Abalawuli banegunya eliphakeme kakhulu njengezikhulu eziphethe ezimingceleni yezifundazwe namasimu, beveza igebe phakathi kokubusa kwezwe nohulumeni wezwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi likhethwe ngevoti ethandwayo noma limiswe yigunya elikhulu, umbusi uphethe isikhundla esikhethekile esihlanganisa ukuhola kwezombangazwe, ukuphatha, nokuphatha, nenkonzo yemikhosi. Ububanzi balendima buhluka kakhulu emazweni ahlukene nezimiso zezombangazwe, kodwa umsebenzi oyinhloko uhlala uqinile: ukumisa imithetho, ukulawula imithombo yomphakathi, nokumelela izithakazelo zesifunda. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukumiswa okuningi kwemithwalo yemfanelo, amandla, imingcele, nemingcele yababusi, unikeza ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kulabo abasanda kucatshangelwa kulesihloko.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo KoMbusi

Umqondo wombusi unomsuka ojulile emlandweni, usususelwa kubaphathi bamakoloni abamiswe amakhosi aseYurophu ukuya kubaphathi abaphethe ngedemokrasi namuhla. E-United States, ihhovisi lombusi lingenye yezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezindala kakhulu, ezimisa umongameli. Ababusi bamakoloni bakuqala babenegunya elikhulu, ngokuvamile ababekhonza ngokwenjabulo yeNkosi, futhi amandla abo ayewumthombo oyinhloko wokuxabana oholela ekuvukeleni kweNguquko yaseMelika.

Inkathi yangemva kokuncitshiswa kwesigaba sombuso yaba nokuhlelwa kabusha ngamabomu kwendima kambusi. Umthetho-mthetho wangaphambili, uthathela inyathelo ngokumelene negunya lobukhosi, wadala ababusi ababuthakathaka abanombuso olinganiselwe, wanikeza igunya elikhulu emasangweni ombuso. Phakathi nekhulu lekhulu le-19 nelama-20 leminyaka, nokho, lokhu kubonisa ukushintsha okuqhubekayo. Izinguquko zenzeke kancane kancane. Izinqumiso zokuhlela imithetho ebekwe ngokwemithetho-mthetho, isuse imikhawulo yesikhathi kwezinye izimo, futhi wanika ababusi amandla ka-veto, waqinisa indima yabo njengegatsha lesithathu likahulumeni. Le nguquko ibonisa ukuqondwa okushintsha kobuqondisi obulawula, lapho umphathi onamandla ebonakala njengokudingekile ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo nakuphatha okuphumelelayo nenkinga.

Namuhla, umbusi usebenza phakathi kohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluchazwa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakeme kazwelonke. Lencwadi ichaza amandla akhethekile, imisebenzi, nokulinganiselwa kwesikhundla, imisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kumthetho-mthetho wesishaya-mthetho. Ukuqonda lesi sisekelo somthetho-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni igunya elingokomthetho likambusi.

Ama - core Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yombusi

Imithwalo yemfanelo kambusi ibanzi futhi inezici eziningi, ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi ngaphakathi kuhulumeni. Lemisebenzi ivame ukubekwa ngokwezilinganiso zemisebenzi yesikhulu, yemithetho, neyokwahlulela, ibonakalisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ezingeni likahulumeni.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva

Esinye sezici ezibonakala kakhulu zendima kambusi ukusebenzelana kwabo nombuso wesishaya-mthetho. Abaphathi banethonya elikhulu ezimisweni zomthetho nasenqubweni yokwenza imithetho. Izimiso eziyinhloko zomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Isifundazwe sekheli likaHulumeni: Sikhululwe ekuqaleni kwesimiso somthetho, lenkulumo ichaza izinto eziza kuqala kumbusi, izinyathelo ezihlongozwayo, kanye nombono wesikhathi esizayo. Simisa indlela yonyaka wezombangazwe futhi singasekela umphakathi ngemithetho ethile.
  • I-VOT Power: Ezifundazweni eziningi, umbusi angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yinhlangano nojuni. Ezinye izifundazwe zinika umbusi uhlaka olukhethekile uhlamvu-line veto, ezivumela ukuba zenqabe amalungiselelo akhethekile e-appropricy ngaphandle kokukhipha umthetho wonke. Lokhu kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu.
  • Igunya lobubhishobhi: Umbusi unomthwalo wemfanelo ovamile wokuhlela nokunikeza isishaya-mthetho uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni esihlongozwayo. Lencwadi iyinkulumo ebanzi yezinto eziza kuqala ngokwezimali zikahulumeni, izimali ezinikezwa imfundo, ezokunakekela impilo, izisekelo zemvelo, nokuphepha komphakathi.
  • Ukuqeda iziqephu ezikhethekile:[ Uma kuphakama izindaba eziphuthumayo ezingakhoni ukulinda isimiso esilandelayo somthetho, umbusi unegunya lokubiza isishaya-mthetho esiqephini esikhethekile, ehlela uhlelo oluqondile lwalesosikhathi.

Amandla Abaqondisi

Njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe uhulumeni, umbusi unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ifezeka ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umshini omkhulu wokuqondisa.

Ukumisa nokubuyisela: Umbusi omisa amakhanda ezinhlangano ezinkulu zikahulumeni neminyango, njengoNobhala weSizwe, u-Attorney General (kwezinye izifundazwe), abaqondisi bezokuthutha, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, neNkonzo yempilo. Laba abamisiweyo bakha ikhathemethi lomphathi futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa inkambiso. Amandla okususa ngaphansi kokusebenza noma izikhulu ezonakele yithuluzi eliyinhloko lokugcina icala phakathi kwegatsha lezikhulu.

I-Exective Orders: Abaphathi banganikeza iziyalo eziphetheyo ukuze baqondise ukusebenza kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, basungule amabutho omsebenzi, noma babhekane nezimo eziphuthumayo. Nakuba lemiyalo inamandla omthetho, bangaphansi kwezinselele ezingokomthetho nakwezobuphathi bemithetho. Lamandla aba avelele kakhulu phakathi nezinhlekelele, avumela ukuba kwenziwe ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho.

Umthetho wempi, ohlanganisa i-National Guard Conforce and Meduration: Umbusi usebenza njengomphathi-mphathi-nhloko [ wamabutho kahulumeni, okuhlanganisa i-National Guard Social and arest. Ezikhathini zenhlekelele yemvelo, izinxushunxushunxushu zesizwe, noma izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo, umbusi angathumela lemithombo ukuze avikele izakhamuzi futhi alondoloze uhlelo. Amaphoyisa kaHulumeni kanye nodwe emigwaqo emikhulu ivame ukuwela ngaphansi kwembukwayo kambusi.

Amandla Okwahlulela

Abalawuli banamandla ahlukene ahlangene negatsha lokwahlulela, ngokuyinhloko ahlobene nokuqagela. Lamandla asebenza njengesembozo sokwahlulela futhi anikeza isimiso sobulungisa indawo yokuphepha.

  • Izikhulu:[ Umbusi anganikeza intethelelo ephelele, ekhulula umuntu ebugebenguni futhi abuyisele amalungelo abo omphakathi, njengelungelo lokuvota noma lokuba nesikhundla somphakathi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ Lamandla avumela umbusi ukuba anciphise isigwebo sobugebengu. Ayikucimi ukuqiniseka kodwa inciphisa isijeziso.
  • IRepriewers:[ Ukulibala kwesikhashana ekukhishweni komusho, ngokuvamile onikezwa ukuvumela ukubukezwa okungokomthetho noma ukuzwa okuqinile.

Ezifundeni eziningi, amandla ombusi asetshenziswa ekutuseni ibhodi elikhipha isigwebo noma ikhomishane efuna ukukhishwa kwecala, enikeza ungwengwezi olungeziwe lokubukeza nobuchwepheshe.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokuhlola Amandla Okugunda

Naphezu kwegunya labo elibalulekile, ababusi abanamandla. Isimiso esiqinile sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla abo asetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo futhi asabela ekwaneliseni intando yabantu namanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

I- isishaya - mthetho sokunquma inikeza i-cheke esheshayo. Ingadlula i-patton ne-hith yesithathu noma i-3-ftith eningi ezizweni eziningi. Isishaya-mthetho futhi silawula "igunya lesikhwama semali," siphethe igunya lokugcina kuhulumeni ekusebenziseni imali. Ingasenqaba isiphakamiso semali sombusi, izinhlelo ze-defunid, futhi ihlole igatsha lesikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe kuwo wonke umbuso, i-pasla umthetho unamandla okufundisa nokususa umbusi "obugebengu obukhulu futhi ususe ngokungafanele iziphathi-mthetho" noma ezinye izenzo ezichazwe umthetho wombuso.

Ijaji lecala lesizwe lisebenza njengenye i-cheke ebalulekile. Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalo zesikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo likambusi noma ezephula umthetho kahulumeni. Zingabusa futhi ngomthetho-mgaqo wemithetho esayinwe ngumbusi. Lokhu kuhlola kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi umbusi usebenza phakathi kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho.

imingcele ebekweyo iwukuhlolwa okuqondile kokumiswa kwegunya. Ezizweni eziningi, ababusi balinganiselwe kumagama amabili alandelanayo, bephoqelela ukuguqulwa kobuholi kwasikhathi sonke. Kwamanye amazwe, njengeMexico, abalawuli bavinjelwa ngokwemithetho-mthetho kunoma isiphi isinqumo. Umbono womphakathi kanye nemithombo yezindaba kusebenza njengemigoqo ekhululekile kodwa enamandla, okwenza ababusi baphendule kukhetho. Umbusi olahlekelwa ukwethenjwa umphakathi angakuthola kunzima ukuqhubekisela phambili izivumelwano zabo zemithetho.

Ukuhola Kusenkingeni Nasebukhulwini

Indima kambusi ihlolwa kakhulu lapho kusenkingeni. Izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinjengeziphepho, imigodi yemlilo, izikhukhula, nokuzamazama komhlaba zidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo nesiwujuqu sokuqondisa. Ikhono lombusi lokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukuthumela i-National Guard, ukucela usizo lukahulumeni (kuhlanganise neSimemezelo senhlekelele), futhi ukuxhumana nomphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekusindiseni ukuphila nempahla.

Isifo se-COVID-19 sagcizelela umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kanye nokucubungula ababusi. Babesezikhundleni eziphambili zempilo yomphakathi, benza izinqumo ezinzima mayelana nokuvalwa kwezindawo, ukuvalwa kwesikole, izikhundla zokufihla imbobo, nokuvinjelwa kwezomnotho. Le nkinga yaqokomisa indima ebucayi yeziphathi zikahulumeni esimisweni sikahulumeni, ngokuvamile esebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuxhumana nezakhamuzi esimweni esiphuthumayo. Umqedazwe futhi wabonakalisa imingcele yamandla aphakeme, njengoba iziyalezo zezempilo zibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho kanye nokuphikisana okukhulu kwezombangazwe.

Ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu, ababusi bayisisekelo sokuthuthuka kwesifundazwe isikhathi eside. Basebenza njengesikhulu sezentengiselwano zezomnotho, besebenzela ukudonsa amabhizinisi amasha, ukusekela izimboni ezikhona, nokuthuthukisa izisebenzi ezinekhono. Babeka indlela yokuthola inqubo yemfundo, kusukela ebudaleni bezingane ukuya emayunivesithi ezwe. Enkathini yokwanda kokuvela kwezombangazwe, indima yombusi njengongathathi hlangothi nomenzi wesivumelwano ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

UMbusi Wesimiso Sezwe Esizimele (Ukugxila Kuka - USA)

E-United States, umbusi usebenza phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni esiyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganyela amandla nohulumeni wesizwe. Lobubuhlobo bunamandla futhi buvame ukuncintiswana. Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wombusi ukusekela izithakazelo zikahulumeni eWashington, D.C. Lokhu kungahilela ukunxusa kweSishaya-Mnyango, ukuhlangana nezinhloko zezinhlangano ze-ocester, nokuxoxa noMongameli.

Imali enikezwayo iyingxenye ebalulekile yemali kahulumeni. Ohulumeni kumelwe banqume ukuthi bazokwamukela yini izimali zikahulumeni zezinhlelo ezinjengama-Medicaid ngaphansi koMthetho wokunakekela we-Affordhable, ngokuvamile belinganisa izinzuzo ezingokwezimali ezimelene nezimo zesimiso esihlangene nohulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kubangela ukuncintisana okuqhubekayo ngokulingana kombuso phakathi kwezifundazwe nohulumeni.

Abalawuli basebenza futhi njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," njengoba iJaji uLouis Brandeis echazwe ngokudume. Izwe lingazama izimiso ezintsha zokunakekela impilo, ukuqondisa indawo ezungezile, imfundo, nobulungisa bobugebengu. Uma iphumelela, lokhu kuhlola kwezwe kungaba yizibonelo zesimiso sikahulumeni. Ngokuhlukile, ababusi ngokuvamile bahola izinselele ezingokomthetho ngokumelene nezimiso zikahulumeni ababheka njengokuhlehlela ngokwemithetho-mthetho noma ukulimaza izithakazelo zikahulumeni wabo.

Ukuba Umbusi: Ukukhetha Nezimfuneko

Indlela yokuba umbusi ihilela umkhankaso onzima wezombangazwe. Nakuba izimfuneko eziqondile zihluka ngokwezwe nakwezwe, ezinye izimfuneko ezivamile zikhona. E-U.S., izifundazwe eziningi zifuna ukuba umbusi abe neminyaka engu-30 ubudala, isakhamuzi sase-U.S. isikhathi esithile (ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-5-10), kanye nezakhamuzi zezwe iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokhetho.

Inqubo yokhetho ingumsebenzi omkhulu. Amakhampasi kumelwe aqale avikele ukumiswa kweqembu lawo, ngokuvamile ngokhetho oluyinhloko. Lokhu kulandelwa umkhankaso wokhetho oluvamile oluncintisanayo, oludinga ukuqoqwa okukhulu, uhlelo lwemithombo yezindaba, nenhlangano yotshani. Inkathi yomkhankaso iyithuba lokuba abazofuna ukuhlaziya umbono wabo ngombuso futhi baxhumane nabavoti ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu kubo. Kwezinye izizwe, ama-gubratortary okhethwe yiwona nyaka, ihlukene nokhetho lukamongameli, olungaholela ekuphenduleni phansi kodwa oluvumela izindaba zezombangazwe ukuba zilawule izingxoxo zezombangazwe.

Inkambo yomsebenzi wezombangazwe yokubusa ihlukile. Ababusi abaningi banolwazi ngaphambili njengabamisi-mthetho, abameli-jenene, noma ababusi-sifunda. Abanye bavela ebhizinisini, emthethweni, noma kwezinye izizinda eziphambili. Intambo evamile ikhono lokwakha iqoqo elikhulu lokusekela futhi ulawule inhlangano enkulu, eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukubheka ngokujule kakhulu endaweni yokukhetha, imithombo enjenge Ballottepedia inikeza imininingwane ebanzi engokomlando neyamanje yokhetho.

Ohulumeni Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba igama elithi "governor" livame ukuhlotshaniswa ne - United States, lendima ikhona ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, ngayinye ilolongwe umongo wayo oyingqayizivele wezombangazwe nowomthetho - sisekelo.

Indiya: ENdiya, umbusi ungumphathi womthetho-sisekelo wezwe, omiswe nguMongameli waseNdiya ngokweseluleko sikahulumeni ophakathi. Lokhu kuyindima yemikhosi, enamandla angokoqobo okulawula abekwe kuNgqongqonkulu noMkhandlu wezikhonzi. Umbusi usebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwezwe nohulumeni wesizwe, futhi unamandla okugcina izindleko zobukhokhazikhazime.

Mexico: ababusi baseMexico, abaziwa ngokuthi gobernares , bangabaqondisi abakhethiwe abanamandla. Bakhonza igama elilodwa, elingavuselelwe ngeminyaka eyisithupha. Umthetho-sisekelo waseMexico ubanikeza igunya elibalulekile kukhuseleko lwezwe, imfundo, nentuthuko yezomnotho. I-Constitutional Rrevolution (Princial) Party (Princial) engoko mlando ibusa lezikhundla, kodwa izombangazwe zaseMexico ziye zaba nokuncintisana okukhulayo emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Indima imelelwa nguMbusi we-Lieutenant, omiswe uMbusi jikelele waseCanada ngokweseluleko somphathi omkhulu waseCanada. Njengomphathi jikelele ngokwezinga likahulumeni, indima yoMbusi we-Liutenant ishoshoshoze kakhulu, imelela iSidlo sesifundazwe. Bavumela ibukhosi ukuba buvunyelwe umthetho wesifundazwe, izinhlelo zemithetho evulekile, futhi benze imisebenzi yemikhosi, kodwa basebenzisa iseluleko sesikhulu sesifunda nesikhulu.

. Nigeria:[ Ababusi baseNigeria bakhethwa abaholi bezifundazwe zalelizwe ezingu-36. Banamandla aphawulekayo okuqondisa, ukulawula imithombo yombuso, ukulondeka, nenkambiso. Indima inethonya elikhulu, futhi ukukhetha kobugarnator kuncintisana kakhulu.

Lezibonelo zibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zamandla okubusa, kusukela emikhosini engokomthetho kuya ekuqondiseni izikhulu eziphakeme.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kombusi

Ihhovisi lombusi lilokhu lingelinye lamaphuzu alandelayo kakhulu ekubuseni kwanamuhla. Njengesikhulu esiphakeme esikhethwe kakhulu esizweni noma endaweni, umbusi uhlala ekungqubuzaneni kwesimiso sezombangazwe, nezokuphatha. Baguqula umkhankaso ekuhleleni izinto eziza kuqala, bathathe izimo eziphuthumayo ezivivinya ukuhola kwabo, futhi bamelele ukufaneleka nezithakazelo zabantu babo ezweni. Lendima ifuna inhlanganisela eyivelakancane yekhono lezombangazwe, ikhono lokuphatha, nokulandisa komphakathi.

Ukuqonda amandla nokulinganiselwa kwaleli hhovisi kubalulekile kumnini-zwe onolwazi. Njengoba amazwe eqhubeka esingatha izinselele ezinzima − kusukela ekushintsheni isimo sezulu esishintsheni ekushintsheni kwezomnotho kuya ekuqondiseni kwezobuchwepheshe obuvelayo(8) indima yombusi njengomnciphisi wenkinga, umholi, nomphathi omkhulu uzokhula ngokubaluleke kakhulu. Umbusi akasona nje umongameli wesifundazwe, kodwa isikhundla esihlukile esinomlando ocebile nekusasa elibalulekile ekuklameni kwe-demokratial.