Table of Contents

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwemibuso kungaphezu kokuzivivinya kwezemfundo − kuyikhono eliyisisekelo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuzihlanganisa nohulumeni, ukusekela ushintsho, noma nje ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke iba khona kanjani. Uhulumeni wase-United States wakhiwe ngesimiso esiyisisekelo: ukwahlukana kwemibuso, esakaza igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene .[1] Ligislative, i-Dimension, ne-Jaji (ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu). Lomklamo wentando yentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika uhlela yonke into entweni esekelwe endleleni iphikozwe njengesakhamuzi elingathonya ngayo inqubo yezombangazwe.

Kubantu abahlala ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zobubusi banamuhla, ukuzwa ukwahlukana kwemibuso kunikeza imephu yokuqonda lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo, onegunya ezicini ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi ungahlanganyela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathazekile ngezimiso zendawo, imithetho yesizwe, noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, wazi ukuthi igatsha liphatha yini, futhi kanjani ukuthi lisebenza kanjani.

Kuyini Ukuhlukana Kwamandla?

Igama elithi "Ukwahlukanisa kwe-Sowers" laqanjwa yisazi sefilosofi sekhulu le-18 uMontesquieu, futhi liyisibonelo esihlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene nezimele. Lomqondo awuqanjwanga ngokungenalutho [1] Wavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka wefilosofi yezombangazwe nezifundo ezinzima ngezingozi zegunya eliphakeme.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabaseFramers ngombuso waseBrithani kwazisa inkolelo yabo yokuthi ukugxilisa amandla kahulumeni ahlukile enhlangano eyodwa kungabangela ukuba abantu besizwe bathathe isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela nesicindezelayo, njengoba ukunqwabelana kwayo yonke imibuso, i-propatitisme, isikhulu, nejaji, ezandleni ezifanayo kungabizwa ngokufanele ukuthi yona kanye incazelo yobushiqela. Abasunguli baseMelika babethonywe kakhulu izihlakaniphi zeNkcuthu ezaziphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ingalondolozwa kuphela uma imisebenzi kahulumeni isakazwa phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yayisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezivame ukugcinwa: ukwahlukaniswa kukahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuqondiswa kweziphathimandla, nokwahlulela; umqondo wokuthi igatsha ngalinye lenza imisebenzi ehlukile nephawulekayo efanelana negatsha ngalinye; nomthetho omelene nanoma iliphi umuntu noma iqembu elikhonza egatsheni elingaphezu kwelilodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Lesimiso sihlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu: iGatyathiwe, iGatya eliphethe, ne-Reauditive Branch, kanye nohulumeni ophethe wase-United States kanye nezifunda ezingamashumi amane zihlukanisa ohulumeni bazo zibe yilamagatsha amathathu. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenza ngokwezici zalo siqu zegunya kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo lisebenzelana namanye ukuze liqinisekise ukubusa okulinganiselwe.

Okwenza Kube Nezindaba Zokwehlukana

Ngokuthola amagatsha kahulumeni amaningi, lesi simiso sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi alikho igatsha elinamandla ngaphezu kwelinye. Lokhu akusona nje isici esicatshangelwayo esikhathazayo − kuwo wonke umlando, ohulumeni lapho amandla aye abekwa khona kumuntu oyedwa noma enhlanganweni eyodwa ngokuvamile aye anciphiswa embusweni wempoqo onyathela amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuze balondoloze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, amaFramers ayefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha elizimele nelizimele likaHulumeni weFederal liyosebenzisa imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo kahulumeni: ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela, ichaza ukuthi ukulondolozwa kwenkululeko kudinga ukuba iminyango emikhulu emithathu yamandla ihlukane futhi ihluke. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusebenza njengesivikelo sokwakha, okwenza kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umuntu noma i-atho ukuba athathe ukulawulwa okuphelele kwethuluzi likahulumeni.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho liyigatsha lokuqala eliningiliziwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, elibonisa ukubaluleka kwalo okukhulu embusweni wentando yeningi omelele. Igatsha lemithetho lakhiwa iNdlu yeSishaya - mthetho, eyaziwa njengeSishaya - mthetho, futhi phakathi kwezinye imibuso, igatsha lemithetho lenza yonke imithetho, limemezela impi, lilawula ezentengiselwano eziphakathi kwezwe nakwamanye amazwe futhi lilawula ukukhokhwa kwemithetho.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

Indlu yabameleli yakhiwa amalungu akhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, emelelwe phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ezakhamuzini zawo, futhi okwamanje, kunabameleli bokuvota abangu - 435 eNdlu. Lesisakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaningi bamelela kakhulu okungenani egumbini elilodwa loMkhandlu.

ISigele, ngokuphambene, sinikeza incazelo elinganayo yazo zonke izifundakazi kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bazo. ISishaya-mthetho sakhiwa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye sikhetha iziNkathi ezimbili, sihlanganisa amalungu ayikhulu, kuyilapho amalungu avotayo angu-435 endlu yabameleli enikezwa ngokwesilinganiso ngokwenani lombuso, futhi isifunda ngasinye singenayo ngaphansi koyedwa. Lesi sakhiwo sangaphakathi sidala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha lomthetho ngokwalo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko

Umsebenzi oyinhloko nowuchaza kakhulu weSishaya-mthetho ukumisa umthetho − ukwenza imithetho ebusa isizwe, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ngokucacile: "Wonke Amandla eSishaya-mthetho agunyaziwe lapha abekwa eMkhandlwini we-United States." Lomthetho owenziweyo uhlanganisa izihloko eziningi, kusukela ekukhokheni intela nasekusebenziseni imali kuya ekuqondiseni kwezentengiselwano nakuvikelweni kwesizwe.

Ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho, uKhongolo-mfutho uphethe eminye imibuso eminingana egxekayo. Ngaphezu kweminye imithwalo yemfanelo ebaliwe, inecala lokudala imithetho, futhi njengomthetho ovamile, imfundiso engagunyazi inqabela i-Legistative Brants ekuphathiseni imithwalo yayo yemfanelo. Igatsha lomthetho lilawula futhi uhlelo lwemali, amandla ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "amandla esikhwama semali," anika uKhongolo umphamba-mfuno olubalulekile phezu kwamanye amagatsha.

Inqubo Yomthetho

Nakuba noma ubani engakhipha isikweletu semali − abakhokhi, amaqembu okuphatha, izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe, qha ilungu leSishaya-mthetho elingase liyingenise ngokomthetho noma eNdlu yabameleli noma eNdlu yeNdlu. Uma seliqalile, izindleko zivame ukuthathwa ngokubukezwa kwekomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, nokuvota kuzo zombili izikhundla ngaphambi kokuba lifike edeskini likamongameli.

ISigele sivumela izivumelwano nokumiswa komongameli, kuyilapho i House iqala izikweleti zemali ezihlobene, futhi lezi zindikimba ezimbili zilingana phakathi kwazo njengoba umthetho kumelwe udlule kuzo zombili izindlu ukuze ube umthetho, okusho ukuthi akukho mzimba okwazi ukulawula enye. Lemfuneko yokugunyazwa kwe-badamaral idala olunye ulwelwelwesi oluhlobanayo nokuhlehla enqubeni yokushaya umthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe linezikhulu zikaMongameli, abaqondisi bakhe nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, futhi leli gatsha linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho yezwe.

Amandla Kamongameli Nemisebenzi

Umongameli uyinhloko yesifundazwe, umholi wegatsha eliphethe, nomphathi wamabutho ahlomile e - United States, kuyilapho isekela likamongameli lisekela umongameli futhi uma umongameli engakwazi ukukhonza, lo mongameli uba umongameli. Lokhu kugxilwa kwegunya eliphethe isikhulu esisodwa esikhethiwe kubangela ukulandisa okucacile kuyilapho kuphakamisa nemibuzo ebalulekile ngemingcele yamandla obumongameli.

UMongameli usebenzisa amagunya avezayo ukuze avume futhi agunyaze izindleko futhi enze izivumelwano, ubophekile ngokomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka futhi isebenzise amandla ayo ukwenza lokhu kanye, futhi asebenzise amandla ashiwoyo ukukhipha iziyalezo eziphetheyo nokungena ezivumelwaneni namazwe angaphandle. Iziqondiso eziphethe ziye zaba ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu kumongameli ukuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi bamise isimiso, nakuba lemiyalo isalokhu ibhekene nokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Umbuso WaseBudreaul

Amalungu ekhathemende akhonza njengomphathi kamongameli futhi ahlanganisa isekela likamongameli, izikhulu zeminyango ephethe, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ezithatha izikhundla eziphakeme, futhi amalungu ekhathena amiswe ngumongameli futhi kumelwe avunyelwe yiSishaya-mthetho. Leminyango ye-khathekrati [1] Isuka eDefense naseHulumeni ukuya eFocureation nase-Forport / //iholo lezigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa imithetho nezokuthutha.

Igatsha eliphethe linendima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni, ekusebenziseni imithetho, ekuqhubeni izinkonzo zezokuxhumana, ekulawuleni ukulondeka kwezwe, nasekuqondiseni izici ezihlukahlukene zesimiso sezwe.

Igunya Eliphethe Nokulinganiselwa

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa amagunya angokwemvelo ukuze limise ilungelo lokubusa, okusho ukuthi bangaphoqelela imithetho nemithetho edluliswa kakade yiSishaya-mthetho, futhi bangaphoqelela uMthetho-sisekelo nezivumelwano ezazenziwa amanye amagatsha kahulumeni ngaphambili. Nokho, umongameli ngeke athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa uhulumeni ngeke athathe isinyathelo ngokungemthetho avinjelwe kokubili ukuqondisa kwenhlangano nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela.

Enye indawo lapho imibuso ephethe neyomthetho ivame ukuhlangana khona nempi ihilela khona impi. Emzamweni wokuqinisekisa indima yayo engokomthetho-mthetho, iSishaya-mthetho sadlulisa iSigqi soMkhosi weMpi ngo-1973 kuMongameli uNixon's, okudinga ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 ngokufaka amabutho ahlomile empini futhi avimbele amabutho ahlomile ukuba angahlali izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-60, ngenkathi engeziwe yezinsuku ezingu-30 yokuyeka ukulwa, ngaphandle kwemvume yokusebenzisa ibutho lezempi noma ukukhipha isimemezelo sempi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomhumushi womthetho futhi linakekela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo. Igatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni wase - United States linomthwalo wokuchaza umthetho, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi leyo mithetho ihambisana noMthetho - sisekelo, futhi liqondiswa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi lihlanganisa nesimiso sezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kulelizwe futhi inamahluleli ayisishiyagalolunye, kuhlanganise noMahluleli Oyinhloko, nomsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukubukeza amacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwemibuso, namacala abekela izinqumo zenkantolo eziphansi inselele. INkantolo Ephakeme ihlala phezu kwesimiso sezinkantolo zikahulumeni esisingatha izinkulungwane zezindaba unyaka ngamunye.

Ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuhlelwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni esimisweni sezikhulu, kuhlanganise neziNkantolo Zezikhalo (ezaziwa nangokuthi iziNkantolo Zesifunda), izinkantolo Zesigodi, nezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene ezikhethekile (njengeNkantolo Yentela noma iNkantolo Yezohwebo Zamazwe Ahlukahlukene), futhi lezi zinkantolo zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zamazwe ahlukene, namacala lapho i - United States iyiqembu khona.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Indima eyinhloko yegatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho, ukunquma ukufaneleka kwemithetho edluliselwa yisiKhomishane nezenzo ezithathwa igatsha eliphethe, futhi lomandla aziwa njengokubukeza kokwahlulela. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kumelela okunye kokuhlola okubaluleke kakhulu kwejaji phezu kwamanye amagatsha.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, amandla ejaji lokuhlola ukwahlulela − − i-inquing eyodwa kuphela ebaluleke kwamanye amagatsha amabili(anganikezwanga ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kunalokho, lombuso wamiswa ngebhokisi elivelele elingu-1803 elibonisa uMarbury v. Madison futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi useyi-setwe lomthetho-mthetho-siseko waseMelika.

Ukuzimela Nokuphikiswa Kokwahlulela

Abahluleli abaphethe bajabulela inkululeko enkulu ukuze babavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Amajaji abekwa umongameli futhi aqinisekiswe iSigele. Ngesinye isikhathi, abahluleli bamazwe bamiswa, bagunyaza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, babavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemithethweni esekelwe kwesimiso somthetho kunobuqotho bezombangazwe.

Nokho, ikomiti yokwahlulela isebenza ngokulinganisela. Ijaji linikeza ukuhlola kokugcina emabusweni amanye amagatsha, kodwa libuye lihlolwe, njengoba abahluleli bemiswa uMongameli (ukubulala) futhi liqinisekiswa iSigele (isitha), ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kwegunya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-mthetho silondoloza amandla okungahloniphi futhi sikhiphe abahluleli bombuso ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Izivivinyo Nokulinganisela: Indlela Igatsha Elingenela Ngayo

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzithonya kakhulu lezizimiso, ukwahlukana kwamandla kwabaseFramers kwakungelukhuni, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho elinye igatsha lingahlola khona amandla abelwe elinye. Lesimiso sokwengamelana siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingalinganisela ukuphambana nezinye.

Izazi Zomthetho Zihlola Amanye Amagatsha

Igatsha lemithetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa kukaMongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingamkhipha uMongameli futhi limsuse ehhovisi. Ukulawula kwe-Congress ngokwezimali kwenza isigele sibe nesandla esiphawulekayo sokulawula isimiso somthetho (hhayi noma izinhlelo eziphambili ezifuna ukuvelela zidinga ukumiswa kwengqungquthela ukuze sisebenze.

UKhongolose luqinisekisa noma lulahle ama-mines kamongameli futhi lungasusa umongameli ehhovisi ezimweni ezingavamile. Igunya lokungahlolwa, nakuba lingavamile ukusetshenziswa, limelela enye yeziphetho ezingathi sína kakhulu i-Congress engasebenzisa kokubili amagatsha aphethe nahluleli.

Ukuqondisa Amanye Amagatsha

UHulumeni unamandla okudala imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okuzilawula, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingase imemezele imithetho engavumelani nemithetho. umongameli unxusa uMkhandlu ukuba wakhe imifelandawonye emikhulu futhi ufinyelele ukusekela umthetho okunamandla umongameli amelene nakho.

UMongameli angahlola iSishaya-mthetho ngokukhipha izikweletu zemali kudlule uMkhandlu, futhi uMkhandlu ungathatha isikhundla sikamongameli ngokuvota ama-3 alezi zindlu ezimbili. Lendlela yokuzilawula ingayivala inqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungaqhubeka umisa umthetho ngisho nangaphezu kokuphikisa komongameli, uma nje kunokusekela okwanele.

Amandla kamongameli omisayo asebenza njengesheke ejajini. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ubeka izinkantolo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo yamajaji adlulisa izikhalo, nabahluleli benkantolo yesifunda abahlola. Ngokukhetha ngokucophelela abahluleli, abaphathi bangathonya isiqondiso segatsha lokwahlulela amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

Khona - ke iNkantolo Ephakeme ingawahlola womabili amagatsha ngokumemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni.

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, efana nezimemezelo ezinamandla omthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ezingekho emthethweni.

Ukuhlangana Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kukhona ukusetshenziswa kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, njengoba igatsha ngalinye linegunya lalo, kodwa futhi kumelwe lithembele emagunyeni amanye amagatsha ukuze asebenze uhulumeni. Lokhu kubambisana kwakha isimiso esinamandla lapho ukubambisana nokuhlehla kuba okudingekile khona ukuze kulawuleke ngokuphumelelayo.

Impendulo yayizotholakala esicini esiyingqayizivele soMthetho-sisekelo: ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso ehlukene enesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi se-checks kanye nezilinganiso eziklanyelwe ukunikeza ulwelwelwe lwegatsha ngalinye ekungeneni kwezinye. Ukuhlakanipha kwalesimiso kuxhomeke endleleni okuzibopha ngayo izibopho zokuvikela inkululeko.

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke Kuwe

Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akukona nje ukwazi amaqembu omphakathi kuphela okunemiphumela esebenzayo yendlela osebenzelana ngayo nohulumeni futhi umelane nezithakazelo zakho. Uma uqonda ukuthi yimaphi amagatsha asingatha lokho, ungaqondisa ukuthatha kwakho indima ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqonda Indlela Yokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Somthetho

Ukuqaphela indlela amagatsha asebenzelana ngayo asiza ngayo izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani ukushintsha kwenqubo kuhamba kancane. Umthetho omusha udinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sobuconsana, ukuvunyelwa umongameli (noma i-veto ) futhi kumelwe umelane nezinselele zokwahlulela ezingase zivele. Lenqubo yesigaba esihlukene, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ikhungathekisa, inikeza amathuba amaningi okungenwa kwezakhamuzi futhi isiza ekuvimbeleni izinqumo ezisheshayo ezingase ziphazamise amalungelo noma zingasebenzeki.

Uma uqonda ukuthi uKhongolose uyayilawula indlela yokusebenzisa imali, uyazi ukuthi ukukhuthaza abameleli bakho ukuba basebenzise imali ebaluleke kakhulu kungaba ngcono kunokunxusa umongameli.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudala amaphuzu amaningi okulandisa. Uma ungavumelani nendlela umthetho ophoqelelwa ngayo, ungathintana nezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe noma inxusa leSishaya-mthetho ukuze ubonise ukuqondisa. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umthetho uphula amalungelo omthetho, ungasekela izinselele ezingokomthetho enkantolo. Uma ucabanga ukuthi izinkantolo ziyimithetho echazwa ngokungeyikho, ungasekela isinyathelo sokumisa ukucacisa injongo yomthetho.

Uma igatsha likahulumeni licabanga ukuthi elinye igatsha lenza okungekhona okusemthethweni, banga "libiza" ukuze basho, njengoba igatsha ngalinye likwazi ukubheka amanye amagatsha amabi futhi liwashintshele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu abakhonzayo. Lesimiso sokulandisa sisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela ezakhamuzini kunokuba azibonele ngokwawo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni, isimiso senza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi iqembu noma umuntu ukuba aqinise amandla anele okusongela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngisho noma elinye igatsha lingamelana namalungelo athile, amanye amagatsha angasebenza njengesehlo.

Umlando unikeza izibonelo eziningi zalesivikelo esisebenzayo. Izinkantolo ziye zaphula imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho. IziKhomishane ziye zamisa umthetho wokulawula ukudlula izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula amagunya obumongameli. Omongameli baye benqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho abayibheka njengengavumelani nemithetho, bephoqelela isinqumo sokwahlulela. Lokhu kudlala okunamandla kusiza ekuvikeleni inkululeko ngezindlela uhulumeni onobunye ongenakuyivikela ngazo.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Lilodwa Likahulumeni

Ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini akudingi nje ukuqonda lokho igatsha ngalinye elikwenzayo, kodwa nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo nelodwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linikeza amathuba aqondile okuthembisana ngezakhamuzi, abameleli benu abaseSishaya - mthetho bakhethwa ukuba bamelele izithakazelo zakho, futhi bagcina amahhovisi ngokukhethekile ukuze balalele abameleli.

Ukuze bahileleke ngokwengeziwe emalungwini eSishaya - mthetho, baye emihlanganweni yabo yedolobha, babheke isimiso seCongregational, babe khona enkantolo, noma bahlele umhlangano wokuxoxa ngezindaba zemithetho ezithinta wena!

Ngalé kokuxhumana ngokuqondile, izakhamuzi zingaba:

  • Bheka umsebenzi womthetho ngoMkhandlu.gov ukuze ubhale izikweletu futhi ubone indlela abameleli abavota ngayo
  • Nikeza ubufakazi obulotshiwe kumakomiti ezinhlangano ezicabangela umthetho
  • Hlanganyela nezinhlangano ezikhuthaza iSishaya - mthetho ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo
  • Hlanganyela emikhankasweni yezimpande zotshani ukuze wakhe ukusekela noma ukuphikisa umthetho othile
  • Zijwayeze okhethweni oluyinhloko noluvamile ukuze ukhethe abameleli abanezici ezivumelana nezakho
  • Abazosiza ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela noma ngeminikelo
  • Bhala izinhlamvu eziya kumhleli noma ku-op-op ukuze uthonye umbono womphakathi ezindabeni zomthetho

Khumbula ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni nombuso zisebenza kuwo womabili amazinga ombuso. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukuba nethonya eliqondeke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngemithetho elawula imfundo, ubulungisa bobugebengu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemisebenzi yendawo. Izindlela ezifanayo zisebenza ezingeni likahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngokutholakala kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Eliphethe

Izakhamuzi zingathonya igatsha eliphethe ngokuyinhloko ngokuvota okhethweni lukamongameli, kodwa zinganikeza nempendulo futhi zihlanganyele nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene eziphethe ezinezinkulumo zomphakathi zemithetho nezinye izenzo.

Lezi zinkulumo ziba ingxenye yomlando ongokomthetho nezinhlangano kumelwe ziphendule ezindabeni ezibalulekile eziphakanyisiwe. Ukunikeza izinkulumo ezinemininingwane, ezinengqondo kungathika ngempela isimo sokugcina sezimiso ezithinta izigidi zabantu.

Ezinye izindlela zokusebenza negatsha eliphethe ihhovisi lelizwe zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuxhumana neWhite House ngokuqondile ngengosi yabo noma ngezingcingo
  • Ukufinyelela iminyango ethile yamakhabethe noma izinhlangano ezihlobene nezinto ezikukhathazayo
  • Ukufinyeza Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Act (FOIA) izicelo zokuthola amaphepha kahulumeni
  • Ukuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwamacala omphakathi okuqhutshwa izinhlangano eziphethe
  • Ukubika ukwephulwa kwemithetho noma iziqondiso ezikhungweni ezifanele zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho
  • Ukuhlanganyela nojenene ohlola ukungcola, ukukhwabanisa nokuxhaphaza
  • Ukubiza ababusi nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni
  • Ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zokuqondisa zalesimo

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Lokwahlulela

Ukuhlanganyela negatsha lokwahlulela akuqondile kodwa kubaluleke ngokulinganayo, njengoba izakhamuzi zingasebenza ezinkantolo, zisebenzisa umthetho, noma zimane zilandele izinqumo zenkantolo ukuze ziqonde indlela imithetho echazwa ngayo, futhi umbono womphakathi ungathonya nezinqumo zenkantolo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi izinqumo eziwuphawu zingaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu zezenhlalo nezingokomthetho.

Nakuba ungenakukwazi ukusekela abahluleli ngokuqondile (okungaba okungafanele futhi okungase kube okungekho emthethweni), izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela esimisweni sokwahlulela:

  • Ukukhonza emajajini lapho kubizwa, okuwumsebenzi womphakathi nethuba lokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile esimisweni sobulungisa
  • Ukusekela izinhlangano zomthetho ezisiza abantu ukuba bathakazelise abantu eziletha amacala ukuze kuthuthukiswe amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo
  • I - “impering incicus ” ("umngane wenkantolo") ifingqa izenzakalo ezibalulekile, kungaba ngenye yezindlela noma ngezinhlangano
  • Ukuya enkantolo, ngokuvamile evulekele umphakathi
  • Zifundise ngezindaba zokwahlulela nokukhulumisana nabasekeni ngokuqinisekiswa
  • Ukusekela izinguquko zokwahlulela ngenqubo yomthetho
  • Ukusekela izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho ezisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi kulungile ukufinyelela ubulungisa
  • Ukulandela izinqumo zenkantolo nokuqonda ukuthi zisho ukuthini ngokuphathelene nesimiso namalungelo

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokubambisana Nohulumeni

Ngaphandle kokuthembisana ngegatsha, amasu amaningana avamile angakusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi futhi ulawule uhulumeni uhlukanisa imibuso engqondweni.

Hlakulela Zonke Izindlela Okhetha Ngazo

Ukuvota kusho indlela eyinhloko yokuhlanganyela emphakathini, kodwa ukuvota okuphumelelayo kusho okungaphezu nje kokuhlanganyela okhethweni lukamongameli.

Ukhetho lwe-Midst lunquma ukulawula kweSishaya-Mkhandlu futhi lungasusa ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. Ukhetho loMbuso lunquma ukuthi ubani olawula izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni, okuthinta yonke into kusukela kwezemfundo kuya kubulungisa bezezemfundo kuya ekunakekeleni impilo. Izikole zokhetho, ukuphepha komphakathi, izisekelo, nezinga lokuphila emphakathini wakini.

Ngokuvamile okhetho oluyinhloko abathola ukunaka okuncane kodwa kungabaluleka ngokufanayo. Banquma ukuthi obani abazongena kukhetho oluvamile futhi bangasusa ukuqondisa kwemibono yamaqembu ezombangazwe. Ezifundeni ezibuswa iqembu elilodwa, ngokuyinhloko abanquma ukuthi ubani ozoba nesikhundla.

Xhumana Nabameleli Bakho

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo zinakekela ukuxhumana okuhlangene, ikakhulukazi lapho zithola abantu abaningi abazoxhumana nabo kulendaba efanayo. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nabameleli kuhilela:

  • Ukuzicacisa nokukusho ngokuqondile ngalokho ofuna bakwenze
  • Ukuchaza indlela indaba ekuthinta ngayo wena noma umphakathi wakini
  • Inikeza ikheli lakho ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi ungumsizi
  • Ukuba nenhlonipho ngisho nalapho ungavumelani
  • Ngilandela ukuze ngibone ukuthi basabela kanjani
  • Babonge lapho bethatha izikhundla zokusekela

Izingcingo kanye nemihlangano e-person idla ngokuthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu kwama-imeyili, nakuba zonke izinhlobo zento yokuxhumana. Izinhlamvu ezibhalwe ngesandla zingaphumelela kakhulu. Imikhankaso ehlangene lapho ama-commotic amaningi athintana nabameleli ngendaba efanayo ingaba namandla kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Enkathini Yokuzwa Nokuphendula Komphakathi

Kokubili izinkampani zezemithetho nezinhlangano eziphethe ziqulisa izikhalo zomphakathi ngezenzo ezihlongozwayo. Lezi zimemezelo zinikeza amathuba okuveza imibono yakho ngokuqondile kubenzi bezinqumo. Nakuba kungase kudingeke ukuba ubhalise kusengaphambili futhi unamathele ekugcineni isikhathi, ubufakazi bakho buba yingxenye yerekhodi elingokomthetho.

Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumele ukukhulumela komphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Le nkathi yokukhulumela ivame ukuthatha izinsuku ezingu-30-60 futhi inikeze uhlelo olusemthethweni lokufakwa kwezakhamuzi. Izimo ze-atmosfect kumelwe zibukeze futhi ziphendule izimpendulo ezibalulekile, futhi ukuphikisa okucatshangelwe kahle kungaholela ezinguqulweni emithethweni ehlongozwayo.

Hlala Unolwazi Ngemikhuba Nezinhlelo

Ukuthembisana komphakathi okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba wazi ngezenzo zikahulumeni nezimpikiswano zezimiso. Lokhu akusho ukuphuza izindaba njalo, kodwa kusho ukusungula imithombo enokwethenjelwa yokwaziswa nokuhlola njalo ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo.

Imithombo ewusizo ihlanganisa:

  • .gov yokulandela umthetho kahulumeni nomsebenzi we-conoration
  • [ Register [ yezimiso ezihlongozwayo nezingokokugcina ezivela ezinhlanganweni eziphethe
  • Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo yecala [ yemibono nezimpikiswano zomlomo
  • Isishaya-somthetho sesifundazwe samawebhusayithi esishayamthetho womsebenzi wesigaba sombuso wezimiso
  • Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni asendaweni ezungezile emihlangano yomkhandlu wedolobha, amakhomishane okuhlela, nezimiso zendawo
  • Nonpartistan izinhlangano zenkambiso ezihlaziya umthetho nezenzo zikahulumeni
  • Ubuthanga obuphezulu obuvela eziphuzwini eziphethe umbiko onamandla kahulumeni

Cabangela ukulungiselela izixwayiso ngezindaba ozikhathalelayo ukuze waziswe uma umthetho obalulekile usungulwa noma lapho izinhlangano zimisa imithetho emisha.

Hlanganyela Noma Ukusekela Izinhlangano Zobushiqela

Izakhamuzi zingafeza okuningi, kodwa amaqembu ahleliwe angenza izinhlangano eziqoqa abantu abakhokhi baqoqe izinto, bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe futhi baxhumane kubantu abaningi.

  • Hlola umsebenzi kahulumeni futhi uqaphelise amalungu ezenzakalo ezibalulekile
  • Hlola futhi ukhulume ngamaphuzu ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi
  • Hlela imikhankaso yokuhlela ehlelwe kahle
  • Yenza ukuba kuphikiswe izenzo ezingekho emthethweni
  • Abashaya imithetho abanombono ophansi nezikhulu eziphethe
  • Fundisa umphakathi ngezindaba ezibalulekile
  • Ukwakha imifelandawonye ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene

Ukusekela lezi zinhlangano ngokuba amalungu azo, ngeminikelo noma ngokuzithandela kwenza ukuba uthonyeke.

Gijimela Ihhovisi Noma Abasekeli

Indlela eqondile yokuthonya uhulumeni ukuba ube yingxenye yayo. Ukufuna isikhundla kunoma iliphi ibhodi lesikole lendawo, umkhandlu wedolobha, isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni, noma iSishaya-mthetho sombuso (isishaya mthetho) kukuvumela ukuba uhlele indlela eqondile yokulawula. Izikhulu eziningi ezikhethiwe zaqala ngesikhundla sendawo futhi zakha ulwazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Uma ukugijima ugijimela ihhovisi kungenakwenzeka, abasekelayo abanezici ezifanayo nawe bangabaluleke ngokufanayo. Lokhu kusekela kungaba ngezindlela eziningi:

  • Ukuvolontiya Imisebenzi
  • Ukunikela ngemali
  • Ukuthuthwa kwezenzakalo noma amaphathi endlu
  • Ukwenza izingcingo noma ukungqongqoza eminyango
  • Ukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa okuphathelene nabazobhapathizwa kuyi - Internet
  • Ukukhuthaza abanye ukuba bavote noma bavote

Ukwakha Izakhi Zomzimba Nokuzihlela

Ngokuvamile ukuze uphumelele ekufundiseni abantu kufanele wakhe imifelandawonye nabanye abahlanganyela imigomo yakho.

  • Ukuhlela omakhelwane ezindabeni zendawo
  • Ukwakha ubuhlobo namanye amaqembu ozazisayo
  • Ukwakha imifelandawonye evumelana nemingcele yezombangazwe
  • Ukuhlanganyela imiphakathi yokholo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, noma izinkampani ezingochwepheshe
  • Ukusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ukuze kuhlelwe futhi kuqoqwe abasekeli

Abakhi bemithetho bayanaka lapho amaqembu ahlukahlukene ehlangana ngemigomo efanayo.

Ukuqonda Uhulumeni: Esinye Isici Sokwehlukana

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuhlukanisanga nje igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu esilinganisweni sikahulumeni, futhi kuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungathsishisi kwemibuso, okubizwa ngokuthi i-constalism, kudala ubunkimbinkimbi obengeziwe kodwa futhi namathuba engeziwe okuthembisana kwezakhamuzi.

Federal v. Amandla oMbuso

UMthetho-sisekelo unika uhulumeni othile kuyilapho uhlela ezinye ezizweni. Amandla eFederal ahlanganisa ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zezwe, ukuphatha isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, nokumisa isimiso seposi. Amandla oMbuso ahlanganisa ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zezwe, ukuqhuba okhetho, ukumisa ohulumeni bendawo, nokusebenzisa amandla amaphoyisa ukuze avikele impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha.

Amanye amagunya ahlanganyelwa ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, kuhlanganise nentela, izakhiwo zezakhiwo, nokumiswa kwezinkantolo.

Uhulumeni Nohulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bahulumeni bahlobisa isimo sikahulumeni ngamagatsha omthetho, abaphathi, nabezahlulelo. Abaphathi basebenza njengabaqondisi bezwe, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni benza imithetho kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho-mthetho nemithetho. Nokho, izakhiwo ezithile ziyahlukahluka-hluka(amanye amazwe anezishaya-mthetho zengxenye, izindlela zokukhetha ezihlukene, noma izinhlelo ezivelele zamagatsha aphethe.

Ohulumeni bendawo (izindawo, izikhungo, amalokishi, nezifunda ezikhethekile) baveza izimpikiswano eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke: izikole, amaphoyisa nesivikelo somlilo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo nezindawo, imigwaqo yendawo, izinhlelo zamanzi nezokukhuculula indle, namapaki nezokuzilibazisa.

Okwenza Ukuba Nobunye Kubaluleke Ngokuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Ukuqonda i-guantialism kukusiza ukuba uqondise ukugunyazwa kwakho ezingeni elifanele likahulumeni. Isimiso semfundo sihlanganisa ukuxhasa kwemali kahulumeni nokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, izindinganiso zohlelo nokwaziswa kothisha, nezinqumo zebhodi yesikole esithile. Izempilo zihlanganisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinjengeMedicare ne-Medicaid, umthetho we-mishuwalense kahulumeni kanye ne-Medicaid, kanye ne-parecrance ezempilo yendawo.

UFederalism futhi wakha amathuba okusungulwa kwezimiso. I-United States ingasebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," izama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zezinkinga. Izimiso zikahulumeni eziphumelelayo zingasakazekela kwezinye izifundazwe noma zithonye inkambiso kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulawulwa kwezwe kungathinta izwe lonke ngesikhathi.

Izinselele Ezivamile Nemibono Engalungile

Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusiza ekucaciseni imibono eminingi engaqondile ephathelene nendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani izinto ezithile zenzeka (noma zinganzeki) esimisweni sezombangazwe.

“Kungani induna yezwe ingekwazi ukwenza lokhu nje kuphela na?”

Abameli banamandla amakhulu, kodwa abanakwenza imithetho noma basebenzise imali. Izinguquko ezinkulu zidinga ukumiswa kwesivumelwano. Abameli banganikeza iziyalezo zezikhulu, kodwa lokhu kusekelwe emagunyeni angokomthetho akhona futhi kungabekelwa inselele enkantolo. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise ukuqashwa ngokufanelekile mayelana ngokomthetho omusha, i-Congress; uma ufuna ukumiswa okuhlukile komthetho okhona, thintana negatsha lesikhulu.

“Kungani Konke Kuthatha Isikhathi Eside Kangaka?

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwenza ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngamabomu kube nzima. Umthetho kumelwe udlule kokubili izindlu zoMkhandlu, uqhubeke udlula eqenjini likamongameli, futhi umelane nokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Lenqubo ithatha isikhathi futhi idinga ukwakha imifelandawonye emikhulu. Nakuba lokhu kungakhungathekisa, futhi kuvimbela izinqumo zokuxhamazela futhi kuvikele ekubushiseni. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza ekubekeni amathemba angokoqobo ekushintsheni kwenqubo.

"Akusiyo le nkinga yodwa?"

Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene, isenzo sikahulumeni singaba nzima. Nokho, lesi "gridlock" ngokuvamile siyisimiso esisebenza ngendlela eklanywe ngayo − ukusungula noma yiliphi iqiniso lokuphoqa ukubopha intando yayo ngaphandle kokusekela okukhulu. Umthetho omkhulu udinga ukuyekethisa nokwakha imigqa yeqembu. Nakuba lokhu kungathatha ijubane elithatha impoqo, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zisekelwa kakhulu futhi zingakhuthazelela kakhulu.

“Azikhonzi na Izinkantolo?”

Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa aziyenzi imithetho ngendlela efana neyomahluleli. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zimisa izimpawu eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo, futhi izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo zingaba nemiphumela efinyelelwe kude. Nokho, izinkantolo zingathatha isinyathelo kuphela lapho kuvela amacala, futhi izinqumo zazo zingangancitshiswa ngokulungisa umthetho-mthetho-siseko noma, kwezinye izimo, ngomthetho omusha osingatha izikhalo zenkantolo.

Lapho Isimiso Siwohloka

Nakuba ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokuvamile kusiza ekuvimbeleni ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko, isimiso asiphelele. Ukuqonda izindlela ezingase zehluleke kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho kudingeka ukuqapha okwengeziwe.

Izinkinga Zomthetho - sisekelo

Uma elinye igatsha lingawenzi umsebenzi walo, noma uma elinye igatsha lingalinaki elinye, singase singene enhlekeleleni yomthetho - sisekelo, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni wethu ngeke usasebenza ngendlela lomthetho - sisekelo owawuhlose ngayo, futhi ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kungase kuwele ekubeni umbusi wobushiqela.

Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zenkinga engase ibe khona ngomthetho - sisekelo zihlanganisa:

  • Elinye igatsha elenqaba ukuqaphela igunya elingokomthetho lelinye
  • Ukumelana nezimiso zeziyalezo zenkantolo
  • Imizamo yokuvimbela ukwengamela okufanelekile
  • Imizamo yokufaka izinkantolo noma ukuxosha izisebenzi zikahulumeni ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe
  • Ukwenqaba ukwamukela imiphumela engokomthetho yokukhetha

Ukubaluleka Kwezithombe Ezivamile

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuncikile nje kuphela embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa nasemithethweni nasemasikweni asekhona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lemithetho ehleliwe [1] njengabaholi abakhipha intela, ukuhlonipha ukuzimela komshushisi, noma ukwamukela imiphumela yokukhetha, kusiza ekusebenzeni kwesimiso ngokushelela. Uma lemiyalo iwohloka, isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esingasemthethweni singabonakala singanele ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa.

Izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni lemiqondo ngokubheka izikhulu njengezolandisa lapho zizephula futhi zisekela labo abazisekelayo.

Ukuqapha Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakha isimiso esingamelana nobushiqela, kodwa kudinga ukuba izakhamuzi ezikhuthele ukuze zisebenze kahle. Uma izakhamuzi zilulaza, izikhulu zibhekene nokungathweswa umthwalo futhi zingabi buthakathaka. Ukusekela ukubopha kwezakhamuzi ($ukuqinisa imvume, ukuxhumana nabameleli, ukuhlala unolwazi, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi ($) kugcina isimiso sinempilo.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini

Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni, izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Lezinhlangano − kuhlanganisa amaqembu acabangayo, ama-athor, iziteshi zezindaba, izinxulumano zobuchwepheshe, nezinhlangano zomphakathi — zifeza imisebenzi ethile ebalulekile.

Umsebenzi wokuqapha inja

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni futhi ziqaphelise izakhamuzi izinkinga ezingase zibe khona. I-paritiumism idalula ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Izinhlangano zobushiqela zilandela imithetho nezenzo zokuqondisa. Qaphelisisa iziteshi zemithetho nemiphumela yazo. Le misebenzi yokugada isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyazi ukuthi ziyaqaphela futhi ziyobekwa icala.

Ulwazi Nokuhlaziya

Ukuqonda izimpikiswano zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ulwazi olungase luntuleke ezakhamuzini. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza ukuhlaziywa, ukucwaninga, nezincazelo ezifinyelelekayo ezisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ziguqula izimpikiswano zenqubo yobuchwepheshe zibe yizinkulumo ezithi abantu abavamile bangaziqonda futhi bazihlole.

Ukuhlaselwa Nokuhlelwa Kweqembu

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele izinhlangano ezihlangene, zihlele imikhankaso yokulwa, zibhikishe, zakhe imifelandawonye, futhi zivote.

Amanye Amazwi

Umphakathi unikeza iziteshi zamazwi angase ancishiswe ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zimelela izindawo ezizungezile, amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu asekela izimbangela ezithile, futhi ukuhlobana nochwepheshe kuletha imibono ehlakaniphile.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ukuqinisa Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwemibuso kumane kuyisiqalo. Ukuba izakhamuzi eziphumelelayo kudinga ukuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo nokuzinikela ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokujulisa ukuhlanganyela kwakho komphakathi:

Hlakulela Amakhono Okusebenza

Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kudinga amakhono angafundwa futhi asetshenziswe:

  • Ukukhuluma Kwasobala Nobufakazi
  • Ukubhala izincwadi ezikholisayo kanye ne - op-ed
  • Ukuhlaziya imithetho nezimiso
  • Ukwakha imiphakathi ehlangene nokuhlela imiphakathi
  • Ukusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ngokuphumelelayo ukuze ufundise abantu
  • Ukuqonda inqubo yephalamende
  • Ukucwaninga izindaba zesimiso

Izinhlangano eziningi ziqeqesha abantu ngala makhono, futhi ukusebenzisa la mathuba kungakwenza ube umsekeli ophumelelayo.

Yakha Ubuhlobo

Ukwazi izikhundla eziphumelelayo kuxhomeke ebuhlotsheni. Ukwazi abameleli bakho nezisebenzi zabo, ukuzihlanganisa nabanye abasekeli, kanye nokwakha ubuhlobo nezintatheli nabaholi bomphakathi kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kwakho konke. Lobu buhlobo buthatha isikhathi ukwakha kodwa bukhokhela imivuzo lapho kudingeka ulwele ngokushesha.

Cabanga Isikhathi eside

Izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo azivamile ukwenzeka ngokuphazima kweso. Ukuphumelela kokuqasha kudinga isineke nokuphikelela. Ukwakha ukusekela umqondo othile, abakhiqizi bezimiso zokufundisa, ukunqoba ukuphikiswa, nokuqondisa inqubo yokushaya umthetho konke kuthatha isikhathi. Ukucabanga ngeminyaka eminingi kunamasonto kusiza ekulondolozeni izisusa nokugxila.

Ungasheshi Ubhekane Nezinguquko Zokuvota

Isithembiso somthetho akumelwe sigcine esikhathini sokhetho. Ukuhlala phakathi kokhetho @ orgito-msgnore mental, ukuxhumana nabameleli, ukuthatha inxaxheba ezinqubweni zomphakathi, okubaluleke ngokufanayo. Izikhulu ziqaphela abameleli abahlanganyela ngokungaguquki, hhayi labo abavela phakathi nemikhankaso.

Fundisa Abanye

Siza abanye baqonde ukwehlukana kwemibuso, indlela yokuhlanganyela emagatsheni ahlukahlukene, nokuthi kungani kuhileleke izindaba zomphakathi. Ukwakha izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nokwethula kuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwabo bonke abantu.

Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Sifunda

Ukujulisa ukuqonda kwakho ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nohulumeni waseMelika kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kwakho njengesakhamuzi.

Imithombo Kahulumeni

  • .gov - umthetho kahulumeni we-Rock, bheka indlela abameleli abavota ngayo, nemibiko yokungena
  • USA.gov - Isango lolwazi lukahulumeni nezinkonzo kuwo wonke amazinga
  • Register - umagazini ongokomthetho wemithetho kahulumeni nemithetho ehlongozwayo
  • Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo yecala [ - Imibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, kanye nokwaziswa kwenkantolo
  • Isishaya-somthetho sesifundazwe samawebhusayithi - umthetho wesifundazwe wesifundazwe futhi uthole abameleli bezwe lakho
  • Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni e-akethe - Thola ukwaziswa mayelana nemikhandlu yamadolobha, amabhodi esifunda, nezinkonzo zendawo

Imicebo Yemfundo

  • Ukucubungula (Ikhorali.gov) - Ukuhlaziya okunemithetho-sisekelo
  • Isiqondiso kuHulumeni - Ingcebo yemfundo kahulumeni waseMelika
  • C-SPAN - Ingxenye yeSishaya-Mkhandlu nenye imisebenzi kahulumeni
  • Isikhungo somthetho-sisekelo sesizwe imithombo yemfundo nezinhlelo mayelana nomthetho-sisekelo
  • I-League of Women Voters - i-Nonpartisan u-votar kanye no-avcoracy

Izinhlangano Ezihlanganyelayo

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukukhuthaza ukuthembisana uhulumeni futhi zisize izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Kulesi Simiso

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sikahulumeni, kodwa lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu nokwenza amapheshana nokulinganisela, uMthetho-sisekelo wenza kube nzima nganoma imuphi umuntu noma indikimba ukuba iqoqe amazinga ayingozi amandla. Lokhu kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala unomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu.

Kodwa isimiso sisebenza kuphela uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela kuso. Abasunguli bakha uhlelo lobuningi bohulumeni bomuntu siqu, kodwa abakwazanga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyobulondoloza. Lowomthwalo wemfanelo uwela esizukulwaneni ngasinye sezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda indlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo, indlela ahlolana ngayo, nendlela ongahlanganyela ngayo nesinye ngasinye ukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Uma ukhetha ukuthi ubani onegunya egatsheni ngalinye, uthonya izinqumo zomthetho. Uma uhlanganyela ezikhathini zokuphendula umphakathi, umisa imithetho yegatsha. Uma usekela isithakazelo somphakathi, usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ivumelana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma uhlala unolwazi futhi ufundisa abanye, uqinisa impucuko yentando yeningi.

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso akusona nje isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esingabonakali esisebenzayo esihlela indlela izimiso ezenziwa ngayo, indlela ezinikezwa ngayo amandla, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngayo uhulumeni wazo. Ngokuqonda lesi simiso nangokuhlanganyela naso ngenkuthalo, awubi nje isisulu sikahulumeni kodwa ube umhlanganyeli ekuzifuneni. Yilokho okuyisisekelo sobuhlalisane eriphabliki yentando yeningi.

Qala lapho ukhona. Khetha umagazini owukhathalelayo futhi ufunde ukuthi igatsheni likahulumeni elinalo igunya phezu kwawo. Thola ukuthi obani abameleli bakho nokuthi ungaxhumana kanjani nabo. Thola isenzo esisodwa esiqinile ongasithatha //ukubhala incwadi, ukuthatha izindlebe, ukujoyina inhlangano. Khona - ke yenza leso senzo. Umbuso wentando yeningi awuwona umdlalo wezembubhiso. Kudinga ukuhlanganyela okunentshiseko ezakhamuzini ezifundile eziqonda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo futhi ezizimisele ngayo ukuzihlanganisa nayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kunikeza isakhiwo. Ukuthembisana kwakho kunikeza amandla ayenza isebenze. Kubo bonke, bakha isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika (isimiso sokulawula ngentando yeningi) esihlala singenye yezinto eziphumelela kakhulu emlandweni ekuzihloleni kohulumeni. Ukuqonda kukunika amandla okusiza ekulondolozeni nasekuyithuthukiseni izizukulwane ezizayo.