ukuhlasela. Nokho, asalokhu avala abavoti ababhaliswe (unyakaza) uGreanste, uma labo abafuna ukungenela umncinti omkhulu.

Iziribhi eziphezulu-kabili (neziphezulu-sazulu)

Kuhlelo oluphezulu olungu-2 oluyinhloko, bonke abathathi-mqoka abavela kuwo wonke amaqembu bavela eqenjini elilodwa. Amavoter, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi obani abathatha igalelo. Abavoti ababili abathola amavoti aphambili kukhetho oluvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiqembu elihlangene. Lolu hlelo, oludume kakhulu, olusetshenziswa eCalifornia naseWashington, luklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukulinganisela nokunciphisa indawo ephakathi ngokukhuthaza abazofaka isicelo ukuba bafake isiphambano eqenjini. Ukuhlukahlukahluka, [[FLT: 0] phezulu-kakhulu , luthumela abanyunyana abane abaphezulu kukhetho olusebenzisa i-ccoffice; uvotation; u-Alaska olusemfa ngo-20. Abamele ukuphakamisa izinqubo zokuncintisana futhi bahoze kakhulu.

Imishini Yokufundisa Abashushumbisi Bezimali

Ngalé kwemithetho yokuvota, izinqubo zokuhlela amantongomane nezibhodlo zokukhetha eziyinhloko ziyehluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe. Lemininingwane ye-procedal processing menu //ukubhalisa, umklamo, ukubala, nokuhlela amaprimenti, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemigqa e-primetics (nemiphumela emikhulu yokutholakala, ukunemba, nokuqiniseka komphakathi.)

Izimfuneko Zokubhalisa Ezinemisebe Ephambili

Isithiyo sokuqala esikhona esinjengesibhakathiso somvoti sibhaliwe. Izwe liyahluka ngokuthi nini futhi kanjani umvoti angabhalisa. I-SAME-suku lokubhalisa [SDR], ikhona ezifundeni ezinjengeVermont, Maryland, neWisconsin, ivumela ukuba abavoti babhalise futhi bafake ibhola ngosuku olufanayo, kuhlanganise nosuku oluyinhloko. I-SDR iboniswe ngokwandiswa ukuvuleka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha ne-RV, ngokwendlela ehlukile, i- ukubhalisa [[FLT]] ] njalo [impotoslot] ngaphambi kokuba isigaba esincane esikhona sinciphe ukuthatha ingxenye yento. Ezinye izimo zamazwe angazikhetha ukubhalisa imvume (imvume encane, i-AVV, i-RV], ifuna ukumiswa kwenye inguquko elandela inguquko elandela inguquko, kodwa ingakhetha inguquko enkulu, kodwa ingakhetha isigaba esincane

Umklamo Webhola Nokuklanywa Kwalo

Umklamo webhola uthonya indlela abavoti ngokulula ngayo ukuveza ngokunembile izinto abazithandayo. I-codec ibhola lamaphepha elivamile elisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngokuvamile linezimiso zokuhlola i-octal evumela ukuphethwa ngezandla. Imishini yokuvota (i-DREs) inikeza ukushesha kodwa iphakamise izinto ezikhathazayo; amazwe amaningi asuka kuwo ngemva komjikelezo wokhetho luka 2016. Ukuhlelwa kwebhola le-Mail-in bolot, okwathola ukuthandwa kakhulu phakathi nobhadaba olubanzi lwe-CHOVAD, manje kuvamile emazweni afana ne-Oregon, i-Washington, ne-Colorado, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokhetho. Ukuvota kunikeza ukunelisa kodwa kudinga ukusayinwa okuqinile kokukhohlisa ukuze kuvinjelwe. I-flate inbolorfred (evss) ebumbene.

Ukubala Nokuphishekelwa Kwezincwadi

Ngemva kokuhlola kuphele, amavoti abalwa ngesandla (ngesandla) noma nge-tektroniki. Ukubala kusebenza ngokunenzuzo kodwa kuvumela ukuqondisa komuntu kodwa kusetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo ezincane noma ekuhloleni ama-post-ecompations. Ukubala [ kuyashesha] ukubuya [_kakhulu kungabikwa phakathi namahora] kodwa kuxhomeke ekuqondiseni kahle nasezindaweni ezigciniweyo. Izindlela eziningi zisebenzisa inqubo ehlukile: i-opartal cons cons compons compons, kodwa amarekhodi agcinweyo ngenxa yokulandisa noma ukuhlelwa kwemigqala. Ukubonakala kwenqubo yokubala izingozi kuyingozi. Ukukhomba kokukhomba okuhlulwa komphakathi kungakhanyiswa kakhulu; ukunikeza izilinganiso ezikhona ezingeni ezisekwenziswayo noma ezikamele ukuba zinikezene ukuba zibonwe ezibusweni ezika kakhulu, uma ukuhlolwa zivuma kakhulu, uma ukuhlolwa zikhona, uma ushintsho lungalungisile kakhulu.

Umphumela Wemidanti Evela Emkhunjini Wezigelekeqe Nemifanekiso

Okhetho oluyinhloko ludonsa abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile. Eminyakeni yokuqala, ukuthatha i-creensuption kungaphakama emijahweni yokuncintisana (umz., 2020 yabona izinombolo eziqoshiwe kwezinye izifundazwe), kodwa amahlalo aphakathi ngokuvamile abona ukukhishwa ngezansi kwe 20% yabavoti abafaneleyo. Uhlobo lwesimiso esiyinhloko lungathonya abavoti. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [iget]] iqolo elivalelweyo [[[FLT]] lingenza ukuguquka okuphakeme kodwa elinokwehluka kakhulu eqekelweni elincintiweyo. [FFT] [Foctivesssssss] iveza ukuvuleka okungcono kakhulu kweqembu elivamile, noma ukusekela kakhulu ukusekela okungcono kakhulu kweqembu elivamile, noma ukusekela kakhulu, uma kuveza ukuvuselelwe kakhulu kweqembu elivamile, noma kuveza ukuvusehlakalelwa kakhulu.[Fosekustmosekust, noma kuveza umba ukuvusekukhulu, uma kuveza umba u

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Nemizamo Yezinguquko

Imithetho elawula abaphathi abaphansi ayimisinya; ngokuvamile iyindaba yomthetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuvota, nezimpi zasenkantolo.

  • Izindawo eziphezulu-odar ezinama-Chanked-Choice Voting: isimo se-Alaska sivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele bonke abavoti okhethweni oluvamile, beqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi uthola ukusekela okuningi. Iziphakamiso ezifanayo ziye zangeniswa kwezinye izifunda.
  • Izindawo ze-Nonpartan Primita: Ezinye izifundazwe (umzk., Louisiana unesimiso esiyinhloko” sawo wonke amahhovisi) esisusa ngokuphelele amaprimethi asemadilini, sibeka bonke abazofundela ukubhapathizwa endaweni efanayo futhi sivumele abaqeda aphezulu ukuba baqhubeke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idili liyini.
  • Abaphathi abavule ukwanda okuyisisekelo: njalo bacindezela umthetho ukuba uvule amaprimp avaliwe, bephikisa ngokuthi umkhokhi wentela akufanele akhiphe abavoti abazimele. Inhlangano yesizwe ivule amathikithi amakhambi ahlobene nezindaba zemali.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ngokuzenzakalelayo Ubhaliso nosuku olufanayo: Lezizilinganiso zijonge ukwandisa ukuthatha isinyathelo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu angameleki kakhulu.

Ukuphikiswa kokuguqula ngokuvamile kuvela emishinini yeqembu esaba ukulahlekelwa ukulawula inqubo yokukhishwa kwezitho. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu amakhulu aye asola ukuvimbela imizamo yokuvula iziqu ezifundazweni njenge-Arizona neCalifornia (izinga elingaphezulu kwezimbili zasekelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme). Impikiswano ekugcineni ixhomeke embuzweni oyisisekelo: Ingabe izinqubo zangaphakathi noma ukhetho lomphakathi? Impendulo iyahluka ngokwezwe, kodwa ukuthambekela eshumini elidlule kuye kwaba ukuvuleka kakhulu nokuthatha isinyathelo.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezinto Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe: I - freenative Snapshot Eqhathaniswa Ne -

Ngokwesibonelo, azikho izifundazwe ezimbili ezisebenzisa ama - produal afana ncamashí.

  • [ ICalifornia isebenzisa i-copt project ephezulu-2 kuzo zonke izikhundla ezingezona eziphambili. Izincwadi zingakhetha noma imuphi umjoli noma iliphi iqembu, futhi abaphambili ababili baqhubekele phambili ngisho noma bobabili bevela eqenjini elilodwa.
  • New York[ igcina isimiso esiqinile esivalwe kakhulu. Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswa emasontweni edilini ngaphambi kokuba ukhetho luhlanganyele. Abavoti abazimeleyo bavinjelwa ngokuphelele.
  • Alaska muva nje ithathe isici esiphezulu-ne samahhovisi kahulumeni nohulumeni, ngokuvota okusemthethweni kukhetho oluvamile.
  • TEXS isebenzisa isici esivulekile: abavoti banquma ngosuku lokhetho ukuthi yiliphi ibhodi elifuna ukuthathwa, kodwa khona - ke kumelwe bavote kuphela emincintiswaneni yaleloqembu. Ukukhetha kusobala, okungadala ukucindezela komphakathi.
  • IJashington State isebenzisa isici esiphezulu esibili (esifana nesaseCalifornia) kuwo wonke amahhovisi ahlukanisayo ngaphandle kukamongameli.

Lokhu shintsho kwakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho neyokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, abafuna ukungenela ihhovisi likahulumeni ezifundeni eziningi kumelwe basebenzise imithetho ehlukene yokuhlela, imithetho yokungena, nemithetho yokuvota. Izindleko zemikhankaso eyinhloko ziye zanyuka kakhulu, nge Conferenceal of State Legislatures ulwazi olubonisa ukuthi ukuchitha imali ephambili emijahweni encintisanayo kungadlula ukuchitha isikhwama sokhetho esilondekile.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zikahulumeni zingaphezulu kakhulu kunesiqalo nje sokhetho oluvamile; ziwukusetshenziswa kwemibono yomguquli, icebo, kanye nokuvota. Ukukhetha phakathi kokuvalwa, ukuvulwa, ukuvalwa, noma izimiso ezimbili eziphezulu kunemiphumela emikhulu yokuthi ubani othola imvume, ukuthi ukuvota okuvamile kunjani, nokuthi impumelelo yokugcina ibaluleke kangakanani. Ukusekela kwentando yentando yabavoti. Ukuhlelwa kokubhaliswa, ukuklanywa kwevoti, ukuhlelwa kwe-colot, ukuhlelwa, nokuvota, nokubalwa kwenqubo engcono, kuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwendlela yokungena nokuthembeka. Njengenguquko enjengesigaba sokuvota-covota nokuthola inzuzo ezenzekelayo, ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke ngayo othisha, abakhiqinisi besimiso, inqubo, kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Ngokuhlola izinhlelo zezimiso eziyinhloko zokulawula impikiswano zenhliziyo, sizuza ukuqonda ukucupha kwe-demodensi ye-condayo.