Isisekelo Sobukhosi Obubodwa Ekubuseni KwaseMelika

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni nombuso bungenye yezici ezichaza kakhulu zesimiso sezombangazwe sase-United States. Lesi sakhiwo, esibizwa ngokuthi i-constitulism, sihlukanisa igunya phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bombuso wezwe, ngalinye elinezikhundla zalo siqu. Abafundi nabafundisi abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yomphakathi, ukugcinwa komthetho, kanye namalungelo ansuku zonke, ukuqaphela ukuthi le drive ayiyona nje imfundo nje kuphela. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulawula kwezwe nezimiso zendawo kungokokwakheka kwayo yonke into kusukela ezifundweni zesikole kuya ezimisweni zomthetho wobugebengu, nakunikezwa kwezempilo yokuvota.

UFederalism akazenzanga ngengozi. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo, bebone ubuthakathaka bezihloko ze-Confederation, basungula ngamabomu isimiso esizolondoloza ubukhosi bombuso kuyilapho benikeza uhulumeni wesizwe amandla anele okuxazulula izinselele ezihlangene. Loluhlelo olubili luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokulungisa okungokomthetho-sisekelo, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezombangazwe. Namuhla, ukuhlangana kwemibuso kahulumeni nesifunda kuhlala kuqinile, ngokuvamile kuphikiswana ngezindawo lapho imingcele yegunya ivivinywa khona ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuqonda i-constituism kudinga ukunyakaza ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezilula. Akuwona ubudlelwane obuqinile kodwa ubuhlobo obunamandla obuthonywe yiziphakamiso, ukukhululwa, nencazelo yokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulisiwe kunikeza ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo kokuthi amandla kahulumeni nombuso ahlangana kanjani, adweba ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, izimiso eziyinhloko, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezehlakalo zangempela ezibonisa ukungezwani nokubambisana okusemzameni waseMelika.

Ukuqonda Umbango

UFederalism ubhekisele ekwahlukaneni komthetho-mthetho wemibuso phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe omkhulu nohulumeni abahlukene bezigodi. Ngokungafani nesimiso sokuhlanganisa, lapho wonke amagunya ekhona kuhulumeni ophakathi, noma ukuhlangana, lapho imibuso igcina amandla aphelele khona, uhulumeni ukha amazinga amabili kahulumeni asebenza kanye kanye endaweni efanayo nabantu. Isigaba ngasinye sinendawo yaso, izikhulu, nezinhlangano zokwahlulela, futhi ngalinye lithola igunya laso kumthethokaziwe kunomthetho-Constitution kunakwesinye isigaba.

Isizathu esiyisisekelo sobuzwe sisekulinganiseni isidingo sobunye besizwe nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zendawo. Abasunguli bakholelwa ukuthi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bangaba abasabela ngokwengeziwe ezidingweni zezakhamuzi, basebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, futhi benze njengesivikelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni wezwe onamandla wawudingeka ukuze ulawule ezentengiselwano zezwe, wenze inkambiso yangaphandle, ulungiselele ukuvikela izwe, futhi uvikele amalungelo ekucwaseni komphakathi.

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ukuchazwa kwe-construction sekuye kwashintsha. IRepublic yakuqala yabona umbono omncane kakhulu ngegunya lesizwe, neNkantolo Ephakeme uMculloch v. Maryland [1819]) imisa imfundiso yamagunya ahloliweyo kodwa agcina ubukhosi bukahulumeni. Impi kaNobhuliki kanye nokulungisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yesizwe, ikakhulukazi emalungelweni omphakathi. Inkathi entsha yaletha ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwamandla esizwe ngaphansi kwe-Chambekist Clausle, nezinhlelo zeNhlangano Omkhulu zezokuxhasa izwe. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, iRehinquistqui noRoberts Courtustonss ziye zabuyisela imingcele embutho, enkulu kakhulu embusweni kazwezwelo [FT.] [blpect] [12] [195]

Namuhla, uhulumeni usaphikisa, nezimpikiswano ngobukhulu obufanele begunya likahulumeni elivela eSishaya - mthetho, ezinkantolo, nasezindlini zombuso. Ukuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zokwabiwa kwamandla kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhamba kulendawo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuthutha Komthetho - sisekelo Namandla

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza ipulani yokwabiwa kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Lokhu kwabiwa akuphelele kodwa kuxhomeke emalungiselelweni amaningana ayinhloko nasezicini zokwakha ezichaza ukuthi isilinganiso ngasinye sikahulumeni singenzani futhi singase singabi yiso.

Amandla Atholakele

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo ihlela amagunya akhethekile anikezwa uMkhandlu. Lamandla adwetshiwe ahlanganisa amandla entela ye-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula intengiselwano ephakathi kwezwe nelingaphandle, ukumisa imithetho efanayo yokubekwa kwemvelo nokuwa kwemali, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumisa impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho empi, nokunikeza ibutho lempi. La mibuso ixhomeke kuhulumeni kazwe, izincazelo ngokuvamile ayinakuyisebenzisa. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuso awunakungena esivumelwaneni nesizwe sangaphandle noma imali yawo.

Amandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinela ngokuqondile izifundazwe lezo mibuso engaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezifundazweni. Leli "gunya" livumela ukuba liqondise imingcele yempilo, ukulondeka, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Ngaphansi kwaleligunya, kumiswa futhi kuqondiswe izikole zomphakathi, ochwepheshe belayisense (odokotela, abameli, abagundi bezinwele), ukuphoqelela imithetho yobugebengu, ukuqondisa ukhetho (ngokulawulwa yimithetho kahulumeni), ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, nokuphatha ohulumeni bendawo. ISichibiyelo seshumi sivame ukucelwa yizikole zomphakathi (odokotela, abaqondisimthetho wezinwele), ukulawulwa kwemithetho evimbela imithetho yomthetho.

Amandla Akhona

Kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni kahulumeni bangase basebenzise amagunya athile ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, amabhange omthetho-mthetho, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Nokho, uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ingqubuzana, i-Supremacy Claus (Article VI) iveza ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe ziwusekele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezindaweni zegunya elihlangene, isenzo sikahulumeni singawulahla umthetho wezwe.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo NoKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

I-diect and Seant Clausle (Ingxenye 8, U-Classic 18) inikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokwenza amandla awo adwetshwe. Lombhalo uye wachazwa kabanzi ukunikeza amandla ashiwoyo [1] amandla angadwetshwanga ngokuqondeyo kodwa ahlobene ngokunengqondo nokubulawa kwe-ascriptuation. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla okulawula ezohwebo zezentengiselwano zamazwe asetshenziselwa ukuthethelela imithetho kahulumeni ngokusebenza kwezingane, amalungelo omphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ngisho nokugcinwa kwezidakamizwa zendawo. Isilinganiso samandla avezwayo siye saba yisihloko esivamile seNkanto ehlazi.

Amandla Avezwayo

Womabili amazinga kahulumeni abhekene nemithetho enqatshelwayo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uhulumeni wezwe ngeke ubeke izintela kwamanye amazwe, unike iziqu zobukhosi, noma ukhiphela ama-habeas i-corpus ngaphandle kokuhlubuka noma ukuhlasela. Amazwe enqatshelwe ukungena ezivumelwaneni, ukukhokha imali, ukudlulisa izikweletu zemali, ukudlulisa imithetho ye-paste codo, noma imithetho evimbela isibopho sezivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSichibiyelo se-14 seSichithi semithetho sivimbela ukuphika noma inqubo efanele noma isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho, igunyaza izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zibukeze izenzo ezingoko amalungelo eyisisekelo.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokungenwa Kwayo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ecatshangelwayo kuba yiqiniso ezindaweni ezithile lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni besebenzelana khona. Izindawo ezintathu : ukugcinwa kwemithetho, imfundo, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo, − kuveza amaqiniso asebenzayo ombuso.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukugcinwa komthetho e-United States ngokuyinhloko kuyimisebenzi kazwelonke. Cishe amaphesenti angu-85 ezisebenzi zomthetho wezwe asebenza esikhungweni sombuso noma sendawo, futhi imithetho eminingi yobugebengu iyimithetho kahulumeni. Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo yokujezisa, inkantolo, nezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa. Amaphoyisa amaphoyisa ahlola ubugebengu ezindaweni ezithile phakathi kwemingcele kamasipala, nabameli besifunda amacala okwephula umthetho kahulumeni.

Nokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ngezinhlangano ezinjengeFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), i-Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ne-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemordams and Explopasives (ATF). Ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni kubhekisa kakhulu emacaleni anqamule imikhawulo kahulumeni, ahilela izakhiwo zikahulumeni, noma imithetho ethile ekhethekile kahulumeni, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, i-iberccrime, ubuphekula, ukweba izikhali ezisemuva, nokukhohlisa uhulumeni wombuso. Abashushisi bamaFedera abaphathi eU.

Ukuhlangana komthetho kahulumeni nomthetho kudala kokubili ukubambisana nokucindezeleka. Amabutho ahlangene ahlanganisa imithombo yendawo nohulumeni ukuze kulwiwe nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa nobugebengu obuhleliwe. Nokho kuphakama izingxabano mayelana nesimiso sombuso, imithombo, nezinto, nezinto eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezezimali unqabela insangu ngaphansi kwe-Substancess Act, nakuba amazwe amaningi aye agunyaza izakhiwo zikahulumeni ukuthi abashushisi bakhulume ngesiqondiso sezimiso zemithetho yezomthetho kunokuba kuhlanganiswe inqubo ebanzi. Ngokufanayo, ukugcinwa kwezokuthutha kuhilela kokubili igunya lezwe (ngaphansi kwe-Immigatection and Nationality Act) futhi kubambisana, kanye nokunye ukubambisana, nemithetho egunyaza ukunikeza imithetho yendawo lapho amanye amanxusa egunyazwe ekhona emukela izinqubo zokubambisana.

Imfundo

Imfundo ngokwesiko ingumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe. Isethi yeSichibiyelo seshumi lamagunya amaphoyisa zihlanganisa igunya lokumisa nokuqhuba izikole zomphakathi. Umbuso ngamunye unomnyango wemfundo, amabhodi esikole asendaweni, nesimiso sokuxhasa imali nezindinganiso. Amazwe ahlela izimfuneko zezifundo, izimemo zothisha, nezindinganiso zokuthweswa iziqu. Izifunda zendawo zilawula intela yemisebenzi yansuku zonke, intela yempahla yezezikole.

Nakuba kunjalo, uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wandisa ithonya lawo ngezisusa zezimali nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Indima enkulu kakhulu kahulumeni ivela nge-Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), ekuqaleni yamiswa futhi muva nje igunyaziwe njengoMkhandlu Wonke Ofundayo Wenze Impumelelo (ESA) ngo-2015. Ngo-ESEA, uhulumeni unikeza izikole zezezimali ezikhokhwayo ezikhokhwayo ezikhokhwayo ukuba abafundi abaphansi abakhokhele, ukuthenana ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko ezithile zokulandisa. Imithetho yezenhlalakahle yamalungelo omphakathi inqabela ukucwaswa kwemfundo esekelwe ezinhlangani, ebulilini, ekukhubazeni, nasekudalweni kwesizwe, okuphoqekelwe yi-Hhovisiwe yi-Equo yeze Officertic of Poligionst Instrumentation Act (ID).

Ithonya le-Federal lidlulela nasemfundweni ephakeme ngoPell Grants, imali ebolekwa ngabafundi, kanye nezimiso ezilawula ukuqashelwa kwekholiji nokuphepha kwekholiji. Ukufakwa phakathi kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni nombuso/ukulawula kwendawo kuvame ukuholela empikiswaneni ngezindaba ezinjengokuhlola okuvamile, izindinganiso eziyisisekelo, nendima yemithetho kahulumeni ezinqunyweni zezifundo zendawo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amaqhinga agunyazwe alulaza ukusungula kwendawo, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi izindinganiso zesizwe zidingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhleleka nokulandisa.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo e-United States kuyisibonelo sokubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20, ukunakekela kwezempilo ngokuyinhloko kwakuyindaba yomuntu siqu ehileleke kancane kuhulumeni. Ukumiswa kweMedicare neMedicaid ngo-1965 kwaphawula ukungena okukhulu kukahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo ngezimali, kwakha uhlelo lwezimo ezihlangene ezisezingeni eliphezulu eziqhubeka zikhona.

iMedicare iyisimiso somshuwalense wempilo esinikezwa uhulumeni ngokuyinhloko kubantu abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu, kanye nabantu abathile abasebasha abakhubazekile. Uhulumeni uhlela izinhlelo zokungalingani, izinzuzo, nezinga lokukhokha, nakuba abaxhasi bezomshuwalense besebenzisa ingxenye B neHlabathi D. E-United States inendima encane eqondile eMedicare, nakuba bengase bayithase ngezinhlelo zosizo zikahulumeni zokuthambisa.

I-Medicaid iwuhlelo oluhlangene lwezwe olunikeza ukuhlanganiswa kwempilo kubantu abathola imali ephansi nemikhaya. Uhulumeni wezwe umisa izimfuneko ezibanzi, unikeza izimali ezihambelanayo (zisukela ku-50% kuya ku-80% ku-80% kuxhomeke emalini kazwelonke), futhi zivumela iziphathisi zemisebenzi ye-miboniso. Amazwe aklama futhi asebenzise izinhlelo zawo siqu ze-Medicaid ezilinganisweni zezwe ezingaphansi kwemingcele, ahlela amazinga okulinganayo (ngezinga eliphansi), izinkonzo ezivalelweyo, izinga lokukhokhela, izinga lokunakekela, nezinga lokuthutha. I-Afford ekwaziyokunakekela (AC) ka-2044, njengoba ingekho imvume engcono kakhulu, i-A enziwa kakhulu ye-Midigconfigcoden enkulu, kodwa iNka yeNkakhulu leNkanto ehlangene ye-Foduwanciso yombuso [Fotion:] [2]] [Fodvetiontion:

Ezinye izindawo zokusebenzelana kwezokunakekelwa kwempilo kahulumeni kahulumeni zihlanganisa ukusabela okuphuthumayo kwezempilo yomphakathi (isibonelo, ukusebenzelana kobhadane), ukulawulwa komshuwalense wempilo (izindawo ngokuyinhloko zilawula umshuwalense wempilo, i-ACA ebekwe uhulumeni ezimisweni ezithile), kanye nokwengamela izikhungo zokunakekela impilo (izimo zesifunda ne-impepho zikahulumeni zokungathathi hlangothiniselo ye-Medicare/Medicaid). Ukulingana kwamandla emikhankasweni yezempilo kuhlala kunempikiswano eqhubekayo, nge-AAA, i-tractivegioding transsion sy, kanye nekusasa legunya lezempilo yomphakathi.

Izifundo zecala le-Federal-State Interaction

Ukuhlola indaba ethile kunikeza umbono ocacile wokuthi amandla ombuso asebenza kanjani.ngezansi kunezibonelo ezintathu eziphawulekayo ezibonisa ukuhluka kobuhlobo.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Mhlawumbe akukho mpikiswano ebonisa kangcono ukungezwani phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nokuyekelela kwezwe kunesimiso sensangu. Ngaphansi kwesimiso seGuided Substances Act (CSA) ka 1970, insangu ibhekwa njengento elawulwayo, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni ubheka njengengamathuba amakhulu okuxhashazwa, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi okwamukelekayo manje, futhi ukuntuleka kokuphepha okwamukelekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezokwelapha. ICSA yenza kungabi semthethweni ukusungula, ukusakaza, noma ukuba nensangu e - United States, ngesijeziso esinzima sokujeza.

Noma kunjalo, kusukela nge-Proposition yase California 215 ngo-199, igagasi lezifundazwe liye lagunyaza insangu ukuba isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha. Kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe angu-38 kanye ne-Fooisty of Columbia baye bagunyaza ukubhalisa i-cannabis yezokwelapha, kanti izifunda-Provini ezingu-24 kanye ne-D. Ziye zagunyaza ukusebenzisa ngokusemthethweni ukuzilibazisa kwabantu abadala. Lokhu kudala izingxabano eziqondile: imithetho kahulumeni ivumela lokho umthetho kahulumeni okuvimbelayo. Abashushisi-Probarhthiwer bangagunyaza i-CSA ngokumelene nombuso owenye indawo esemthethweni kanye nezindawo zokwelapha, kodwa kusukela ngo-2013, uMphathi weJahbachrahnberg uphinde wasebenzisa ukuqashelwa komthetho, kodwa kusukela kulo mgibeli we-2014, kumelwe aphinde avusenzwe ngezenzo ezinkulu zokuhweba komthetho, kodwa abaphathi bezomthetho wokuhweba kweze kuhlelwa kanye nezindawo ezihlangene zezwe kuhlelwa uhulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngempi Gonzales v. Raich (2005]), iphethe ukuthi i-Chemmerce Claus yagunyaza uhulumeni ukuba aphule uhulumeni ukuba abe yize asebenzise insangu ngisho nasezinjongweni zezokwelapha, futhi ngisho noma insangu ingaweqanga imigqa kahulumeni. INkantolo yavuma ukuthi umthetho kazwelo wawungenakuvikela abantu ekumangalelweni uhulumeni. Naphezu kwalesi sinqumo, ukuma okusebenzayo kuyaqhubeka. Funda [[FLT:] Gonzales v.[ich[FLT]

Lokhu kuhlola kuqokomisa imingcele yamandla kahulumeni naphezu kokuphakama kukahulumeni, indima yokuqapha, kanye nethuba loshintsho lwemithetho (njenge-SAFE Banking Act noma imizamo yombuso yokususa) yokuxazulula le mizamo engafanele. Kubonisa futhi indlela amazwe angenza ngayo njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, asunduzela umthetho ukuba ushintshe ngombono womphakathi nangokuhlola okuwusizo.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Umthetho wokhetho ngokuyinhloko uwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. ISiqesha I, isigaba sesibili sokumisa igunya lokumisa "Izinkathi, izindawo, neManer lokukhetha i-Editors," kanye no-Congress elondoloza amandla okuguqula iziqondiso ezinjalo. Ngokufanayo, isifundazwe siqondisa ukhetho lukamongameli ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ngaphansi kwemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho nemithetho. Lombuso uhlanganisa izinqubo zokuvota, ukuvota izindawo, imishini yokuvota, imithetho yokuvota engekho kanye neyokuqala yokuvota.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wathatha indima enzima ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nobandlululo. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sinqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine sinqabela ukucwaswa kobulili, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seSimende seSimende sinqabela ukukhokha intela yokuvota kukhetho, futhi iSichibiyelo seSiji seSimende samashumi Amahlanu nanhlanu simisa ukuvota ngeminyaka engu-18 e-1965, umthetho omthetho ongokomthetho wokuvota amalungelo okuvota, onezimiso ezivimbela ukuvikelwa kwemithetho yezelo (njengokuhlolwa kwemfundo) futhi sidinga ukumiswa komlando wobandlululo ukuze kutholakale ngaphambi kokuba kushintshe ukuvolwa kwemithetho yokuvolwa (udiction 5).

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Selby County v. Umphetho we-Harker wakhipha indlela esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amagunya ayengaphansi kokuhlelwa kusengaphambili, ngokuphumelelayo iSigaxa 5 kuze kube yilapho iSiqendu seNkantolo simisa indlela entsha yokukhokha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho evimbela izimfuneko zokuvota, inciphisa izinsuku zokuvota, ivota i-vhota, futhi ibeka imingcele yeposi. Izinkantolo zesifunda seze isekele eminye yalemithetho lapho ishaya eminye imithetho eyayitholakala ikhetha ngamabomu ngokohlanga. ISivumelo sokuqhubeka i-Gractivement, yaqala ngokuphindaphindiwe kodwa ingayibuyiselanga, kodwa yayenza i-projectived trans trans.

Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukungezwani phakathi kobuphathi bukahulumeni nombuso. Abasekeli bokuvumelana nezimo zikahulumeni baphikisa ngokuthi izikhundla zingcono kakhulu ukuhlanganisa imithetho yokhetho nemibandela yendawo nokuthi ukungenela kukahulumeni kuxhaphaze abaphangi. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwezivikelo zikahulumeni eziqinile, i-odockense imithetho elahla abavoti abambalwa futhi ilulaze ukuthatha iqhaza kwentando yeningi. Ukufunda ISifunda i-Cent [[FLT]] Isinqumo se-Cornell LII[[FLT]]

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Umthetho woku-informationation uyisici segunya elikhethekile likahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi amandla okulawula ukufuduka azuzwe njengefa ebukhosini besizwe futhi ukuthi izifundazwe azinakumisa imithetho yazo yokufuduka ephikisana nesimiso sikahulumeni. I-Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) ibusa ukuvunywa okungokomthetho, izigaba zemvume, izigigaba zemvume, ukususwa, kanye nokubekwa kwemvelo. Umnyango we Homeland Security Security (DHS), nge-U.S. U.S. ulwembuko noMdiationationationommentality ne-Istomment (ICE), I-Irganizectivement (CE), ne-CP) i-Crivelveratection (C).

Kodwa izigodlo ziye zahileleka kakhulu, kokubili ekusekeleni ukugcinwa komthetho nokwenqabela ukugcinwa kukahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengo-Arizona, ziye zadlulisa imithetho (umz. SB 1070) ezifuna ukuba umbuso nomthetho wendawo uqinisekise ukuthi i-SB 1070 ikhona uma imiswa ngokomthetho futhi isekele imizamo kahulumeni yokudingiswa. INkantolo Ephakeme Awazongaya. United States[FLT] [1] [202] yabulala amalungiselelo amaningana e-SB 1070 njengoba idedelwe umthetho kahulumeni, kodwa yasekela "ongitshengisa amaphephandaba akho", ilungiselelo eliqhubekayo lokuzibeka phezu kwe-profilifilphi yohlanga. Amanye amazwe aye amukela "ultrary" izinqubo zendawo engibambisana nazo, njengoba ngiyenqaba ukukhulula abantu ngabanye ukuba bangene ngosuku lokungena.

I-interlive ihlanganisa futhi ukuqondisa kwezwe umsebenzi, lapho imibuso ingafuna khona ukuba bonke abaqashi bagunyazwe (bedlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni), futhi ilungiselelo lombuso lezinzuzo (njengamalayisense yokushayela kanye nemvume yezakhamuzi ezingabhalwanga). Ukuthembela kukahulumeni ekuxhumaneni kwezwe ekuboshweni (ngezivumelwano zokuvalelwa ejele) nokuthola ukuthi izakhiwo zikhona) kudala ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lokufeza okuhlanganyelweyo naphezu kokubusa okungokomthetho kwezwe.

Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi nakuba amazwe engenakukwazi ukulawula ngokuqondile ukufuduka, angathonya ngokuphawulekayo ukuqiniswa nokuhlanganiswa kwezifiki ngegunya lamaphoyisa nezinqumo zazo. Umbuso onamandla ekufudukeni uhlala uqinile futhi uncintisana ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwemibuso kahulumeni nombuso akuyona i-gadront kodwa akuyona into eqinile kodwa ukuphila, okushintshayo okubumba ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu baseMelika. Kusukela ekilasini kuya esibhedlela, kusukela ebhokisini lebhola kuya enkantolo, ukuhlukanisa nokuhlanganyela igunya phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe kudala isimiso esiqinile nesinengxabano. I-Federalism ivumela izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso zokwenza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukisa impilo, imfundo, noma ubulungisa bobugebengu (ngesikhathi esifanayo) nokulondoloza isimiso sesizwe esivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nezinkinga ezidlula imingcele yezwe.

Ukuqonda lobubuhlobo kubalulekile kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo sohlelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwangempela kwesimiso somthetho kuxhomeke ekuchazeni kokwahlulela, ukuthatha izintambo zomthetho, ukuqondisa, nokuphikisana kwezombangazwe. Njengoba izindaba ezinjengokubekwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, amalungelo okuvota, ukufuduka, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo kuqhubeka kuvela, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuhlala kuyinhloko yesimiso sokubusa saseMelika. Ngokuhlola izimiso, izindawo eziyinhloko zemigwaqo, nezifundo, umuntu uzuza amathuluzi ngokugxeka impikiswano eqhubekayo nokuthatha iqhaza ngokunenzuzo enqubwebweni yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo ovela eNational Archives nemithombo evela Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho wezwe [ inikeza amaphuzu amahle kakhulu okuqala ukuhlola amaqiniso asebenzayo ombuso.