Ukuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho Kuhulumeni WoMbuso

Izwe ngalinye e-United States linomnyango walo wokumisa, owakhiwa yiSigele neNdlu yabameleli (noma uMhlangano), onomthwalo wokwakha, wokulungisa, nokubuyisela imithetho. Inqubo yokumisa umthetho kahulumeni ihlelwe, izinyawo eziningi eziqinisekisa ukuthi isibalo sithola ukuhlolwa okuphelele, impikiswano, kanye nokufakwa obala ngaphambi kokuba sisebenze. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhlola nezilinganiso phakathi kukahulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ibonisa intando yabantu ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe.

Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye, izigaba eziyisisekelo zihlala zingaguquki: isikweleti sibhaliwe, sihlaziywe, sibukezwe amakomiti, siphikiswane phansi, sidluliswa yiwo womabili amagumbi, futhi ekugcineni sasayinwa noma safakwa umbusi. Ukuqonda lenqubo kuyadingeka ezakhamuzini, abasekeli, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya isimiso somphakathi esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni.

Umsuka Wencwadi: Ukuphoqelela Nokusungula

Ubani Ongaphonsa Ibhola?

Imali ingavela emithonjeni eminingi. Nakuba ummisi-mthetho kuphela ongasungula umthetho ngokusemthethweni egumbini lemithetho, imibono ehambisana nesivumelwano ngokuvamile ivela kubantu abasebenza, amaqembu ezisebenzi zobufundisi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano ezizimele, noma ngisho nehhovisi likambusi. Izisebenzi ezisemthethweni, iziluleko ezingokomthetho, noma abadwebi bezigebengu abangochwepheshe baguqula lemiqondo ibe ulimi oluqondile olungokomthetho.

Ezifundazweni eziningi, iHhovisi lamaKhomishane asemthethweni noma inhlangano efanayo engaphathi-mthetho isingatha ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yezobuchwepheshe ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano zemali zihambisana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe nezimiso ezikhona. Le nqubo ihilela ukunaka ngokucophelela izincazelo, izimiso zokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho, imithombo yezimali, nokungqubuzana okungase kwenzeke neminye imithetho.

Uhlobo Lwezincwadi

Akuwona wonke umthetho ohlongozwayo ofanayo.

  • [ Izinhlamvu zemali [ – Imithetho noma izinguquko ezikhona.
  • [ Izinqumo ezididayo – isetshenziselwa ukulungisa umthetho- sisekelo, ukulungisa uhulumeni, noma ukuveza izinhloso zomthetho.
  • Izinqumo zasikhathi sinye – amakheli athinta womabili amagumbi, njengakudala ikomiti yokutadisha ehlangeneyo.
  • Izinqumo ezilula – Pertain kuphela emsebenzini wangaphakathi wegumbi elilodwa, njengokwamukela imithetho.
  • [[ITL:0] Izindleko zokuguqula [ - phatha ngokuqondile ngokuhlelwa kwemali yezwe.
  • Izindleko zendawo ezungezile - Sebenzisa kuphela edolobheni elithile noma esifundeni esithile.
Fiscal notes are often attached to bills that have a financial impact on the state, and they are prepared by nonpartisan fiscal analysts to estimate costs or savings.

Ukumenyezelwa Kwencwadi

Uma isikweleti sesibhaliwe, siqalwa ngokusemthethweni ummisi-mthetho oxhasayo eNdlu noma eNdlunyeni. Isivumelwano siyabelwa inani (jengesibonelo, HB 123 yendlu uBill 123, noma i-SB 456 yeSigele Bill 456, ifundwe okokuqala ngqá, bese ibhekisa ekomitini ekhuluma ngendaba yomthetho. Inqubo yokuqalisa isho i-procedtura futhi ayihileli impikiswano kulesigaba.

Izifundazwe eziningi zinesikhathi esimisiwe sokungena kwesivumelwano semali ekuqaleni kwesimiso sokushaya umthetho, nakuba izilinganiso noma izikweleti eziphuthumayo ezishiwo umbusi zingamukelwa kamuva. Inani lezindleko ezifakwa esimisweni somthetho esivamile sikahulumeni zingasuka emakhulwini ambalwa ezifundazwe ezincane kuya ezinkulungwaneni ezinkulu njengeCalifornia noma iTexas.

Ukuvalwa Kwezimo ZeKomiti: Lapho Amabhola Esetshenziswa Khona Ngokucwaninga

Isabelo Sekomiti Nenjongo

AmaKomiti akhona lapho umsebenzi wemithetho ukhona. Amaqembu amancane ezishaya - mthetho ezinobuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile njengemfundo, impilo, ezokuthutha, noma intela. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukuba kuhlolwe izikweletu eziningi, ubufakazi basobala, kanye nokwaziswa okunolwazi ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba lonke igumbi lichithe isikhathi kuzo zonke izici.

Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti Yemfundo ingase ithumele isikhokhelo semali esikhokhelwayo esiphathelene nesikole, kuyilapho incwadi enikeza amandla avuselelekayo ingase iye eKomitini Yemithombo Yezobuchwepheshe Nemithombo Yemvelo.

Izindaba Zekomiti

Uma isikweleti sesibhekiswe, ikomiti ihlela ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi. Phakathi nalendaba, umxhasi unikeza isikhwama, futhi bobabili abasekeli nabaphikisi banikezwa ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi. Ubufakazi bunganikezwa ngokoqobo, ngokubhala, noma cishe, kuye ngemithetho kahulumeni. Amalungu eKomiti angabuza imibuzo, acele ukucaciswa, futhi axoxe ngezimo ezingase zilungiswe.

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kuyisisekelo senqubo yomthetho. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu, abameleli bezimboni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zonke zinethuba lokuveza imibono yazo. Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna ukuba kufakwe izimemezelo zokuzwa okungenani amahora angu - 72 ngaphambi kokuba kufike, futhi amarekhodi noma ama - CD avamile ukutholakala kuyi - Internet.

Ukuphawuleka Neziphendulo

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti iphethe isiqephu sokuphawula lapho amalungu ephikisana khona asikisela khona ushintsho lwemali. Izigwegwe zinganikezwa ukucwengisisa ulimi, ububanzi noma ukwandisa izinga, ukulungisa amazinga emali, noma izikhalo eziphakanyiswayo phakathi nobufakazi. Ikomiti ivota ekulungiseni imvume ngayinye, bese iphuma embhalweni wesikweletu. Uma isigebengu siphuma ekomitini, kubikwa egunjinini eligcwele ngokutusa (umz., “udlulisa,” “udlulisa njengonyakazokwenziwa kwe-injini,” noma“ ukutusa”.

Uma imvume yokuvota ihluleka ukwamukela amavoti anele ekomitini, ingathi “ithathwe” noma“ ibulawe” ingxenye esele yesiqephu. Ezinye izifunda zivumela ukuba isibhaka-mali siphinde sibuye sithathwe, kuyilapho ezinye zifuna ukuba siphinde sifakwe esiqenjini esilandelayo.

Izinhlobo Zezenzo Zekomiti

  • [ Umbiko okwazi ukuqondwa[ – uBill uhamba egumbini lonke ngokuvuma.
  • [ Umbiko ongcono onezinguquko [ – uBill uvunyelwe kodwa kunezinguquko.
  • Umbiko ongathandekiyo – uBill uyalahlwa; amazwe amaningi adinga ukuvota okuningi ukuze kubulawe isibhamu.
  • Reverral – uBill uthunyelwa kwenye ikomiti ukubukeza okuqhubekayo.
  • [ Isenzo asithathwanga[-Bill iyaphela uma ikomiti ihluleka ukwenza ngaphambi kokugcina isikhathi.

Impikiswano Nokukhuluma Esigungwini Sokuqala

Ikhalenda Nohlelo

Uma kubikwa isikweleti ekomitini, sibekwa calendar ukuze kucatshangelwe igumbi eligcwele. Ikhalenda liyisimiso semali yansuku zonke okumelwe kuxoxwe ngayo, futhi lilawulwa ikomiti yemithetho noma umholi omkhulu. Ngokuvamile amaBhili athathwa ngokulandelana kwawo ekhalendeni, kodwa izikweleti eziphambili `ezinjengezilinganiso zemali noma umthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo] ziyiswa phambili.

Imithetho Yempikiswano

Igumbi ngalinye lemithetho likahulumeni linemithetho yalo elawula indlela izikweleti eziphikiswana ngayo. Lemithetho inquma isikhathi esibekiwe sokukhuluma, uhlelo lwezikhulumi, nezindlela zokuthatha izintambo. Ezizweni eziningi, impikiswano iqhutshwa ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho lapho abaxhasi bemali bezemali besekela khona ukudlula, futhi iqembu elincane noma abaphikisi baphakamisa ukuphikisa.

Izinqubo ezivamile phakathi nenkulumo - mpikiswano engaphansi zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukufunda okuhlanganisiwe[ – Icala lifundwa ngokuzwakalayo (ngokuvamile ngesihloko kuphela) futhi lichazwe ngabaxhasi. Iziphendu zinganikezwa kuleliqophelo.
  • ufundo oluphindwe kane - Phakathi ufundeka okokugcina phambi kwevoti. Kuleliqophelo, inguquko ezithile kuphela ezivunyelweyo, futhi impikiswano ivame ukulinganiselwa.
  • ucingo oluhlanganisayo lwevoti - ivoti yesishayamthetho ngasinye (yea, nay, noma ukhona) iyaqoshwa, futhi kudingeka iningi ukuze lidlule.
  • ivoti i-Voice - Indlela elula lapho isikhulu esiphethe sinquma khona umphumela ngokulalela izimpendulo zezwi. Sisetshenziselwa izikweletu ezingakhokhwa.

Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga futhi [[[QL:0] inani elikhulu (ingaphezu kwengxenye yamalungu onke) ukuze kukhokhelwe izikweleti ezithile, njengokukhushulwa kwentela noma ukuhlelwa kwemali, kunokuba kube yinani elikhulu lalabo abakhona.

Izinqumo Phakathi Nempikiswano Yezinga lokuhamba Kwendawo

Amalungu angase ahlongoze ukubuyiselwa kwemali phakathi nengxoxo ephansi. Lokhu kulungisa kumelwe kuphumelele endabeni yendaba yemali. Inqubo yokulungisa ingahlukahluka: ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukushintshwa kwamagama abhalwe kusengaphambili, kanti ezinye zivumela ukuba kukhulunywe. Ngemva kwenkulumo-mphikiswano, amavoti asegumbini ngalinye lokulungisa, bese kufakwa esibalweni sokugcina njengoba kulungiswa.

Ukudlula Nempumputhe

Uma uthengiselwa igumbi lokuqala, liyafakazelwa futhi lidluliselwe ekamelweni lesibili (indlu noma iSigele esimelene). Umthetho - sisekelo ufundwa okokuqala kulelogumbi futhi udlule ekomitini efanayo nasesitezini esiphansi. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlulisa isikweleti ngaphandle kokushintsha, uthunyelwa ngokuqondile kumbusi.

Amakomiti Ezingqungquthela Ezibili

Ukungafani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Igumbi lesibili lingase lilungise lesi sikhwama kakhulu ngoba igumbi ngalinye linendlela elihlelwe ngayo nezinto eziza kuqala, inguqulo ephuma egumbini lesibili ivame ukwehluka kuleyo edluliswa igumbi lokuqala. Uma igumbi lokuqala lingavumelani nezinguquko, kumiswa ikomiti yengqungquthela.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Ikomiti yengqungquthela iyindawo yesikhashana eyakhiwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili, ngokuvamile emiswe yizikhulu eziqondisayo. Umgomo wekomiti ukubuyisana nokuveza ukungezwani kwemithetho eyodwa, ukuyekethisa kwesivumelwano. Amakomiti engqungquthela asebenza ngemva kweminyango evaliwe ezifundazweni eziningi, nakuba ezinye zidinga imihlangano evuliwe. Isivumelwano sokuyekethisa kumelwe sivunyelwe yiningi labo bobabili abanikezwa iNdlu neSishaya-mthetho, bese sithunyelwa emuva kuzo zombili izikhungo zokhetho lokugcina lokuvota.

Uma ikomiti yengqungquthela ihluleka ukufinyelela isivumelwano, izindleko zingase zife, noma amagumbi angase amise ikomiti entsha.

Indima Yombusi: Ukuvunyelwa, Ukwemukelwa, Noma Umthetho Ongenaso Isitifiketi

Ukulinganiselwa Kwesikhathi Nezinketho

Uma isikweleti sesidlulise womabili amakamu afanayo, siyabhaliswa futhi sidluliselwe kumbusi. Umbusi unezinsuku ezibalwayo (ngokuvamile 5 kuya ku 30, kuye ngombuso nokuthi isishaya-mthetho sikhona yini) ukuba sithathe isinyathelo. Ukhetho lombusi luhlanganisa:

  • Siphawulo [ - Kuba umthetho ngosuku oluphumelelayo olucacisiwe (onke izinsuku ezingu-90 ngemva kokuzimela, ngaphandle uma kufakiwe isigqebhezana esiphuthumayo).
  • I-pal - Imali ibuyiselwa kumthetho wendlu yomthetho ngokuphikisa. Ama-35 noma ama-fti amathathu emagumbini womabili ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuba athathe i-veto.
  • vumela izivumelwano ukuba zibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa - Kwezinye izifundazwe, uma umbusi engathathi nyathelo phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe, umthetho uvele ube umthetho.
  • I-Pocket vento - isetshenziswa kwezinye izifundazwe lapho isishaya-mthetho simisa izikhawu ngaphambi kokuphela kosuku lukambusi; isigwebo siyafa singasayinwa.
  • Ingxenye-yohluka yelayini witto - Ezifundeni eziningi, umbusi angashaya imigqa ethile noma izinto ezithathwe ezikweletini ze-appriation, kuyilapho asayina zonke ezinye izikweleti emthethweni. Isishaya-mthetho singayidlulisa i-menu-item-veto futhi.

Inqubo ka - veto yokunqoba idinga ukuvota okunamandla kakhulu, okungaba nzima ukukufeza, okwenza ukuvuma kukambusi kube isithiyo esibalulekile somthetho ophikisanayo.

Ngemva Kokusebenza: Ukusebenzisa Nokubambisana

Izinsuku Eziphumelelayo No - Claus Ophuthumayo

Imithetho eminingi kahulumeni isebenza ngosuku olufanayo, njengoJuly 1 noma 90 ngemva kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu ngemva kokuphela kwesimiso somthetho. Nokho, isimemezelo singahlanganisa isigqebhezana esisheshayo esisenza siphumelele ngokushesha esigqwini sikambusi, uma isigqebhezana sivunyelwe ngevoti yesithathu somthetho. Izimemezelo eziphuthumayo zisetshenziselwa izindaba eziphuthumayo ezinjengokuphepha komphakathi, ukusabela ngenhlekelele, noma ukusika intela okudinga ukusebenza ngaphambi konyaka olandelayo.

Umthetho Ovumelanayo Nokwaziswa

Uma umthetho usumisiwe, unikezwa inombolo yesahluko futhi uhlanganiswe njengemithetho kazwelonke. Amahhovisi ezeluleko zemithetho kahulumeni anomthwalo wokulungisa i-odar yemithetho esemthethweni, enyatheliswa kuyi-intanethi. Izakhamuzi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zincike emithethweni egunyaziwe ukuze zikhonjwe. Izigodlo eziningi ziveza “imithetho yesiqephu” ehlela yonke imithetho edluliswa phakathi nesimiso esithile.

Ukubusa Ngokulawula

Imithetho eminingi idinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zibhale imithetho nezimiso zokugcinwa kwamandla. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukwenza imithetho, ihlanganisa isaziso somphakathi, izikhathi zokuphendula, nokuzwa. Imithetho yokugcina ikhishwa ezibhalweni zokuphatha zikahulumeni futhi inethonya lomthetho. Igatsha lemithetho lingahlola imithetho yezinhlangano ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-projectal directory noma “indlela yokuhlola”.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kahulumeni omisa izinga elisha lamanzi ubunganikeza uMnyango Wezokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile umsebenzi wokubhala imithetho eqondile yokuhlola, ukubika, nokukhipha izimfuneko ezimisiwe. Umphakathi ungahlanganyela enqubweni yokumisa ukuze uhlele indlela lo mthetho osetshenziswa ngayo.

Amathonya Ayinhloko Enqubweni Yokushaya Icala

Ukuzitika Nokukhohlisa

Amaqembu athakazelayo, izinkampani zezentengiselwano, izinkampani ezingenisa inzuzo, nezinyunyana zezisebenzi zonke zihlanganyela ekuthonyeni umphumela womthetho. Abaphangi banikeza ubuchwepheshe, umthetho wokuhlela, umthetho wezemisebenzi, imikhankaso yomkhankaso, futhi ngezinye izikhathi banikele iminikelo yomkhankaso. Nakuba ukukhankanya kuwumsebenzi ovikelweyo weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, amazwe aphoqelela izimfuneko zokubhalisa nokubika ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi ukukhanya kuyabonakala. Izakhamuzi zingathinta abameleli bazo ngokuqondile ngokuthinta amahhovisi azo, ngokuhlela imikhankankani, noma ngokufaka ubufakazi bezindaba.

Imishini Ye - partisan

Iqembu lezombangazwe elilawula iNdlu yendlu, iSigele, nehhovisi lombusi (________________sna ngokomthetho lithinta izindleko ezihamba phambili. Ezimweni eziphethe uhulumeni ohlangene (ukulawula isigaba esisodwa), iningi linganyakazisa amacebo alo kalula. Uhulumeni ohlukene ngokuvamile uholela ekuxoxisaneni, ukuyekethisa, noma ukuqondisa i-gridrock. Umholi weqembu usebenzisa amathuluzi afana nezabelo [[[FLT:]] [FLT]], udwebeko lwemithetho , kanye neyalelo-'uclus.[[FLT:] [FLT]]]

Umqondo Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Umbono womphakathi ungaba namandla. Izingqungquthela, amahholo edolobha, izingcingo, nemikhankaso yezokuxhumana yonke idlulisela umzwelo kubavoti. Izikhankaso zezindaba zendawo zivame ukuhlanganisa izikweleti eziphakeme ze-profile, ezingandisa ukucindezela kwabashaya umthetho ukuba bathathe isimo esithile. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinikeza ukunqwabelana kwezinhlelo zaphansi kanye nabezindaba, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele lenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukwehluka Okuvamile Kwamazwe

Nakuba isisekelo singaguquki, kunomehluko ophawulekayo:

  • Isishaya-mthetho sombuso – Nebraska kuwukuphela kwesimo esinendlu yombuso yetshena elilodwa, ukususa isidingo sezindleko zokudlula emagumbini amabili ahlukene.
  • [Iziqephu zaminyaka yonke]. - Ezinye izizwe, njengeTexas, zihlangana njalo iminyaka emibili isikhathi esilinganiselwe (izinsuku ezingu-140). Ezinye, njenge California, ziba neziqephu zaminyaka yonke.
  • [ I-intitum ne-heaterendum – cishe engxenyeni yezwe, izakhamuzi zingadlula isishaya-mthetho futhi zimise imithetho ngokuqondile ngezindlela zokuthatha i-oilta. Lena inqubo ehlukile kweyomthetho.
  • [[[QUT:0] Izimfuneko zokuzimela [ - Ezinye izimo zidinga ama-fti amathathu noma amavoti amabili-sithathu ukudlulisa ukunyuka kwentela, izigaba eziphuthumayo, noma izikweletu ezithile zemali yokuhlela.
  • imvume evumelanayo[ - Izindaba ze-Routine zivame ukudluliswa ngemvume efanayo yokulondoloza isikhathi, kodwa noma isiphi isishayamthetho esisodwa singaphikisa.

Ukuze ungene juqu kakhulu, i-website yesizwe yoMhlangano we-Legislatures (NCSL)[FL:1] inikeza imithombo ebanzi yezinqubo zemithetho kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Conreg.gov

Isiphetho: Uhambo Lomthetho

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho kahulumeni iphelele ngamabomu, ihlanganisa izingqimba eziningi zokuhlolwa, impikiswano, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuya kusayino lukambusi, incwadi yemali ihamba ngamakomiti, amavoti, futhi ngokuvamile ikomiti yengqungquthela, enethuba elanele lokuthuthukisa nokuhlehla. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho icatshangelwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba ibekwe ezakhamuzini nasemabhizinisini.

Ukuqonda le nqubo kunika abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuthintana nemethi yomthetho wabo, befaka ubufakazi ephuzwini lecala, noma belandela intuthuko yemali kuyi-intanethi, noma isiphi isakhamuzi esinolwazi singafeza indima ekulolongeni imithetho ebusa umphakathi waso. Izishaya-mthetho ziphakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni afinyeleleka kakhulu, futhi inqubo yemithetho iyinkimbinkimbi (nescropontstyn) ekwazi ukuhileleka emphakathini cishe kuzo zonke iziteshi.

Kulabo abafuna ukuthola imvume yemali ethile, cishe wonke amakhemisi ombuso alondoloza ingosi yengosi enethuluzi lokusesha elino-"imvume yokubona ukuthi isambatho simi kuphi, ifunda umbhalo waso, nokulungisa izincwadi zaso. Ngokunaka le nqubo, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ufeza okuhle emphakathini.