Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezimiso kuyinsika eyisisekelo yokubusa kwanamuhla, okubonisa ikhono lomphakathi lokuzivumelanisa namaqiniso ezomnotho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezivelayo. Kusukela ekusebenziseni imithetho yakudala engokomthetho eqoshwe etsheni kuya ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezilawula ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, izimiso zokuqondisa ziye zakhula futhi zacwengisiswa ukuze zivumelane nokuthuthukisa isivikelo somphakathi. Ukuqonda lenqubo eqhubekayo kubalulekile kubenzi bezimiso zezomnotho, abaholi bezebhizinisi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, njengoba amandla omthetho ethinta ukuqina okungokomnotho, ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, namalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokubuyiselwa

Kudala ngaphambi kokuba igama elithi “isivumelwano” lingene esimweni esivamile, imiphakathi yasendulo yaqaphela isidingo semithetho ehlangene yokusingatha ukuhwebelana, ukuxazulula, nokuvikela imithombo yomphakathi. Lezizimiso zokuqala zabeka isisekelo sezimiso ezihlelwe kahle ezazizovela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kamuva.

Imithetho Nemithetho Yasendulo

Ikhodi likaHammurabi (i-circa 1754 BCE) eMesopotamia ingenye yezibonelo zakudala ezaziwayo zomthetho obhaliwe, ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela emalungelweni empahla kuya ekusebenziseni imisebenzi yezokwelapha. ] iGibithe lasendulo[, imithetho ye-pharanonics projects produrations produration, i-comporation, kanye nokwabiwabiwa kokudla phakathi nendlala. Ngokufanayo, i-Rome .[FLT:] I-RT] eRoma yathuthukisa [FLT] [FL:6] Covilm] [[FL:7], umthetho osemthethweni ovamile owenziwe yimithetho womphakathi womphakathi [ibhishoshoshosholo] [i ewuwodwayo] [i ngokomthetho] futhi waseYurophu (inyunyulwayo

Ama - quord Nemithetho Engaphucuzeki Ephakathi

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, izinhlangano eYurophu zathatha indima yokuzihlela. Zabeka izindinganiso ezisezingeni eliphezulu zezinto (isibonelo, indwangu, insimbi, isinkwa, insimbi), zilawula ukuqeqeshwa, namanani amisiwe. Lemithetho yezinhlangano, nakuba ngokuvamile ivikela, inikeza ukuvumelana ezimakethe futhi isiza ukuqinisekisa ukwethengwa. Ngalesosikhathi, amakhosi akhipha imithetho yenkosi nemithetho yokulawula ukuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke, futhi ohulumeni bamasipala baqala ukuphatha imingcele ephakeme yokukhucutha nemithetho yemithetho yezokwelapha abantu basemadolobheni agcwele abantu.

Ukushintsha Kwezezimboni Nokusungulwa Kokuvuselelwa Kwanamuhla

Ukusheshisa kwezemisebenzi kwekhulu le-18 nele-19 kwaqala izingozi ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Amafektri afaka intuthu emoyeni, izisebenzi zasebenza izinsuku ezingu-16 ezimweni ezingalondekile, futhi ukusebenza kwezingane kwakusakazeke kakhulu. Isilinganiso salokhu kulimala sasingaphezu kwalokho okwakungasingathwa amasiko noma izimantshi zendawo, kuphoqelele ohulumeni ukuba basungule izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zokuqondisa.

Umsebenzi Nefektri

Umthetho we-Factory ka-1833 eUnited Kingdom waphawula ukushintshwa okubalulekile. Yalinganisela amahora okusebenza abantwana, idinga izindinganiso zokuphepha eziyisisekelo, futhi yamiswa abahloli befektri (enye yezindikimba zokuqala ezinikezelwe. Imithetho efanayo yalandelwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. I-Fair Labor Act [ ka-1938] eUnited States, eyamisa iholo elilinganiselwe nesilinganiso semisebenzi, yabonisa ikhulu lemithetho yokuhlela umsebenzi. Lezenzo zazingezona nje kuphela iziphathiselo zezezezezezwe; zazimelela isivumelwano esisha somphakathi lapho uhulumeni ulindele ukungenela komphakathi womphakathi osengozini.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Neyezempilo Yomphakathi

Izemboni futhi zazisho ukungcola. Imifula yakuqala yayigcwele amakhemikhali angcolile, futhi amadolobha ayeminyaniswa yintuthu yamalahle. I-Alkali Act ka-1863 ilawula ukukhishwa kwegesi embonini ye-soda-ash, kuyilapho imithetho yezempilo yomphakathi yakuqala yayigunyaza ukukhishwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile nezimiso zokukhucululwa kwendle. EUnited States, uMthetho omsulwa we-Daod ne Drugs ka-1906] wadala i-mastadendary ye-FDA, ihlose ukunqanda ukudla okungcolisiwe nemithiso eyingozi. Lemithetho yendawo ezungezile nezimiso zempilo yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Inkathi Entsha

I-New Roosevelt’s New Development esakhelwe ukuhleleka okukhulu kwezomnotho zonyaka ka-1930. Izisekelo zokuTshintshisa zango-1930 [ zamisa i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) yokuqondisa izimakethe nokuvikela abanikazi bezimo zemali. [ iNational Laborty Act (Umthetho we-National Laborrect) ka-1935 eqinisekisiwe lungelo lokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa. [FOct:] SS [FFF:] Actal Security Act [FF] ka-FFFFFoct] ka-1935] kahulumeni wombuso wezelele nemithetho yezentengo yomphakathi kuphela.[Foctives]

Ukwanda Okuqondisayo Esikhathini Sangemva Kwempi

Kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II kuze kube ngawo - 1970, imithetho yanda ngokushesha cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye.

Isivikelo Sabantu Nokuphepha Kwemikhiqizo

Incwadi kaRalph Nader [[FLT: 0] Ayinangozi kunoma isiphi isivinini (65) yahlanganisa ukudalwa kwe- National Highway Traffic Safety Act Act [[[FLT:]] nokudlula kwe- nokudlula kwe-[FLT] [FLT]] i-Mot Vehle Safety Act [. [[FLT:]] i-National Produm Product Sucture Safety Act Act [[ ka 1972] isungula i-Consubtic Safety Com Com yokhuselekotection (CC) ukulawula izinkulungwane zezinto zomkhaya. Okwamanje, [[FT] ne-Drugtion Administration] yazuza igunya elivamile, izinhlangano ezithi ezigunyaza imithiweyo emishayo enziswayo, ivimbela ukuvimbela ekuvinyweni enzisweni. kuvinye

Inguquko Endaweni Ezungezile

Iminyaka ka 1970 yayiyinkathi engcono yokulawula indawo ezungezile eUnited States. [[FLT:] INational Environmental Policy Act (1969]) yalandelwa [ i-Develop Air Act[[[FLT:]] [1970]], izinhlangano [FLT]] Act ehlanzekile [[FLT:] [62] Umthetho owemvelo ye-'ART] [FT] I-ENT] I-ENFLT] [[PA]] [e]. Izinhlangano ezifanayo zenzeka eYurophu, eJapan, nakwezinye izindawo. Lemithetho emisiwe, idinga imingcele yendawo, futhi yadala izindlela zokuhlola izakhamuzi. [2][5] [FTROMET][5]

Ukuphepha Kwezisebenzi Nempilo

Ukwakhiwa kwe kwe-Occupational Safety and Health Administration [U-OSH] ngo-1970, kanye nezinhlangano ezihambelanayo kwamanye amazwe, kwaletha umthetho phakathi emsebenzini. Abaqashi manje kwadingeka ukuba banikeze “indawo yomsebenzi engenazingozi eziqashelwayo.” I-OSHA yabeka izindinganiso eziyimfuneko kuzo zonke izinto ezivimbela ukugcinwa kwemishini ukuze ibekelwe imingcele evunyelwe ukuchayeka amakhemikhali. Lenkathi yabuye yabona ukwanda kwemithetho ebusa impondo (ERISA eU.S.) kanye nethuba elilinganayo lokusebenza (EOC).

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezweni Eligcwele Imbulunga Yonke, Elisebenzisa Amanani

Ukuphakama kwe - Internet, ukuhlakanipha, ukuqoqwa kwempahla etholakala embulungeni yonke nesimo sezulu, konke kudinga ukushintsha komqondo omusha.

Isayensi Yezomnotho Nemininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe

Ukuqhuma kwemisebe ye-mitumbulu kuya e-commence, kuye kwadala ukudayiswa okukhulu kwemininingwane ebekela imithetho engokwesiko eyimfihlo. I-European Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR), okuphumelelayo ngo-2018, ukuzama ukunikeza abantu ukwaziswa kwabo siqu. Ifaka izinkokhelo ezinkulu ezimpontshelweni ezilula i-alphane nomthetho obanzi. I-Reguversionsstion i-trand division. EUnited States, [[FLT:] i-Convernia Consum Act [CPA Act [FL:] [FL:3] [i] [ir.FLT]] inikeza isivikelo esifanayo, nakuba i-U.S.S. i-Regallerty i-ssss, i-micrometic profiles, i-diancessss]

Ukulandisa Kwemithetho Kahulumeni Nokuhlakanipha Okuklanywe

Njengoba izimiso ze-AI zisetshenziswa ekuqasheni, ekubolekeni, ekuboleni, ekwahluleleni, nasekunakekeleni impilo, kukhathazekile ngokulunga, ukubonakala, nokulandisa kuye kwakhula. I-EU ihlongoza ukuthi i-AI Act AI izilinganiso ze-AI ngesilinganiso sengozi, inqabela lezo ezithi “azingamukeleki” (umzk., ukuncintiswa kohulumeni) kanye nezimfuneko eziqinile ze-“arisk” ezisetshenziswayo. Amanye amazwe athuthukisa izisekelo zawo siqu, kodwa isimo sembulunga yonke intuthuko ye-AIa isenza kube nzima. Ama-Reguglate ahlola futhi“ izimfuneko ezingalawuliwe” kanye nokuhlola okungalawuleki.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokushintsha Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaphoqelela ukubheka kabusha imithetho yendawo ezungezile ngaphezu kokulawula ukungcola okungokwesiko. I-Paris Account (2015]) (2015) ihlela uhlelo lokunciphisa ngokuzithandela ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo. Abalawuli bekhaya basebenzisa izimiso zekharbon cription (ikhanda-trade eCalifornia ne EU, intengo yekhabon eCanada neScandinavia), imisha kabusha izindinganiso zezentengo ze-portfolio, nezindinganiso eziqinile zezezomnotho zokudayisa. [[FLT.S.[FT:]]] [inani] Ukukhukhulwa kwe-Recutruction Act[FLD [FT3:]] [202]) ihlanganisa izisusa eziphawulekayo zamandla ahlanzekile kanye nokuncitshiswa kwemisebe elingaphandle, ukumelela ukuguqula i-ose-ose-osethi.[Foctivessssting]

Ukuzivuselela Kwezimali Ngemva Kwenkinga Ka - 2008

Inkinga yembulunga yonke yezomnotho yadalula izikhala ezibucayi ekuqondiseni amabhange, izitho, kanye nokugcinwa kwemithunzi. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act (2010) eU.S. yadala izimali zemali ezivikela izimali (CFPB), yabeka imfuno yezimali eziqinile, futhi yayala ukuba kusulwe imfuno ephakathi yemifashoni. Isivumelwano se-CMFL III [[FL:3] saqinisa inhloko yebhange nezindinganiso zobushevu. Muva nje, ukunyuka kwemali ephansi kanye nemali (Difree) kuveza inselele entsha: [[FLTY:], i-selfetrumsssssssssss arver-evicent ne-evotion ekhona.

Izibonelo Zokuqhathanisa

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ezimbonini zamazwe ngamazwe nasekuhleleni izimiso zomhlaba wonke.

I - European Union: Ukuzitika Nokulimala

I-EU ivame ukusebenzisa isimiso sokuvikela [ sokuthatha isimiso sokuthatha indawo, lapho abaqondisi bengenza khona ukuvimbela ukulimala okungavela ngisho nangaphandle kokuqiniseka okuphelele kwezesayensi. Lokhu kusobala ku Isimiso se-'FLT'AN'ATY'( i-apply] yemithi (ifaka ukwaziswa okulondekile kwezinkulungwane zezinto) kanye [[FLT:] ne-[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] [GPR[. I-EUM efuna kakhulu ukuvumelana, ukwenza izindinganiso eyodwa ngaphesheya kwezizwe 27, isibonelo, ukuphawula [[FLT:] umkhiqizo wokuphepha ungenza inzuzo engcono kakhulu phakathi kwezentergo, iveza imithetho ebanzi.

E - United States: Ukweshelwa Nokuhlukaniswa

U.S. umthetho uvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi i-supanopany kanye ne-[FLT]increct, nezinhlangano ezihlukene zebhanki (I-FEDAL Reserve, OC), ukuvaleka (SEC), isithuthi (I-ET), indawo ezungezile (EPA), kanye nemali (CFPB). I-APCPCEDUREAct idinga izinhlangano ezifuna ukulandela inqubo ende yokuqondisa umthetho ngesaziso sasobala namazwi, ukwenza umthetho ube sobala kodwa ubenejubane. U.S. ungenza indima ebalulekile ekubukeleni izenzo zenhlangano. [FLT:]

Izizwe Ezisathuthuka: Ukulinganisela Ukwanda Nokukwazi

Amazwe anjenge-Indiya, i-Brazil, i-Indonesia, ne-Nigeria abhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele zomthetho. Kumele akhe izinhlangano zokulawula ngokukhubazeka lapho elawula ukukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho nokungagunyazwanga ngokwezimali. I-Bank yeWorld Bank yeSimende soMnyango weBusis[ [i-2021] (ikhona]] eqokomisa indlela imithetho enzima engavimbela ngayo ukwakheka kwebhizinisi elincane. Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka aye athatha ithonya elilawula kabusha (RIA) futhi asika izinhlelo zetepithipethi ezibomvu, ezigqugquzelwe yizindlela ezingcono kakhulu. Ngalesosikhathi, aphikisana nezimpikiswano ezifana nezezezezezezemaketheroli, ukugcinwa komthetho obuthakathaka, nokukhohlakala i-Afrikaan Free Treast Areace [FFF]] [FFF]]

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ziyavumelana Nezimo, Ziyakhandla Futhi Zihlanganisa

Uma sibheka phambili, izimiso zokuqondisa eziphumelela kakhulu kuyoba yilezo ezingazivumelanisa ngokushesha nokushintsha, zifake abaqashi abaningi ezinkingeni futhi zisebenzise ukwaziswa nobuchwepheshe ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqondiswa Kwezinhlangu Nokuqondiswa Kwazo

Enye i-project ethembisayo yibhokisi le-sandbox elilawulayo [[FLT: 1], elithandwa kuqala yi-UK’S Amen Seader Authority. Ama-sandboke avumela izinkampani ze-pinstech (futhi manje amafemu e-AI) ukuba zihlole imikhiqizo emisha namakhasimesi angempela ngaphansi kombuso olula, kuyilapho izilawuli zifunda ngezingozi nezinzuzo. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokudayisa amakethe nezindlela zokuklama futhi kusize izigebengu ukuba ziklame imithetho eminingi engokwesiko. Umthetho owenziwe ngezimiso ezilula, ugcizelela ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlelo, ukwenza imiklamo efififi, ukwenza imikla, ukwenza imiklamo efifini, nokuhlola ngokungafani kwenqubo yomthetho yeminyaka eminingi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuhlanganiswa Kwemininingwane

Imininingwane emikhulu i-alytics ingaguqula indlela abaqondisi be-Reparency Register[ isebenzisa i-algorithm ye-U.S. i-S.S. Secreaties ne-Exchange Commission ukuzwa izindlela zokuhwebelana. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zisebenzisa imidwebo yeziphuphutheki ukuze zilandele imikhondo engekho emthethweni yokugawula noma ukukhipha intuthu. I-Eupain’s Transparency Register [[[FLT]] isebenzisa ukwaziswa okusuka ekudluliseni izimpikiswa okunganiso ezingenzeka isithakazelo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ARPGP, kuphakamisa nenqubo efanelekile yokuhlola inqubo kanye ne-producations.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesibambiso Nokukhipha Isigwebo

Umthetho wanamuhla awuseyona inqubo ephezulu kuphela. Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa ukuhlola i-inthanethi, amakomiti okuqondisa abantu, nokuzwa obala ukuze ziqoqe ukufakwa. umthelela-umthelela [, [1] njenge-Internet Progandance Forum noma i-Bactebrarip Council(irreauncial) yomphakathi neyobucala. Izindleko zezentengo zezentengiselwano [, lapho izinkampani zezemboni zithuthukisa khona izindinganiso ezivunyelwa uhulumeni (um.g., i-[FLT]] [FLD:]] . . .H.S.[i-electal [flm]]

Ukubambisana Kwezimiso Emhlabeni Wonke

Ngenxa yokuthi izinselele zembulunga yonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukugwenywa kwentela, nokubhebhetheka kwemikhawulo yentela, ukubambisana kokulawula kubaluleke kakhulu. [FLT], Inhlangano yezizwe zonke ye-Cetations [[ i-UNICEF] [[[FLT:]]] [inhlangano ye-INTSP] engcono kakhulu yemishuwalensers [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FFFFFF:5] ithuthukisa izivumelwano ezinhle kakhulu nokuqanana. [FLT] Izinhlangano ezingaphezulu kakhulu [Foctivessstions, incicenset] incike kakhulu kumandla embuluko. [amavome aphakeme kakhulu]

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezimiso kuyindaba eqhubekayo yomzamo womphakathi wokulawula izinzuzo zezentengiselwano kanye nokusungula izinto ngesikhathi kulinganiswa izingozi zazo. Kusukela kumthetho kaHammurabi kuya ku-GDPR, ukuqondisa kuye kwakhula ekuqondeni, ukuhleleka, nokuvelela. Namuhla, sibhekene nemingcele emisha, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, amapulatifomu amanani, okufuna amapulatifomu alawulayo angehlakaniphile nje kuphela kodwa asebenza kahle kodwa asebenza kahle. Isifundo esiyinhloko somlando sisobala: imingcele kumelwe iqhubeke ivela, noma ibeke izingozi zokuba yisithiyo intuthuko noma isivikelo esingafanele. Ikusasa lokubusa phakathi kokuthola ukuhleleka okunamandla phakathi kwenkululeko nesivikelo, ukuvikela, ukulinganisela nokuzingalawuleki. Ukuhlanganisa lokho kudinga ukulingana kwezokuxhumana zonke izakhamuzi, izikhulungabe, ibhizinisi, ibhizinisi, i - [1]to, ne-e.