Izisekelo Zenguquko Emangalisayo

Izimiso zokukhangisa ziwumgogodla wombuso wentando yeningi. Indlela izakhamuzi eziphonsa ngayo amabhola, indlela lawomaqembu abizwa ngayo, nendlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo ezihlalweni ezihlalweni ezisemkhandlwini womthetho uhlela ngokuqondile ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe, imiphumela yesimiso somthetho, nokuthenjwa komphakathi. Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, inguquko iye yakhukhuleka emhlabeni wonke, iqhutshwa yintuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izinselele zomthetho, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nokufuna okuqhubekayo kokukhetha nokungena komthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu zesimiso sokuvota emlandweni wamuva, ukucubunganisa imisuka yabo, ukumiswa, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zabo, kanye nezicingo zobuqotho babo.

Isidingo senguquko siyavela uma izimiso ezikhona zihluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zedemokrasi ezijikelezayo. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukukhathazeka ngokucindezelwa kwabavoti, ukulawulwa kwemishini yokuvota, ukubekwa phansi, nokungalingani. Imithetho engokomthetho, i-parentenda, nezenzo zomthetho zonke ziye zadlala indima ekulungiseni indlela okhetho oluqhutshwa ngayo. Ukuqonda lezinguquko kudinga ukubhekisisa kokubili imizamo yasekhaya eUnited States nasemizamweni efana nayo.

Isidingo Senguquko: Abashayeli Bezimboni

Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, nemithetho elawula ukuthatha isinyathelo kwezombangazwe kumelwe ibuye ishintshe. Abashayeli abayinhloko bezinguquko zesimiso sokuvota zamuva bahlanganisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ufuna ukumelelwa kahle: amaqembu amancane kanye namaqembu esithathu sekuyisikhathi eside ephikisa ngokuthi izinhlelo ezizuziwe zithatha zonke kanye nezingaphunyuli zinciphisa ithonya lawo.
  • ukuphazamiseka kwezentengiselwano:[ Imishini yokuvota, ukubhalisa nge-inthanethi, nokusongela i-inthanethi nokungakhuli kuphoqelele ukuba i-athonsiwe i-consol ikwazi ukumelana ne-consot.
  • Ukucindezelwa nokutholakala: nemithetho ye-orvocation ibeke izihibe njengemithetho ye-ID eqinile, amahora okuhlola alinganiselwe, nezinqubo zokubhalisa ezingafinyeleleki.
  • Ukucindezela nokuphawula kwezwe lonke: Amazwe avame ukwamukela izinguquko ukuze avumelane nezimiso zentando yeningi zembulunga yonke, ngezinye izikhathi alandela imithunywa yezibukeli noma izisusa zobumeli.
  • Izinkinga zobuqotho bokhetho: Ukhetho olucaciswe, njengomncintiswano kamongameli wase-U.S. ka 2000 noma ukhetho lukahulumeni-wonke ka-2007 eKenya, luye lwabangela ukudumba okukhulu.

Lezi zici ziye zaveza imizamo eyinkimbinkimbi yokulungisa, ezinye zaphumelela futhi ezinye zaphikisana nazo.

Izinguquko Eziyinhloko Ekhulwini Lama - 21: E - United States

Usizo LweMelika Vote Act (Hava) Ngo - 2002

Idluliswe ekuphenduleni ngokuqondile kukhetho lukamongameli olunesiphithiphithi luka 2000 — lapho ama-firlate elengayo nama-covert edalula amaphutha ajulile kwezobuchwepheshe bokuvota — u-HAVA wamelela izinguquko zokuqala zikahulumeni zokuvota kusukela ngo-1960. Isenzo sasungula i-EComption Convition Commission (EAC) ukuze inikeze isiqondiso nokunikeza imvume. Yagunyaza ukuba esikhundleni semishini yokuvota eqinile yokubhabhabhabha noma yokuvota imishini yokubhala eqondile i-operation i-injini yamagesi, i-HaVA ifune ukuba yonke imishini yokuvota ikhiphela okungenani umshini owodwa ofinyelelekayo owenziwe ngezinkinga. Futhi i-evitionstions) elungiselelwe i-Foctive.[0] Izenzo zakuqala zemithetho yokubhalisa imishini yomphakathi.[5]

2. ISiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu Sango - 2006

UKhomishane waphinde wathola iziqondiso eziyinhloko zeVoing Rights Act (VRA) ngo-2006 iminyaka engu-25, kuhlanganise nemfuneko yokubona kusengaphambili ngaphansi kweSigaba 5 eyaphoqelela amazwe athile nezindawo ezinomlando wokucwaswa ukuze zithole imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Izinyusi zasabela ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezaye zanciphisa ukufinyelela kweVRA futhi zafaka ubufakazi obugciniwe bokucwasana okuqhubekayo kohlanga ekuvoteni. Nokho, lokhu kwanwetshwa kwathatha isikhathi esifushane: ukubusa kweNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 ku- iSifundazwe. [ishishini se-Hlunter. i-goverby v. [ yashaya umthetho osetshenziswayo ukunquma imibandela eqhubekayo, kusukela eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili, izigaba eziningi ze-ID ezibokisiwe, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukukhipha imvume entsha, ukukhipha i-Activedment.

Ukukhetha Okuhle (RCV)

Ukuvota okukhethwe ngokuzikhethela, okuyaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, kuye kwathola ukuphumelela okukhulu kumasipala ase-U.S. futhi nezindawo. Ngaphansi kwe-RCV, abavoti bathatha izikhundla ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti okuqala, obuthakathaka kakhulu uqedwe, futhi amavoti abo ancishiwe ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umuntu efinyelela inani elikhulu. Abavoti baphikisa ukuthi RCV basusa “imiphumela ye-ocer, inciphisa imikhankankane, inciphisa imikhankankaso ephambene (usukela abathazeli befuna ivoti ye-ocespecs), futhi abanqobile ukusekela okukhulu. I-Maine iyaqhubeka ukuba i-RVCC kulandele ukhetho oluphezulu, i-202020, i-New York City, i-SanCne, futhi i-Plaptionsss, i-offic.

Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzekelayo (AVR)

I-Oregon yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala sokubhalisa i-AVR ngokuzivota ngo-2016, isebenzisa amarekhodi akhona e-Derrement of Motor Vehicles ukuba ibhalise izakhamuzi ezifanele ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwezingu-20 ne-Fourtical of Columbia ziye zamukela uhlobo oluthile lwe-AVR, ngokuvamile ezibhaliswe ngokubhalisa okufanayo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi i-AVR yandisa kakhulu isilinganiso sokubhalisa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabashana nabancane nabangenayo, futhi inciphisa amaphutha okulawula ezimweni zephepha. Inguquko i-votorsssss zilandela ngokuqinisekisa i-votor rolls. Nokho, i-AVR i-D inikeza ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe kulabo abangakhomba ukubhaliswa kwabantu abasemthethweni noma ukuvinjiswa kwesimiso sokuhlanganyela kokuzithandela. Izikhulumela ezinye iziteshinezelelwa ngokuzibondabukiso zezinhlangano zezezezentengi (M), izinhlangano zezententente (DV, i-ov, kodwa i-ov.

Ukubhalisa Imali Ngosuku Olufanayo Nokudla Okukhulu

Izifundazwe ezingama-20-2 manje zinikeza ukubhalisa okufanayo kodwa ngokungaguquki. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kokungangeni mvume yokuvota futhi kuvumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise futhi zivote ngesikhathi esifanayo phakathi nokhetho lwakuqala noma ngoSuku Lokukhetha. Lokhu kusiza ekuhleleni izithiyo zokubhala imingcele yokubhalisa yalabo abaphuthelwa isikhathi esimisiwe noma abanyakazayo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi usuku olulodwa lokubhalisa iposi luye lwakhushulwa ngokuzithoba kodwa ngokungaguquki. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kokungangenisi ngokomthetho kokuvota nokuvota kwasekuqaleni kovota kwasekuqaleni. Lokhu kuye kwaba yinguquko enkulu kakhulu. Phakathi nokwanda komqeda we-CHOVAID-19, amazwe amaningi anwebe anwebe i-voti yeposi, futhi afana ne-Coloradova, i-Ore, i-Oregon, ne-Utah Washington zenza inguquko ekuvoleni indlela yokuvotela izinhlelo ezivamile. Lokhu kuye kwaphikisana ngokuphikisana okuncishisiwe ngokuqhubekayo kwe-ithwa kwe-itwe kakhulu.

6. Ukuthunywa Kokulungisa Okuzimele

Gerrymandering Sekuyisikhathi eside iyisisulu sabasekeli benguquko. Ekuphenduleni, izifunda eziningana ziye zasungula izakhiwo ezizimele noma i-bipartisan ukuze zifake izigodi ze-cconotion ne-conoration. Izifunda zaseCalifornia i-Redicifealiging Commission, zakhiwa ngokusebenzisa iziphakamiso zebhola ngo- 2008 nango-2010, ziyisibonelo esivelele. Amanye amazwe, kuhlanganise i-Arizona, i-Michigan, i-Colorado, ne-Ohiohio, aye athatha izakhiwo ezifanayo. Le mishini ihlose ukunciphisa ubandlululo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele yesifunda ibonisa isithakazelo semiphakathi. Nokho, iNkantolo ephakeme i-U. i-U. i-Gergerderingmaning ayithanga nje kuphela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ishiya umphumela wezinguquko ezisemfayo. Ukuphumelela kweminye izifunda ezihlukene, kanti ikhiphele izifunda ezifile noma ithonyazwe yisihloko sezombangazwe (Rogconvent:[FFomist]]) [F

Izibonelo Zomhlaba Wonke Zokuthuthukisa Izinguquko

Isimiso Sezokuxhumana SaseNew Zealand Esixutshwe Nemimeber Proportigal

I-elevotal lango 1993 yaseNew Zealand iholela ekushintsheni okukhulu kusukela kuhlelo lokuqala lwe-fTP-readreader (FPP) kuya kuhlobo oluxubeneyo (MMP), lokuqala elasetshenziswa ngo-1996. Ngaphansi kwe-MMP, ivoti ngayinye ivota amavota amabili: eyodwa ye-intertitucytencement (ngokuvamile inqotshwe yi-i-iningi ngobukhulu) kanye neyohlu lweqembu. Ama-seat ephamenmenta angu-120-pal ahlukaniswa ngokwesilinganiso ngokusekelwe evoti yeqembu, ngokulingana nezihlalo ezigcina ingxenye yesabelo. Izihlalo ezingaphezulu zeqembu ziyanezelwa uma iqembu liwina kakhulu. Nokho, kusungulwa ukuhlelwa kwengxenye enkulu ye-MPins.

2. Isimiso SaseJalimane Senhlanganisela Yemijovo

Isimiso sokhetho saseJalimane, esasungulwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, sihlanganisa i-FPP constituences kanye nesigaba esilinganiselwe izinhlu ezisezingeni le-somkhakha (Bundestag). Amavoter futhi anamavoti amabili. Umehluko oyinhloko waseNew Zealand ukuthi isebenzisa inqubo yokuhlala elinganiselayo ukuze iqinisekise imiphumela elinganayo, ngokuvamile ikhuphule ubukhulu bephalamende. Ngo-2023, umthetho wenguquko engokwezikhundla wavala iBundestag ezihlalweni 630 futhi wasusa izihlalo ezingaphezulu nezihlalo ezilula, uqhubekela phambili emithethweni emibili elula ye-MMP. Isimiso seJalimane siye sathuthukisa ukuqina kwemifela phambili kwemifelandawo (ngokuvamile kuholwa i-CDU/CUCSCCCD) futhi sakhulisa ukuphakama kwenkulumo-mphikiswana ye-Greant. I-Greaw eJalimane efuna ukuhlaziselwa kwemithetho yezombangazwe.

3. I - coling ne - IRV Ephoqelelwe Yase - Australia

I-Australia ingomunye wemibuso embalwa ebusa ngempoqo yokuvota (iphoqelelwe kusukela ngo-1924), okuphumela ekuvoteni okungaphezulu kwamakhulu angamashumi amabili%. Indlu yabameleli isebenzisa ukuvota okusheshayo (ngokufanayo ne-RCV), kuyilapho iSigele sisebenzisa ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV). Lezizici, kanye nokuvota okuzimele kwe-redifessing committencesting systences, kuye kwaveza isimiso sokuzimela esizinzile nesengxenye enkulu kakhulu. I-CPlaving inciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe (ngoba ifuna ukudluliswa kwevoti eyodwa, hhayi nje umkhuba wokuvota) futhi iqeda inzuzo yamaqembu aphambili. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi iphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu nezakhamuzi ukuba bavote. Nokho, i-Australia iye yahlolwa kwamanye amazwe.

4. Ukwehluleka Kwenguquko YaseCanada

ICanada iye yaphikisana ngenguquko ye-votororal amashumi eminyaka. Ngo-2015, uMphathi-Nduna uJustin Trudeau wathembisa ukuthi ngo-2015 kuyoba ukhetho lokugcina lwe-FPTPP, kodwa ikomiti ekhethekile yahluleka ukwenza isivumelwano, futhi uhulumeni washiya inguquko. Izifundazwe eziningi zaba nama-apendium ekushintsheni ezimisweni ezihambelanayo ezihambelanayo noma ezixubile, kodwa zonke zahluleka ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezidingekayo (umzz., Prince Edward Islands ngo 2016, iBritish Columbia izikhathi eziningi). Isithiyo esiyinhloko siwukuntuleka kokuvumelana komphakathi okungavumelani ezinye izindlela. ICanada ibonisa ubunzima bokuthola inguquko ngisho nalapho kuzoba khona, njengoba izikhombisa ezithi zihlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo eziningi futhi zisengozini.

5. Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwama - computer AseNdiya

INdiya, i-EvM, i-demokrati enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, yasungula imishini yokuvota (EVM) ngo-1990 ukuze ilungise ukukhwabanisa nokubala isikhathi. Ukukhathazeka okugcwele mayelana nokuphambanisa kwaholela iNkantolo Ephakeme ne-EvM ukuba ifune amavoti amaphepha akhokhelwayo amaphepha aqala ngo-2014. Ngo-2019, iNkantolo yayala ukuba i-VPAT ibonise ukuthi i-VPAT i-stings ukusuka eziteshini ezinhlanu zokuhlola i-testry nganye yenhlangano. Nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngo-EVM, izinguquko ze-Indiya zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuncintiswa kwe-kuhla-ka. Izwe lisebenzisa futhi isimiso sokuqala somphakathi, esiye yadweba ukugxeka iqembu elikhulu, kodwa ihlongoza ukukhomba i-ogoqolo ngesilinganiso se-ontine.

Izinselele Zokuthuthukisa Izinguquko

Naphezu kwentuthuko echazwe ngenhla, izinguquko zesimiso sokuvota zibhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo. Izithiyo zezombangazwe ziwumgoqo ophambili: amaqembu angomathelelayo ngokuvamile amelana nezinguquko ezinganciphisa izinzuzo zawo. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe ezilawulwa yiRepublica ziye zalandela imithetho ye-ID nokuhlanza okuqedweyo ngaphansi kwebhande lenhlalaniso, kuyilapho amaDemocrat enzile abhebhebhethezela ukufinyelela kakhulu; zombili izinhlangothi zisola olunye ukunciphisa uhulumeni wentando yeningi. I-Litigiga ibe icebo elivamile, ngemithetho eminingi yokhetho enkulu ebekwe phezu kwemigqomo yeposi, ilahla amabhokisi, ukufakaza, nokunye ukwethula okusemthethweni kudala ukudidelwa kwemithetho ephethe kanye neyo.

ulwazi olunganembile [[FLT: 1] luvimbela futhi ukuguqula. Ukusho okungamanga kokukhomba kwevoti okusakazekile, ngokuvamile okukhuliswe kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana, kuqeda ukuthemba kokubili ezimisweni zezobuchwepheshe nezephepha. Ngokufanayo, amahhovisi okhetho ashintshwe phansi azama ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, izisebenzi zokuhlola isitimela, futhi kulondoloze i-intham_nge yomphakathi. Umjikelezo wokhetho wamashumi amabili waqokomisa ukuwohloka kwesisekelo sokhetho sokuncintisana nokususa imikhankanti. Imithombo ephansi ezindaweni ezimpofu i-ocesterbate inquistees, njengoba izindawo ezicebile zingakhokha imishini yokuvota nokuvota okunga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo esihloniphekile sokuqondisa kokhetho ezimisweni zikahulumeni (njenge-U.S. ne-Jalimane) sisho izinguquko okumelwe zibuye zibuye zibuye kudlule emakhulwini noma ezinkulungwaneni zeziphathimandla zendawo, kuholele ekusetshenzisweni okungavumelani. Izibonelo zezizwe ngezizwe zibonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho izinguquko zidlula, zingashintshwa uma uhulumeni omusha ethatha amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphambuka kwentando yeningi kweHungary kwakuhlanganisa izinguquko ezafaka i-vocatory ebusayo, okubonisa ukuthi izinguquko zizodwa azinakuqinisekisa ukuqina kokusetshenziswa kwemishini.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuthuthukiseni Inguquko

Uma ubheka phambili, izimo eziningi cishe ziyohlela igagasi elilandelayo loshintsho lwezimboni. Izentengiselwano zezesayensi yezokusebenza kwezindiza zihlala ziyithuba nengozi. Izimiso ze-inthanethi zokuvota ne-blockin ezisekelwe ku-intshin ziye zavivinywa kubaqhubi abancane (umzk., ukuhlinza kwe-Estonia, umshayeli wezempi wamazwe aphesheya kwezwe), kodwa ochwepheshe bezokuvikela baxwayisa ngokuthi akukho simiso sokuvota esilondeke ngokugcwele sokhetho lwe-inthaneti. Ukuthambekela kwephepha ngemishini yokuhlola i-operal kuqhubekeka njengomkhuba ongcono kakhulu wokusebenza kahle.

I-Cybersecurity izobusa ukuphatha kokhetho. Ohulumeni bafaka imali ekuhloleni isilinganiso somkhakha wengozi, ukwabelana ngemininingwane elondekile, nokusizana ngezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokusongela. I-U.S. Department of Homeland Security manje ikhetha izakhiwo zokukhetha njengezigxeka kakhulu. Ukubambisana kwezimiso zokulwa nokuphazamisa kokhetho nakho kuyashintsha, nakuba kushesha.

Ukukhululeka nokungaguquguquki[[FLT: 1] kuzakuhlala kuphakathi. Amaqembu alwayo afuna usizo olungcono lolimi, amakhetho okuvota ahambayo kubantu abakhubazekile, nokunciphisa iminyaka yokuvota. Amanye ama-overeji asele avumele ishumi elinesihlanu leminyaka ukuba avote kukhetho lwendawo (umzk., Takoma Park, Maryland). Ukusunduza kwefelon enfransencement kwabona kuphumelela eFlorida (i-viacolot, kamuva i-odocted, imiswe umthetho omusha) nakwezinye izindawo.

Ohlangothini lwesimiso, ukumelelwa kophawu olungaphezulu abameleli bayasheshiswa, ikakhulukazi e-U.S. i-Fairmedification Act, esungulwe eKhongomeni, kungadinga ukumiswa kokukhetha okunqunyiweyo ezifundeni eziningi zokhetho lwendlu. Nakuba ukuthatha i-paneam akunakwenzeka ethandweni eliseduze, umqondo uxoxwa kumaphakamiso ezwe nasemikhawulweni ye-boloot. imingcele ekhethekile futhi yezindawo zokukhetha, [[FLT:]] ye-oct:3] kubaphathi bokhetho, [[FLT:]] i-parttianting protation[FFFON], kanye [FFFF:5] nomkhankaso wokwenza i-edition.[FFFFFFF]

Ekugcineni, zonke izinguquko kumelwe zilinganisele izinga lokuhlanganyela, ukumelelwa, ukulondeka, nokusebenza kahle. Okusebenza kwenye indawo engokomphakathi noma engokomthetho kungase kuhluleke kwenye. Umlando wezinguquko zesimiso sokuvota ubonisa ukuthi izinhlangano zentando yeningi zidinga ukunakekelwa njalo, ukujwayela, nokuthemba umphakathi. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela .Njengoba ukuhlakanipha okungasungulwanga kushintsha izibalo, inguquko esekelwe ebufakazini ziyokhula kuphela.

“ Isigaba sombuso asiyona indawo esendaweni efiphele kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siqinisekise izimiso zaso ezikhethayo ezibonisa izifiso zaso eziphakeme kakhulu zokulunga nokufakwa.”

Ngokuhlola kokubili impumelelo nokwehluleka, othisha, abafundi, nabasunguli bezimiso bangahlanganyela ngokunenjongo emsebenzini oyinkimbinkimbi wokulondoloza nokuthuthukisa inqubo yentando yeningi yesikhathi esizayo.