Ukuhlola ukuvota kufana nenye yamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu okuvikela ubuqotho nokubonakala kokhetho lwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuthumela ama-monitor azimele ukucubungula zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokhetho, ekubhalisweni kwevoti ngokubala futhi kuphumele ekuqinini, umphakathi wezizwe zonke nezinhlangano zasekhaya zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhetho lubonisa ngempela intando yabantu. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sinikeza ukucaciswa okujulile kokuhlola ukuvota, izimpande zakho ezingokomlando, izimiso zendlela yokukhetha, nendima yaso ekwakheni idemothelela ukuqinisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Kuyini Ukugujwa Kokhetho?

Ukuhlola ukugadwa kokhetho kubhekisela ekuhlolweni okuhleliwe, okuzimele, nokungakhethi kwenqubo yokukhetha kwabantu abaqeqeshiwe noma izinhlangano. Izingqapheli zihlola ukuthi okhetho luqhutshwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho yesizwe, izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, nezimiso zokulunga kwentando yeningi. Izinga lokuhlola lihlanganisa wonke umjikelezo wokhetho, kuhlanganise namalungiselelo angaphambi kokukhetha, imisebenzi yokuvota, ukuvota, ukubala, nokuphikisana ngesinqumo. Ngokungafani nabahloli beqembu noma izintatheli, izingqapheli zokukhetha zisebenza ngaphandle kokucwasa futhi zizinikele ekucaceni, ukunemba, nokungahambisani inqubo ngokwayo.

Imigomo eyisisekelo yokuhlola okhethweni iwukuthi:

  • Qiniseka ukuthi indawo ekhethwayo ivumela ukuba kuncintiswe kwezombangazwe ngokukhululekile nangempela.
  • Qiniseka ukuthi bonke abavoti nabazokhetha bangathola ithuba elilinganayo.
  • Ukuthola nokubhala amaphutha noma ukukhwabanisa.
  • Nikeza umphakathi, imithombo yezindaba, nezizwe izinto ezibonisa ukuthi uthembekile.
  • Nikezani ukutusa kokushintsha nokuthuthukisa kwemibono.

Ukuphawula okuphumelelayo kusekelwe ekhonweni lokuziphatha elenqabela izingqapheli ekuphazanyiseni ekuqondiseni okhethweni. Kunalokho, bakhonza njengofakazi abakuba khona kwabo kuphela okungavimbela ukuziphatha okubi − umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi "umphumela wokhetho"

Ukukhula Komlando Kophawu

Umkhuba wokuhlola ukhetho uye waqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Izenzakalo zokuqala zingalandelelwa emuva eYurophu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, kodwa ukuqashelwa kwanamuhla kwezizwe ngezizwe kwachuma phakathi nenkathi yokuncishiswa konyaka ka-1960 nawo 1970. IZizwe Ezihlangene zafeza indima yokuphayona ngokhetho emazweni asanda kuzibusa, njengokhetho lwango-1996 eNtshonalanga yeSahara.

Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwaphawula inkathi yenguquko. Ngokusakazeka kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi eLatin America, e-Afrika, eMpumalanga Yurophu, nase-Asia, isidingo sokuqondisa kokhetho okuthembekile sanyuka. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-OSCE iHofisi yeDemocratic Institutions ne-Humanits (ODIHR) kanye ne-ARCM Center ye-ARTY[ yasungula izindlela eziqinile zokuhlela isikhathi eside nezokuhlola okufushane. Iminyaka ka 1990s yabona nokunyuka kwenhlolongela izibalo zasekhaya, kanye nomphakathi onjengomphakathi wokuqeqeshelwa kwe-Democratic Institute unity Institutes ukuze ugcine ohulumeni bawo.

Ngonyaka ka-20000, ukuqashelwa kokhetho kwahlelwa ngezimemezelo ezinjengo 2005 Ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ze-International Evolution Observation, okuyizindinganiso ezihlangene zobuchwepheshe, ukungakhethi, nokubona. Namuhla, izihambeli zezazi zisebenza cishe kuzo zonke izindawo, zivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha ezinjenge-digitation digistic divolution, ukuvota, nokwehla kwe-gesi.

Izinhlobo Zokuqaphela Inkokhelo

Ukuhlolwa kokhetho kunezici eziningi, ngalinye linezici eziqinile nezisebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kubalulekile ekuklameni imikhankaso yokuhlola ephumelelayo.

Ukugubha Kwasekhaya

Ukuhlola kokhetho lwasekhaya kwenziwa yizinhlangano zendawo ezingezona ezohulumeni, amaqembu omphakathi, noma imifelandawonye yabadlali bomphakathi. Lezi zimboni zijabulela ulwazi olujulile lwezombangazwe, amasiko, nomongo womthetho, oluzivumela ukuba zibone ukungalingani okungaqondakali okungase kuphuthe izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke. Ukuhlola kwasekhaya kuhilela ukuthunyelwa kwenani elikhulu lezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezweni lonke, okwenza ukuba kukwazi ukuhlanganisa eduze nenkombathiso yomphakathi. Nokho, izingqapheli zangaphakathi zingabhekana nezingozi ezinkulu zokuhlukunyezwa noma ukuphindiselwa yiziphathimandla. Izibonelo ezivelele zihlanganisa iKenyane '[FLT: 0] Iqembu loMbalingozelo (Inkampane) ] ne Mexico [FLT] CLT]

Ukugujwa Komhlaba Wonke

Izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke zithunyelwa yizinhlangano zohulumeni (umz., iZizwe Ezihlangene, i-European Union, i-African Union, i- Organization of America) noma izindikimba ezingezona ezohulumeni. Ziletha umbono wangaphandle, isisindo sobuthunywa bezindaba, nokufinyelela kumazwe ezwe. Ukuba khona kwazo izimpawu zokuhlola kwembulunga yonke, ezingacindezela ohulumeni ukuba banamathele ezindinganisweni zomhlaba wonke. Imikhankaso yomhlaba wonke ihlanganisa kokubili izingqapheli ezithatha isikhathi eside ezihlola imishini yangaphambi kokhetho nezingqapheli zesikhathi esifushane ezibekwe ngosuku lokhetho. Imibiko evela emaqembuni anjenge Inhlangano yezenyuselo yembulunga yonke, engacindezela ohulumeni ukuba banamathele ezindinganisweni zomhlaba.[FORTATE:1] [FLT]]

Iqembu Nomkhosi We - Candidate

Amaqembu ezombangazwe kanye nabavoti bavame ukumisa izingqapheli zabo siqu ukuze bamelele izithakazelo zabo eziteshini zokuhlola. Nakuba izingqapheli zeqembu zifeza indima engokomthetho ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bokhetho, azikhethi. Umgomo wazo oyinhloko ukuvikela amavoti eqembu labo nokubekela inselele noma yikuphi okungavumelani nokungavumelani. Ukuhlola kweqembu kungaphelelisa ukuqaphela okuzimele, kodwa okutholakele kumelwe kuhlolwe ngokuqaphela ukucwaswa kobandlululo.

Ukuhlanganisa i - tab ngokuhambelana (PVT)

Uhlobo olukhethekile lokuqapha, ukuhlanganisa okufanayo kwevoti (okwaziwa nangokuthi "ubalo lwe-quick" noma "Ukulinganisa") kuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezibalo kwemiphumela yeziteshi ezikhethiwe. Izinhlangano ze- Independent ziqoqa imiphumela engokomthetho kulezo ziteshi futhi ziziqhathanise nengqikithi emenyezelwa obala obala obala. Lendlela inikeza ukuqiniseka okuzimele kokunemba kwemithetho futhi ingabona ukukhwabanisa noma ukukhohlisa. I-PVT idinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela kwezibalo futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhetheni izibalo zangemva kwe-consictal noma ephezulu.

Indima Nomphumela Wezibukeli Zokukhetha

Izingqapheli zezokukhetha zenza imisebenzi eminingi edlulela ngalé nje kokubuka iziteshi zokuhlola. Ukuba khona kwazo nemisebenzi kunezela ngokuqondile ekuthembekeni nasekugunyazweni kwemiphumela yokukhetha.

Ukusiza Ikhono Lokwethembana Nomphakathi

Lapho izingqapheli zikhipha izinqumo eziqondile, zisiza ekulweleni inqubo yokukhetha futhi zakhe ukuthemba umphakathi. Ngokuphambene, imibiko egxekayo ingabangela izinguquko nokulandisa. Izakhamuzi ezithemba ukuthi okhetho lulungile zisengozini kakhulu yokuhlanganyela, ukwamukela imiphumela, futhi zihileleke ekushintsheni kwentando yeningi okunokuthula. IZizwe ezihlangene ziye zagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukuhlola kuyisici esiyinhloko sokuqinisa idemokhrasi.

Ukonakala Kokukhwabanisa Nokuziphatha Okungafanele

Ulwazi nje lokuthi izingqapheli zikhona lunciphisa amathuba okukhwabanisa ngenhloso. Lokhu kuvimbela kunamandla ikakhulukazi uma izingqapheli zingawatholi wonke amazinga enqubo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi iziteshi zokuhlola nezibukeli zivame ukuba nezingahambi kahle ekutholeni ivoti, ukuphepha, kanye nezinqubo zokubala.

Ukunikeza Ukwaziswa Okubucayi Nokutusayo

Imishini yabahloli iqoqa imibiko eningiliziwe yokuthi ukuphulwa kwencwadi, ubuthakathaka bemiqondo, nemikhuba emihle kakhulu. Lemibiko isebenza njengobufakazi bezinselele zomthetho, izinhlelo zomnikezi, kanye nezikhulu eziqondisayo ekuhleleni intuthuko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutusa kwabezokuthunywa kwangaphambi kuvame ukuthonya izinguquko ezimisweni yokubhalisa, ukuklama, noma imithetho yezezimali.

Ukwakha Ikhono Nokuthuthukisa Ubuhlobo

Imisebenzi yokubukisa iqeqesha abadlali abaningi bendawo, ishiya ikhompathimenti lezakhamuzi ezinekhono ezingaqhubeka zihlola ngalé kokhetho olulodwa. Izingqapheli zesikhathi eside zihlola ukuthi amaqembu angaphansi (abesifazane, amaqembu amancane esizwe, abantu abakhubazekile) anamathuba alinganayo okuvota nokuma njengabazofuna ukumiswa, kanjalo zikhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuhlanganisa.

Izindlela Nezindinganiso

Ukuhlolwa kokhetho oluphumelelayo akuhleliwe; kulandela izindlela eziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana, ukwethembeka, nokwethembeka. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ikhodi lokuziphatha:[ Abaqapheli kumelwe banamathele emithethweni eqinile enqabela ukuphazanyiswa, ukulondoloza ukungakhethi, nokuvikela imfihlo yalokho okutholakele.
  • Izindlela ezilula zokuhlola: Izimboni ezisungulwe ngaphambi kokuqopha ziqondisa izingqapheli ekuhloleni ngokuhleleka, zihlanganisa izici ezifana nokuhlelwa kwesiteshi sokuhlola, ukuvota, ukufihla i-colot, nokubala izinqubo.
  • I-Term vs. I-Term-Deployment: Izingqapheli zesikhathi eside (LTOs) zihlala amasonto noma izinyanga zihlanganisa wonke umjikelezo wesanhlamvu; izingqapheli zesikhathi esifushane (ST) zihlelelwe usuku lokukhetha kuphela. Zombili izindima zibalulekile.
  • Statustical Sampling:[ Ku-PVT kanye nokuhlanganisa okuningi, izindlela zezibalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqaphela kungummeleli futhi okutholakele kungajongwa.
  • Umbiko osobala: izitatistiki ze-prelitunt zikhishwa phakathi namahora angu-48 okuhlola, zilandelwa imibiko yokugcina enemininingwane ezinyangeni ezithile kamuva. Imibiko yenziwa itholakale obala ukuze kuhlolwe.

I- Ukuhlelwa kweMithetho yeNkcubeko ye-International Evolution Observation (imongo yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-2005) imisa uphawu lwebhentshi lembulunga yonke. Igunyazwa izinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-50 nagcizelela ukuthi isaziso kumelwe sizimele ngokwezombangazwe, singaphathi, futhi sisekelwe emthethweni wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinqumo Zokubukwa Kokhetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwalo, ukuqashelwa kokhetho kubhekene nezithiyo eziningi ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela kwalo.

Ukutholakala Kwezindawo Nezindawo Ezinobutha

Abanye ohulumeni bayaphika noma babambezele ukuqashelwa kwababukeli, balinganisela inhlangano yabo, noma bavimbele ukufinyelela kwezinye izindawo noma iziteshi zokuvota. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izingqapheli ziyaxoshwa noma zisongelwe. Lemigoqo inciphisa kakhulu ikhono labo lokwakha inqubo ebanzi. Izinkinga zokuphepha zikhulu kakhulu kakhulu ezizweni ezilwayo noma ezibusayo lapho ubudlova bezombangazwe budlangile khona.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali Nezisebenzi

Imisebenzi yokuhlola edinga ukuqashelwa ngokunganaki idinga imali eningi nemithombo yabantu. Iminikelo yomhlaba wonke inganciphisa izimali, ikakhulukazi emazweni abhekwa njengazinzile, ashiye izinkonzo zingaphansi kwezisebenzi. Amaqembu asekhaya avame ukusebenzisa imali esetshenziswayo ezicathulweni, athembele kwizisebenzi zokuzithandela. Ukuqeqeshwa okungenamali kanye nemithombo kungaholela ekubukeni okuguquguqukayo kanye nasekuncipheni kwethemba.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezimo Nokuqondwa Kwazo

Ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu, izingqapheli zingase zisolwe ngobandlululo, cishe nalapho zingakhethi. Ukumangalelwa okunjalo kungaqeda ukuthemba inqubo yokuhlola futhi kubhebhethekise izingxabano zezinhlangano. Ukusebenzisa imibono kubaluleke njengokungakhethi okungokoqobo, okudinga ukukhulumisana okusobala namaqembu ezibukeli ezihlukahlukene.

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nezokuhlinza

Imishini yokuvota ye-electronic, ukuvota nge-inthanethi, kanye nemiphumela esekelwe kuyi-Internet yenza kube nezinqubo ezintsha zokuhlola ezinzima ukuzisebenzisa. Abaqapheli badinga ubuchwepheshe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kwezimiso zezokuxhumana. Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-international reformation kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana kwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuhlola, njengoba izingqapheli kumelwe zibheke kokubili ngaphandle kolayini nakuyi-ingosi ye-inthanethi.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe

Ohulumeni noma amaqembu abusayo angaqaphela ukuthi kunezinkomba ezihlangene ngokumema izinhlangano ezinobungane kuphela, noma ngokumisa izimo ezilinganisela ukubika okunzima. "Uhambo lokubuka izivumelwano" lapho izingqapheli zinikezwa uhambo olunemininingwane yeziteshi ezimbalwa zokuhlola ngaphandle kokufinyelela endaweni ebanzi kakhulu kuyinkinga eqashelwayo. Ukwehlukanisa ukuqashelwa okuqotho ekugqokiseni amafasitela kudinga ukuxhaswa kwemali eminyanti emide yezikhathi ezithile kanye nezindlela eziqinile zokusebenza.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuqaphela Inkokhelo Ephumelelayo

Ukuze banqobe lezi zinselele futhi bathinteke ngokwengeziwe, abathunywa ababukele kufanele basebenzise le mikhuba engcono kakhulu elandelayo:

Ukutshala Imali Ngokuqeqesha Okunenzuzo

Ababukisi kumelwe bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kwangaphambi kokuhlelwa okuhlanganisa umthetho wokhetho, amasu okuhlola, ikhodi lokuziphatha, ukuphepha, nokuzwelana kwamasiko. Izimo zokudlala neziteshi zokuhlola zokugcona kubasiza ukuba balungiselele izimo zangempela. Ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo okuvuselelayo phakathi nomsebenzi kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki.

Qiniseka Ukuthi Uwephulwa Kusenesikhathi Eside

Ukuba khona ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho kuvumela izingqapheli ukuba zihlole izigaba ezigxekayo njengokubhaliswa kovoti, ukubhaliswa kwemifantu, umkhankaso wezimali, kanye nokufakwa kwemithombo yezindaba. Ukufaka indawo yokuhlola ngokuthunyelwa kwasekuqaleni kuthumela uphawu olunamandla lokuqondisa kuziphathimandla.

Londoloza Ukubona Okuqondile Nokuzibusa

Izinhlangano zezingqapheli kufanele zembule obala imithombo yazo yezimali, inqubo, kanye nezinhlelo zeqembu. Ukufushaniswa njalo kwezindaba nemibiko kusiza ekulawuleni amathemba kanye nokungaqondi. Ukuzimela kuhulumeni nokuphikiswa akunakwenzeka.

Hlanganyela Nabagembuli Bendawo

Ukwakha ubuhlobo nezindikimba eziqondisa okhetho, umphakathi, amaqembu ezombangazwe, nabaholi bomphakathi kwenza kube lula ukufinyelela nokwethembana.

Sebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe Ngokuhlakanipha

Izinhlelo zeselula, ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo, namathuluzi okubona ungaqoqa ukwaziswa nokuhlaziya. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe akumelwe buthathe indawo yokwahlulela komuntu; izingqapheli kumelwe ziqinisekise ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokwaziswa okungokoqobo okusenhlabathini. Isivikelo se-cyber kanye ne-data kubalulekile.

Imibiko Esebenzayo Efike Ngesikhathi

Izinkulumo ezidlulisayo phakathi namahora okuhlola okuphetha zingathonya ukuqonda komphakathi futhi zivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwangemva kokuchonga. Imibiko yokugcina kufanele ihlanganise ukuqamba okuqondile, okuthatha isinyathelo, ukutusa okuhlukaniswa ngokuphuthuma, futhi kufanele kusakazwe kabanzi. Ukuthunywa okulandelayo kokuhlola ukumiswa kokutusa kuseduze nokuthatha icala.

Ikusasa Lokugcinwa Kwezinqumo

Njengoba imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi iguquka, ngokufanayo kumelwe kuqashelwe okhethweni.

Ukubuka Okukude Nokuhlanzwa

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 washeshisa ukusetshenziswa kobukhondi obukude: ukuhlola nge-video ephilayo efuzwayo, imifanekiso yeziphuphutheki, ukuhlakanipha okuvulekile, nokuhlaziywa kwezesayensi yezesayensi yezokuxhumana. Nakuba izindlela ezikude zingenakuthatha indawo yokuba khona okungokoqobo, zinikeza izindlela ezibizayo zokuhlola ngaphambi, phakathi nosuku lokhetho, nangemva kosuku. Izingqapheli ezihlobisayo ezihlanganisa izingqapheli ezibukhali nezihloli ezikude ziya zivame kakhulu.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywe Ngekhono Nemininingwane Emikhulu

Amathuluzi e-ai angahlola izinkulungwane zemibiko yesiteshi sokuhlola i-athomilie, ukunciphisa izindlela zokuphambana ezingenzeka ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukulungisa ulimi lwemvelo kungahlaziya iziteshi zeqembu kanye nezindaba ukuze kutholwe inkulumo yenzondo noma ubandlululo. Nokho, kudingeka izixwayiso zokuziphatha ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo noma ukuncika ngokweqile emishinini.

Gxila Ekwazisweni Okungahambi Kahle Nasebuqothweni

Imishini yabahloli ihlanganisa kakhulu ama-pane ahlola imithombo yezindaba ukuze kuhlolwe ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungahambisani nomthetho, ukuvota ukwesatshiswa kwe-inthanethi, nokuhlaselwa kwemisebenzi yeze-inthanethi ezisekelwe kugesi. Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi namaqoqo okuhlola amaqiniso kuyakhula.

Ukuqinisa Ukugubha Kwasekhaya

Ukusekela kwezizwe zonke kwakha ikhono lamaqembu okuhlola asekhaya, abambelele kakhulu futhi abambelele kakhulu emasikweni. Ukuxhasa, ukuqeqesha, nokuvikela okungokomthetho izibukeli zasekhaya yizinto eziza kuqala ezinhlanganweni ezinjengeNational Democratic Institute ne - International Foundation for Electoral Systems.

Ukuhlobana Nemizamo Yokuthuthukisa Ubuningi

Ukuqamba ukukhethwa kuhlanganiswa ngokuqhubekayo nokusekelwa kwentando yeningi: ukubusa komthetho, amalungelo abantu, inkululeko yezokuxhumana, nomsebenzi wokulwa nokonakala. Izinhlelo ze Holistic ezikhuluma ngezimbangela zokukhohlisa kokhetho − njengezinhlangano ezibuthakathaka noma ukuntuleka kwenkululeko yokwahlulela ehlala njalo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqapha ukhetho kuseyinsika ebalulekile yokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Ngokuthumela ama-monitor azimele, umphakathi womhlaba wonke nomphakathi womphakathi usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi okhetho lukhululekile, lulungile, futhi luthembekile. Lomkhuba uye wasuka ekuthunyelweni kwezindawo ze-ad hoc kuya ekusebenzeni okuyinkimbinkimbi, kwezindlela ezihlanganisa wonke umjikelezo we-operal. Kodwa izinselele ezingathi sína ``acces'', ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, usongo oluqhubekayo nokuzimisela.

Ikusasa lokuhlola kokhetho lisekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukuqinisa amandla emisebenzi yasekhaya, nokuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa intando yeningi. Uma nje izakhamuzi zifuna izwi endleleni ezibuswa ngayo, ukuhlola kokhetho kuyoba yithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela lelo zwi. Ukusekela izinyathelo zokuhlola ngemithombo, intando yezombangazwe, nokuqaphela umphakathi akuyona nje ukutshala imali ekhethweni olulodwa kodwa empilweni ende yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.